优化电容电极在油气段塞流测量中的应用

基于电容法测量相含率、速度的多相流量计已在油田投入使用,研究发现电容电极尺寸可直接影响测量精度,且目前国内尚未见以电容电极技术进行段塞流动参数的测量。为优化电容电极,采用COMSOL对电容电极尺寸进行了仿真,结果表明,厚度0.1mm,张角150°,宽20mm,加保护电极与屏蔽层的电极具有最优测量效果;利用两组优化的电容组以互相关法获得了液塞速度、液塞长度、液塞频率参数,得到滑脱系数:当Fr≤3.5时,C_0=0.83,当F_r≥3.5时,C_0=1.28,平均液塞长度为21.7D,同时拟合了Strouhal数随XL的变化的关联式。     

水平管道油气二相段塞流稳态流动特性

使用通过自行设计并搭建的实验装置,对水平管道油气二相段塞流稳态流动特性进行了实验研究。采用压力信号互相关方法测量了段塞流平均液塞速度,通过分析得到了液塞速度、液塞长度和液塞频率随气、液相折算速度的变化规律。结果表明,当液相折算速度恒定时,随着气相折算速度的增大,液塞速度基本上呈线性增大,而液塞长度呈双曲线减小;当气相折算速度恒定时,随着液相折算速度的增大,液塞频率基本呈线性增大,而液塞长度呈双曲线减小。     

下倾管段塞流液塞速度特性研究

为探究段塞流液塞在下倾管中的耗散规律,利用段塞产生器和电导探针数采系统对液塞的速度演变规律进行了试验研究。结果表明:液塞在下倾管运动过程中由于液塞前方气泡渗入将发生耗散,当耗散作用明显时,液塞速度减小;液塞初始长度、下倾管倾角和表观气速对液塞耗散程度的影响体现在液塞形态改变和液塞速度上:液塞初始长度大或表观气速小时,液塞速度慢,利于耗散;倾角大时,液塞速度较快,但液塞形态变化大,综合而言,液塞耗散受形态变化影响更大;液塞尾部速度总是大于头部速度,且差值随液塞初始长度和表观气速的增大而增加;相同表观气速下,液塞头尾速度差值越大,液塞耗散越快,且耗散主要发生在头部。     

用统计方法研究未充分发展弹状流动

在一内径19 mm、长2 m的垂直有机玻璃管内,采用自制的电导探针对未充分发展的气-液二相弹状流中的弹状气泡上升速度、液塞上升速度、弹状气泡长度和液塞长度进行了测量。得到了各自随表观气速或表观液速的变化规律。结果表明:在未充分发展的弹状流状态下,弹状气泡的上升速度略高于液塞的上升速度:弹状气泡长度随表观气速的增大而增大,随表观液速的增大而减小。文章对弹状气泡长度进行了统计分析。未充分发展弹状流中弹状气泡长度符合正态分布律。     

下倾管中活塞流液塞长度波动特性

通过采集下倾管中活塞流的差压信号,应用互相关法分析得到液塞长度时间序列.利用统计理论与分形理论分析液塞长度时间序列来揭示液塞长度波动特性.结果表明：气相折算速度对液塞长度的影响远大于液相折算速度.液相折算速度较大时,随着混合速度的增加,液塞长度波动的混沌程度增加;而液相折算速度较小时,随着混合速度的增加,液塞长度波动的混沌程度减小.在管线下倾角较大的情况下,液塞长度分布集中在较小的范围内.管线下倾角越大,液塞长度波动的长程相关性越好.     

气液两相流参数测量中弧状电极电磁流量计理论分析

常用电磁流量计的电极为点状形式,广泛用于管道流体速度分布呈轴对称的单相流参数测量,当流速呈非轴对称分布时则引起测量误差。为满足两相流参数测量要求,改善点状电极结构对流速分布的敏感性,提出了采用弧状电极结构形式电磁流量计对两相流参数进行测量。采用解析计算法研究了弧状电极电磁流量计的特性:对弧状电极测量敏感场的权重函数分布进行了计算,同时为降低管道流体流速分布对测量准确性的影响,根据权重函数分布均匀性,确定了弧状电极电磁传感器的结构参数;分析了垂直上升管气液两相流典型流型时弧状电极电磁流量计的响应特性。分析结果表明,弧状电极电磁流量计的权重函数分布相比点状结构形式要均匀得多,其响应特性分析给出了两相流测量中电极之间测量电压与流体速度之间的关系,从而为弧状电极电磁流量计在气液两相流参数测量中的应用提供了理论基础。     

下倾管中段塞流液塞长度波动的非线性分析

利用非线性分析技术中的分形理论在较宽的流速范围内对下倾管中空气-水段塞流的液塞长度波动特性进行了研究.结果表明,下倾管中段塞流的液塞长度符合对数正态分布,其波动是对初始条件敏感的混沌振荡,且具有持久性.通过对不同液相折算速度下的液塞长度波动特性的分析发现,液相折算速度较大时,随着混合速度的增加,液塞长度波动的混沌程度增加;而液相折算速度较小时,随着混合速度的增加,液塞长度波动的混沌程度减小.管线下倾角越大,液塞长度波动的长程相关性越好.     

段塞流气塞破裂后管线压降特性

在气液两相流动中,气塞形成后可能会由于地形变化、输送设备、或其他人为因素引发破裂,引发流体的流动状态变化及压力波动。为了深入了解段塞流流动过程中气塞破裂机理,建立了段塞流流动过程中气塞破裂的物理数学模型,以气液两相流流动参数和管线几何尺寸为研究对象,对气液两相流气塞破裂所引发的压力波动进行分析。结果表明:其他条件相同时,相同长度气塞破裂引发的气塞上游管线压力降低的幅度随上游管线持液率的增大而逐渐增大,随管道直径、液塞尺寸、混合物流速的增大而逐渐减小。     

三叶形细旦涤纶纺丝过程的模拟与开发

通过当量直径法对单丝线密度为1 dtex的三叶形细旦涤纶喷丝板的尺寸进行设计、计算,对纺丝成形过程进行了模拟,讨论了喷丝板孔型的尺寸、冷却条件等工艺参数对纤维异形度的影响,并进行优化设计。结果表明:选择喷丝板微孔尺寸0.08 mm×0.25 mm,纺丝温度290℃,卷绕速度1 000 m/m in,吹风速度0.4 m/s,吹风长度1.2 m,在距离喷丝板板面50 mm处增加保温长度450 mm,保温温度80℃,可得到异形度为60.47%的三叶形细旦涤纶。     

EDTA-Cu（Ⅱ）配合物与纳米TiO2混合修饰碳糊电极测定镉离子

将EDTA-Cu(Ⅱ)配合物与纳米TiO2混合修饰到碳糊电极上,用循环伏安法考察了修饰电极测量镉离子的实验优化条件和电极稳定性。结果表明:在底液0.10 mol/L pH=4.5的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液(含0.10 mol/L的KNO3)中,当镉离子在修饰电极表面富集10 min,电位扫描速度控制在100 mV/s时,峰电流与Cd2+浓度在1.0×10-8～1.0×10-5mol/L的范围内成良好的线性关系,相关系数为R=0.9965,检出限为6.1×10-9mol/L。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。