弱碱三元复合体系提高采收率效果评价

大庆油田目前已经进入高含水阶段,但油藏中仍残留大量原油,因此针对大庆油田目前的开采状况,为提高大庆油田非主力油层实施弱碱三元复合体系驱油效果,进行室内模拟驱油实验,得到不同注入时段和不同表面活性剂浓度、聚合物浓度的驱油效果。通过实验可得:水驱转注为弱碱三元复合体系的时间越提前,采收率越高;主段塞内注入聚合物和表面活性剂的体积越大,采收率越大;在水驱基础上,采用Mr(相对分子质量)为800×10~4抗盐聚合物和Mr(相对分子质量)为1 500×10~4聚合物的三元复合体系在水驱基础上化学驱采出程度均大于22%。     

不同表面活性剂二元复合体系对驱油效果的影响

随着油田的开采,大多数区块已经进入高含水期,水驱后地层中含油大量的剩余油,因此,开展水驱后提高采收率具有重大意义。由于三元复合体系中存在结垢问题,通过室内实验的方法,优选出无碱二元体系,对比不同类型表面活性剂/聚合物体系的界面张力、润湿反转、驱油效果。表面活性剂与聚合物可以使油水界面张力下降,实验表明,不同类型的表面活性剂组成的无碱二元体系对驱油效果存在较大的差异。     

改性烷醇酰胺类表面活性剂驱油体系研究

考察了改性烷醇酰胺阴-非离子表面活性剂（NBS）复合驱油体系的界面张力和驱油效果。实验表明,NBS的无碱二元驱油体系在较宽的表面活性剂及聚合物浓度范围内都具有较好的界面活性和稳定性。模拟驱油实验中,所选的NBS无碱二元驱油体系在水驱基础上可提高采收率18,73%以上,与相同条件下三元复合驱采收率相接近。此外,将NBS表面活性剂与现有重烷基苯磺酸盐（HABS）的三元复合体系进行复配后,可有效降低三元驱中强碱的使用浓度,且体系界面活性及稳定性等指标均满足油田要求。     

耐温抗盐驱油表面活性剂的现场应用

三次采油技术中研究和应用较多的是包含表面活性剂的各种化学驱油技术,包括三元复合驱、二元复合驱以及表面活性剂驱等。表面活性剂在这些驱油技术中起着重要作用．它主要是通过降低油水界面张力和提高毛细管数达到提高采收率的目的。对于普通油藏,表面活性剂驱油剂的研究比较成功,应用效果也比较理想,如石油磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐可与地层流体配伍,形成超低界面张力,达到提高采收率的目的。     

三元复合驱油机理实验研究

三元复合驱提高采收率技术于上世纪80年代开始广泛应用,指碱剂、表面活性剂、聚合物按一定比例混合作为注入液注入地层。相对于热水驱及一、二元三元复合驱,三元复合驱能更好的降低油水间的界面张力,扩大波及体积,因此具有更好的开采效果。通过三维井网模型实验,与热水驱实验结果进行对比,分析了宏观和微观角度下的三元复合驱提高采收率机理。     

聚合物驱后二元复合体系驱油效果研究

主要通过室内物理实验,分析了聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响,并对聚合物驱后聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系驱油效果进行了研究。     

国内SP二元复合驱研究现状分析

聚合物/表面活性剂（SP）二元复合驱是继聚合物驱和三元复合驱后又一提高采收率技术,应用前景十分广阔。本文概括了SP二元复合驱的技术特点及驱油机理,阐述了其矿场应用情况。认为目前影响其广泛应用的主要问题是尚无成熟的驱油用无碱表面活性剂产品,为SP二元复合驱的矿场规模化应用提出了建议和预测。     

弱碱三元复合驱剩余油微观驱替机理

在碱、聚合物和表面活性剂的协同作用下,三元复合驱驱替效果显著提升,对各类剩余油的动用效果也明显增强。通过室内微观驱替实验,使用一种弱碱三元复合驱体系对水驱后形成的簇状、柱状、盲端状、油滴状和膜状5类剩余油类型进行驱替机理分析。研究表明:在三元复合驱体系内,碱有利于生成具有表面活性剂性质的物质、溶解界面膜、改变岩石润湿性、充当“牺牲剂”;表面活性剂可以改变油水界面张力、改变岩石浸润性;聚合物起到降低驱替剂与原油的流度比、增大驱替剂黏度、增大驱替压力的作用。在该体系的作用下,水驱后难以被动用的剩余油驱替效果显著提升。     

非均质油藏三元复合驱室内物理模拟试验研究

针对三元复合驱在采油现场应用中存在的作用机理较复杂的问题,建立了二维非均质物理模拟模型,以五点井网的1/4单元作为物理模拟对象,研究了三元复合驱提高采收率的渗流规律,并对比分析了水驱、聚合物驱及三元复合驱的驱油效率与含水率的变化特征。结果表明:注入三元体系后,在三元复合体系的协同作用下,在油藏内形成了从主流线向两侧扩展的油墙,同时中、低渗透率层的剩余油得到明显的动用,形成高含油饱和度带逐渐向生产井运移,大幅度提高了中、低渗透率层的波及体积。对于非均质油层,三元复合驱可以降低低效、无效的水循环,较好地控制流度比,扩大波及范围,提高驱油效率及原油采收率。     

辽河油田锦16块油田化学剂浓度对驱油效果影响的实验研究

本文通过物理模拟方法,研究了在三元弱碱复合驱油体系中聚合物浓度对驱油效果的影响,表面活性剂浓度对驱油效果的影响,二元无碱（加牺牲剂）中表面活性剂浓度对驱油效果的影响,结果表明：在三元弱碱复合驱油体系中,当碱和活性剂的浓度不变,而改变聚合物的浓度时,随着聚合物浓度的增加,化学驱采出程度是增大的,当碱和聚合物的浓度不变时而改变表面活性剂的浓度时,化学驱采出程度随着表面活性剂浓度的增加而增大。二元无碱（加牺牲剂）体系：固定聚合物用量和牺牲剂用量,改变活性剂浓度后化学驱采出程度随活性剂浓度的下降而下降。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。