邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的危害及监管现状

概括性介绍了邻苯二甲酸酯引发的产品安全事件,汇总整理了目前关于邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的危害性描述,分析研究了主要国家对相关产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的法律限制要求和检测方法标准,最后提出了关于产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的监管建议。     

塑料包装产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂检测方法与标准的探讨

论述了塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的残留量、迁移量检测方法,并对采用热裂解技术分析检测邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂进行了展望。     

塑料玩具中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂提取技术研究进展

儿童塑料玩具在生产过程中普遍加入了邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂,该类增塑剂随着玩具的使用和老化易从产品中迁移出来,可能导致儿童身体中的邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的摄入量增加而危害其健康.现从原理、研究进展、优缺点方面综述了索氏提取法、超声波萃取法等塑料玩具中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的常规提取方法,并对超临界流体提取法、固相微萃取法、加速溶...     

玩具材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定方法

邻苯二甲酸酯是一种具有广泛应用的增塑剂,这类物质具有致畸致癌性,因此各国出台了相应法规对其使用进行限制。本文结合欧盟、美国和日本对玩具材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的检测方法,结合本实验室的实际情况,对本实验室对玩具材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定方法进行介绍。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂检测方法的研究进展

本文综述了邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的检测方法,对检测方法进行了对比分析,并展望了增塑剂检测方法的发展方向。     

伟大的设计——Hexamoll DINCH增塑剂

柔性聚氯乙烯行业对非邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂需求的增长（尤其是玩具和医疗设备行业）激励了巴斯夫公司开发出具有创新性的增塑剂。这家德国化工巨头公司的中间体研究负责人Klaus Halbritter强调了在利用公司研发核心力量开发邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂替代产品的研发过程中对这类产品毒性的高度关注。     

伊士曼扩大无邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂产能

<正>据"www.plasticstoday.com"报道,伊士曼化学公司已经完成了此前宣布的168无邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂在得克萨斯州工厂的产能扩张,使伊士曼集团168增塑剂的总产能增加了约15%。2014年全球对伊士曼邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的需求量将达到50万t,随着市场对无邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂需求的持续增长,伊士曼公司预计下一阶段产能扩张计划将启动,并将于2016年中期完工。伊士曼增塑剂业务部经理     

医用PVC增塑剂的应用进展

本文对PVC材料的应用,医用PVC中增塑剂的作用机理以及邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的毒性进行了分析。同时,针对邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂可能存在的风险,要文介绍了各国采取的应对措施,以及目前可用的新型增塑剂。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂分析方法进展

本文详细介绍了国内外邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂检测方法的研究进展。对环境（大气、水体、土壤）中和塑料产品中的邻苯二甲酸酯的样品的预处理方法和检测技术作了综述，并提出了检测中存在的问题和研究前景。     

国内外邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的现状和展望

对邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的国内外现状作了评述,并对我国提高DOP和高分子量邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的比例、降低DBP的比例、开发高性能的复合增塑剂提出了积极的建议。     

New benzoate plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride: Introduction and performance example

Two new unique benzoate ester plasticizers that will offer the vinyl formulator improved performance have been developed. One is an excellent solvator that will yield lower plastisol viscosities than existing plasticizers. The other will provide an excellent alternate with low volatility. The new products provide expanded performance utility over existing benzoates and phthalates on a global basis. Basic plastisol performance data and an example of use in a specific application, vinyl leathercloth, are presented. The data demonstrates that these blends are compatible, effective high solvating plasticizers and are performance alternates for plastisols and other polyvinyl chloride applications.     

Interactions between PVC and binary or ternary blends of plasticizers. Part I. PVC/plasticizer compatibility

Solid–gel transition temperatures, t_m, were measured for PVC in binary and ternary mixtures of plasticizers. Data were used to investigate interactions between plasticizers, and their effect on t_m and polymer–plasticizer interaction (χ) values. The UNIFAC-FV method was used to predict Gibbs free energy of mixing, and χ for a range of plasticizers, and interactions for one quaternary mixture. Synergy was observed when one or more branched phthalates were mixed with ODPP, but none when three phthalates were mixed. Mixtures of DOP with aliphatic ester plasticizers again produced synergy. Equations were produced to enable interaction coefficients of different plasticizer blends to be predicted. It was found that interaction coefficients increase as the difference in molar mass between the two plasticizers increases. Calculated χ values were generally similar to experimental values. The lower limit of Gibbs free energy of mixing required for plasticization of PVC using monomeric plasticizers was calculated to be about −0.9 J/g, and that for polymeric plasticizers −0.15 J/g. Equations were produced enabling Gibbs free energy of mixing to be predicted from the amount of C atoms in the plasticizer.     

Performance of Di-n-Hexyl phthalate in flexible vinyl formulations

Low-molecular-weight esters have been available to the PVC compounder for many years. They have found a significant niche in the performance vs. permanence compromise as a compound ingredient that provides manufacturing efficiency or some special property with adequate permanence for many vinyl applications. In many respects, low-molecular-weight esters are the processing aids of the plasticizer family. This group of plasticizers may be said to include C₄ to C₇ dialkyl phthalates, the benzyl phthalates and the benzoic acid esters. This paper will introduce and compare di-n-hexyl phthalate (DNHP) to other phthalates against which it will directly compete.     

