Saline Groundwater Management and Optimal Cropping Pattern

ABSTRACT

In areas having scarce canal water and poor quality groundwater, an opportunity exists to use the two sources conjunctively for irngation water supply. However, the use of saline water, either in isolation or by mixing with canal water, threatens soil salinization, unless steps are taken to protect the salt balance in the root zone. A deterministic linear programming model has been developed, incorporating both leaching requirements and the salinity response function of crops, to find the optimal cropping pattern and optimum use of saline groundwater. The model was applied to a canal command area.     

A Stepwise Open-Ended Approach to the Identification of Joint Management Structures for Shared Aquifers

The need for joint management of increasingly stressed cross-boundary aquifers is likely to grow in upcoming years. Yet there is a lack of experience in the management of cross-boundary groundwater. Moreover, the differences in the nature of groundwater and surface water preclude direct transfer of experience gained in managing cross-boundary rivers and lakes to the management of cross-border groundwater basins. This paper suggests an open-ended approach to the identification of joint management structures for shared aquifers to overcome the inability to rely on prior experience. A flexible-sequential framework is proposed that allows the parties to identify and evaluate options not tried before. The discussion is on the most salient points for analysts and decision-makers. The framework is developed within the Israeli-Palestinian context; however, the approach is applicable to a wider array of situations.     

Wastewater Reuse as Means to Optimize the Use of Water Resources in the West Bank

Abstract

The increase in demand for the limited raw water resources in the Palestinian Territories has led to the proposals for use of treated wastewater as one alternative for alleviating water shortages and for optimizing the use of water resources. Wastewater reuse is a multi-discipline and important element of water resources development. Wastewater usage releases high quality water for drinking and other purposes. Quantitative, economic, and social aspects related to wastewater reuse in the West Bank are discussed. Through analyses of the estimated cost and expected water quantities, the paper investigates the economic feasibility of wastewater reuse. Social acceptance is elicited by means of questionnaires, which have been applied to farmers and inhabitants in different areas of the West Bank. Wastewater reuse can compensate for about 10 percent of irrigated agriculture, which contributes 35 percent of the total value of the Palestinian agricultural sector. The paper presents an analysis of the main aspects of wastewater reuse and defines an approach to the beneficial use of wastewater as a component that should be considered in the strategy for the overall management of water resources in the Palestinian Territories.     

Implementing Equitable Water Allocation in Transboundary Catchments: The Case of River Nestos/Mesta

Border areas comprise inevitably problematic fields especially when the countries are bound to share common water resources. The conflict potential is rather high and quite often countries are directed to the negotiation table in order to form tranboundary agreements. These agreements aim to the settlement of tensions and conflicts originating from the management of shared water resources. Often a starting point of the conflict resolution is the water allocation scheme between the interested parts. The definition of entitlements over shared water resources in not an easy task and it requires the use of specific decision tools in order to reach the maximum level of objectivity. According to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60, management of transboundary catchments shall be based on existing structures set by international agreements, such as the UN Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. The main aim of this paper is the implementation of a water allocation tool based on representative indicators characterizing the involved parties while placing emphasis on environmental protection. The variables used are proposed by the UN Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses incorporating both natural and socio-economic aspects. These factors are quantified for each country and a weight factor is assigned to each one depending on its importance and suitability for describing the environmental and socio-economic situation in each country. As an illustration example the transboundary river Nestos/Mesta case is presented.     