Optimizing performance of benzoate and phthalate blends for vinyl applications

To achieve required performance, blends of plasticizers are commonly used in flexible vinyl applications. Typically, when fast fusion is required, high solvating phthalates have been utilized in plasticizer blends. Benzoate esters are high solvators and can also be used in these blends. However, even though benzoate plasticizers offer additional performance benefits that can complement general‐purpose phthalate performance, most of the literature does not include the use of benzoate plasticizers in blends with phthalates. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the performance benefits of blending benzoate and phthalate plasticizers. The approach selected to accomplish this task was to develop performance data by utilizing a mixture design approach with DOE (design of experiments) software. A resilient flooring plastisol formulation was selected as the model. The following properties were obtained: degassing, low and high shear viscosity, viscosity stability of the plastisol, gel and fusion characteristics, tensile strength vs. temperature, vinyl heat stability, stain resistance, volatility, and UV stability. The data indicate how to utilize the advantage of benzoates as “process aids” to speed production rates and improve product quality. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL. 11:150–154, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂对健康和环境影响的评估及其对消费量的影响

综述了邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂在全球消费的情况及其受环保压力的影响。最近许多论文指出:常用的邻苯二甲酸酯都是易于生物降解的,并无生物累积作用,对环境各个方面都没有影响;公认由邻苯二甲酸酯导致啮齿动物的致癌性是由于物种特殊性所决定的,和人类没有关系;邻苯二甲酸酯在低剂量下并不产生拟激素效应,因而不是内分泌调节剂。上述信息继续支持邻苯二甲酸酯用于增塑聚氯乙烯。并总结了立法和环保压力与工业界响应之间争论的焦点。     

Revisiting analysis of phthalate plasticizers concentration in poly(vinyl chloride)

The method of the efficient analysis of di(2‐diethylhexyl) phthalate, tri(2‐ethylhexyl) trimellitate, di(2‐ethylhexyl) terephthalate, and other phthalate plasticizers concentrations in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was developed. The method is based on quantitative dissolution of the PVC sample in methyl ethyl ketone with the consequent precipitation of PVC with hexane and concentration of phthalate in an organic layer. A capillary column‐based gas chromatographic technique for phthalates separation and quantification was developed and used in conjunction with the PVC and phthalates dissolution technique. The developed method of phthalate plasticizers analysis proved to be relatively fast, reproducible, and straightforward. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:197–204, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Contributions to fogging from phthalate plasticizers

The minimization of fogging in cars is an ongoing subject of discussion. Among many substances, plasticizers have been identified to contribute to fogging. Differences in their fogging performance are discussed and it is shown that present by-products have a significant impact. Long chain branched phthalates (C11) can compete with currently widely used linear specialities.     

The effect of aromatic plasticizers on the photodehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride). Part II: Dialkyl phthalates

Samples of PVC, plasticized with a range of dialkyl phthalates, linear and branched, have been naturally weathered by exposure for one year in Arizona. The results confirm previous findings, that aromatic plasticizers can act to accelerate the photodehydrochlorination of PVC and that the low photostability of phthalates with long, branched side chains results in a greater level of dehydrochlorination than that produced by either linear or branched shorter alkyl chains. For alkyl groups of the same carbon number, the branched chains produce a greater level of dehydrochlorination than the straight chains. Possible explanations for these observations are considered.     

Soft PVC foams: Study of the gelation,fusion, and foaming processes. II. Adipate,citrate and other types of plasticizers

Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most useful polymeric materials on an industrial scale because of its processability, wide range of obtainable properties, and low cost. PVC plastisols are used in the production of flexible PVC foams. Phthalates are the most used plasticizers for PVC, and in a previous article (part I of this series), we discussed the influence of phthalate ester type plasticizers on the foaming process and on the quality of the foams obtained from the corresponding plastisols. Because the use of phthalate plasticizers has been questioned because of possible health implications, the objective of this work was to undertake a similar study with 11 commercial alternative plasticizers to phthalates. The evolution of the dynamic and extensional viscosity and the interactions and thermal transitions undergone by the plastisols during the heating process were studied. Foams were obtained by rotational molding and were characterized by the determination of their thermomechanical properties, density, and cell size distribution. Correlations were obtained between the molecular weight and structure of the plasticizer and the behavior of the corresponding plastisols. After the characterization of the final foamed product, we concluded that foams of relatively good quality could be prepared with alternative plasticizers for replacing phthalates. Several plasticizers {Mesamoll (alkylsulfonic phenyl ester), Eastman 168 [bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate], Hexamoll [di(isononyl) cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate], Citroflex A4 acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), and Plastomoll (dihexyl adipate)} were found to be interesting alternatives in the production of soft PVC foams because they provided very good quality foams with properties similar to, or even better than, those obtained with phthalate plasticizers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Plasticizers: A consideration of their impact on health and the environment

Plasticizers have been used for centuries to improve the processability and flexibility of a variety of materials. At the dawn of civilization water was used to plasticize clay for the production of pottery and clay tablets and the Ark was reputedly waterproofed with pitch plasticized with oil. Today the most common plasticizers are phthalates, adipates, and similar esters the majority of which are used to produce flexible PVC products. The widespread use of plasticizers in these applications over the last forty years has resulted in their toxicology being extensively researched and understood. As a consequence of these investigations many official bodies and legislative authorities have concluded that plasticizers pose no significant hazard to man or the environment. Plasticizers will, therefore, continue to be used to enhance all our lives through the production of a wide variety of PVC items ranging from medical components to waterproof clothing and floor coverings.