吉林省西部地区地下水资源开发利用分析

本文利用多年动态观测资料对西部地区地下水位变化、开采量进行了 分析，提出今后开发利用地下水过程中应注意的几个问题，为西部地区地下水 可持续利用提供了参考意见。     

GIS-Based Groundwater Management Model for Western Nile Delta

The limited availability of renewable fresh water is a major constraint on future agriculture and urban development in Egypt. The main water resource that Egypt has been depending on is the River Nile. Nowadays, the role of groundwater is steadily increasing and will cover 20% of the total water supply in the coming decades especially in the reclaimed areas along the desert fringes of the Nile Delta and Valley. Abstraction from groundwater in Egypt is dynamic in nature as it grows rapidly with the expansion of irrigation activities, industrialization, and urbanization. One of these areas is the Western Nile Delta in which the groundwater is exploited in many localities. To avoid the deterioration of the aquifer system in this area, an efficient integrated and sustainable management plan for groundwater resources is needed. Efficient integrated and sustainable management of water resources relies on a comprehensive database that represents the characteristics of the aquifer system and modeling tools to achieve the impacts of decision alternatives. In this paper, a GIS-based model has been developed for the aquifer system of the Western Nile Delta. The GIS provides the utilization of analytical tools and visualization capabilities for pre-and post-processing information involved in groundwater modeling for the study area. The developed model was calibrated for steady state and transient conditions against the historical groundwater heads observed during the last 20 yr. The calibrated model was used to evaluate groundwater potentiality and to test two alternative management scenarios for conserving the aquifer system in Western Nile Delta. In the first scenario, reducing the surface water inflow while increasing the annual abstraction from groundwater by about 450 million m³ and improving the irrigation system could increase the net aquifer recharge by about 5.7% and reduce the aquifer potentiality by about 91%. Constructing a new canal as a second management scenario could increase the annual aquifer potentiality by about 23%. The GIS-based model has been proven to be an efficient tool for formulating integrated and sustainable management plan.     

河北省地下水资源管理现状分析与对策研究

地下水是水资源的重要部分,在保障城乡居民生活、支撑经济社会发展和维持生态平衡等方面具有十分重要的作用。通过分析河北省的地下水概况,近几年在地下水保护方面采取的措施,提出了地下水管理的思路和建议。     

松辽平原西部地下水资源潜力和可持续开发利用

严重缺水地区地下水资源潜力的准确评估、开发利用的科学规划以确保其可持续供给，是地区社会经济可持续发展的保证。现依据松辽西部地下水资源潜力、地下水类型的分析，建立了松辽平原西部地下水开发模式，提出了对其可持续开发利用的初步设想。     

A Framework for Conflict Resolution

This article presents a comprehensive model on conflict resolution that can be used for both solving actual water management conflicts and for guiding further research. The model is based on a literature study and integrates the several approaches found to help overcome the limitations of the individual approaches. The model consists of four parts. First, three possible sources of conflicts are inventoried and their interrelations are discussed. Second, the “basic mechanisms” for addressing the individual sources of conflict are presented. The third part consists of a short overview of the different conflict resolution methods and procedures that can be applied to make these mechanisms operational in practice. The fourth part of the model is a discussion of the contextual factors influencing conflicts and conflict resolution, with special emphasis on cultural factors. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for the conflict resolution practice and for research.     

Groundwater Utilization and Management in the State of Kuwait

Abstract

The main brackish groundwater resources in the State of Kuwait are the groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam limestone aquifers. Most of the groundwater used in the State of Kuwait is for irrigation, some part of it is used for domestic purposes and for small scale industries. Since rainfall is seasonal and is less than the annual evaporation, the recharge from rainfall is negligible. Water levels in both the aquifers are highly affected by the pumping rate from each well. The groundwater is extracted heavily resulting in decline of water levels and the deterioration of groundwater quality though there is underflow from Saudi Arabia. Improvement of the groundwater management is essential for maintaining long-term productivity of the aquifers in the State of Kuwait.     

北京岩溶水勘查开发的现状与思考

回顾了北京地区岩溶水开发的历史,简述了各岩溶水分布区的特征与当前的开发规模。在南水北调中线工程通水推迟到2014年的形势下,相比较2.5亿m3/a的开采量,北京的岩溶水仍具有一定开采潜力,是进一步保障北京城市供水安全的有力补充。探讨了在当前应急条件下,应当加强多种技术的联合运用,以查清岩溶系统的边界,阐明岩溶水的运动规律,评价可采资源量,提出2~3处岩溶水水源地靶区。此外,指出在开发过程中应当特别注意预防伴生灾害,加强岩溶水的保护以可持续利用。     

两种地下水资源质与量结合评价方法的比较

分别阐述了“补给法”地下水水质水量结合评价方法和“开采法”地下水水质水量结合评价方法的思路和操作步骤。并以2000年河北省平原,矿化度不大于1g/L的浅层地下水资源评价为例,对两种不同方法的评价结果进行对比分析。     

Effect of New Nag Hammadi Barrage on Groundwater and Drainage Conditions and Suggestion of Mitigation Measures

The government of Egypt has decided to construct a new barrage with hydropower facilities, 3.5 km downstream of the existing old one. The water levels in the head pond for the new barrage will be continuously maintained at a level with approximately 0.5 m higher than water level in the head pond of the existing one. To evaluate the effect of increasing the head pond water level on the groundwater and drainage, there is a need to enhancelinking reservoir and stream/aquifer system. Visual MODFLOW hasbeen used to simulate the surface water/groundwater interaction in the area of proposed new barrage. The model has been calibratedagainst the available historical groundwater levels for 25 observation wells based on the steady state conditions. Numerical modeling suggests that river stage is the primary control of rapid groundwater hydraulic head fluctuations in theaquifer system. At present the area at which the depth to groundwater table less than one meter is about 30 110 feddans (1 feddan = 4200 m²). This area will increase to be about40 610 feddans after the construction of the new barrage and increasing the head pond water level. The mitigation measures toovercome the effect of construction of the new barrage have been discussed and their costs have been estimated and evaluated. Increasing the efficiency of existing drainage system by maintenance/upgrading and constructing a new pump station is recommended.     

Response Matrix Minimization Used in Groundwater Management with Mathematical Programming: A Case Study in a Transboundary Aquifer in Northern Greece

Groundwater has always been considered to be a readily available source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. The last decades, the lack of policymaking for the utilization of groundwater, has led to overexploitation in many areas. The cooperation of a wide range of scientists such as mathematicians, engineers, computer scientists, environmentalists and economists – operation researchers, have led to the design and construction of commercial computer programs concerned on water management and specifically on the optimal distribution of limited water resources using groundwater management models. These combined models, via simulation and optimization algorithms, result in one optimal solution through operations research and mathematical programming methods. The groundwater management models are based on the method of space superposition or the combination of space and time superposition for steady and unsteady state problems, respectively. In the present study, an algorithm is presented, which minimizes the dimension of the response matrix, concerning on two assumptions: the first is the added fixed cost which represents the water supply pumping well and the second is the removal of time superposition. The study area is a transboundary phreatic aquifer in Northern Greece, in the area of Eidomeni, a small Hellenic village just on the borderline with FYROM. The aquifer has a total area of 10,84 km², 26 operating – pumping wells, which the 9 of them consist control points of the hydraulic head. The number of the management periods is 12 months.     

吉林省西部地下水动态分析

吉林省西部常干旱少雨,有“十年九旱”之说,农田灌溉主要开采地下水为主;本言语通过对典型区地下水和水质的动态分析,提出了开采利用十水相关技术要求及建议。     

世界地下水资源利用与管理现状

地下水资源在世界范围内都被作为重要水源，其开发管理受到广泛重视。长期以来，由于不适宜的开发方式，全球许多地区面临着由此而产生的环境和生态问题。从分析世界上局部地区地下水过量开采的严峻形势入手，回顾总结世界各国对地下水管理的特点及措施，其经验值得借鉴。     

分布式水文模拟模型在流域水资源管理中的应用

旨在通过对国外比较流行的分布式流域水文模拟模型的介绍，对比分析各类模型的总体结构、特点及适应领域，结合在流域水资源管理中的应用，为流域水资源管理部门及相关研究工作人员在进行流域水文模拟模型选用时提供参考。     

阳泉市地下水资源可持续利用的对策

阳泉市是以开发地下水为主要供水水源，特别是娘子关泉水和岩溶地下水已成为城市和工业用水的主要水源。但随着经济和社会的发展。地下水资源短缺问题将日益突出。文中从五个方面提出了保持地下水资源可持续利用的措施和对策。     

跨界含水层管理现状及启示

跨界含水层资源是全球地下水资源的重要组成部分。跨界含水层管理的核心是其开发利用和保护问题。在阐述跨界含水层的概念、一般原则,涉及的相关法律规定,跨界含水层划分情况、管理措施和管理存在的问题等基础上,总结了跨界含水层管理对我国的几点启示,有利于加强跨界含水层立法研究和国际合作。