HAZOP与LOPA联合分析在PTA生产装置中的应用

介绍了危险及可操作性(HAZOP)分析方法和保护层分析(LOPA)方法以及两者之间的关系、HAZOP与LOPA方法联合分析步骤;以1 200 kt/a精对苯二甲酸(PTA)装置为研究对象,选择其中氧化反应单元为示例节点,应用HAZOP和LOPA联合分析方法对PTA生产装置进行安全评价,对装置设计过程中的潜在风险进行定性和半定量分析,并提出相应的风险控制方案;HAZOP和LOPA联合分析可对PTA生产装置中现有安全保护措施的可靠性实现量化评估,确定其消除和降低风险的能力,提高PTA生产装置安全评价的科学性和全面性。     

基于HAZOP与LOPA的锅炉水处理系统风险评估方法及应用

针对电站锅炉产能关键环节的水处理系统,从化工过程安全的视野提出将危险性和可操作性分析(HAZOP)与保护层分析(LOPA)法用于锅炉水处理系统防腐阻垢性能风险评估中,并对LOPA的基本程序和计算步骤作了新的注解。以锅炉水处理剂处理后的水质不达标等为初始事件,分析失效后果并计算事故后果概率,最后,对比分析采取本质更安全设计等保护层前后的风险等级值,确定是否需要增加其他的安全措施。结合LOPA法,将人本管理思想融入企业风险管理,在风险决策方面给出合理可行的建议。结果表明:利用LOPA法进行锅炉水处理系统防腐阻垢性能的风险评估是可行的,给出的建议措施可降低风险;将LOPA法融入锅炉产能环节的HAZOP分析中,能进一步丰富HAZOP的分析结果;"保护层分析+风险评估+人本管理"可成为有效的安全管理新途径。     

量化HAZOP分析技术在LNG储罐泄漏工况中的应用

HAZOP分析受HAZOP主席经验和技术水平的影响很大,针对以往液化天然气(LNG)储罐设计阶段HAZOP分析内容不完善、安全措施消减因子选取不合理等问题,通过量化HAZOP分析技术,明确初始风险(未考虑已设保护措施的风险)、残余风险(考虑已设保护措施,将初始风险削减后的风险)、最终风险(通过提出建议措施并落实后,对残余风险削减后的风险),并通过LOPA方法识别LNG储罐的保护措施,使LNG储罐的风险分级更加精准,量化HAZOP分析方法为LNG储罐在服役过程中的安全风险分级管控具有很大的参考价值。     

基于LOPA法的锅炉水处理系统风险评估研究

针对电站锅炉产能关键环节的水处理系统,从化工过程安全的视野提出将LOPA法用于锅炉防腐阻垢性能风险评估中,并对LOPA的基本程序和计算步骤作了新的注解。以锅炉水处理剂处理后的水质不达标等为初始事件,分析失效后果并计算事故后果概率,最后,对比分析采取本质更安全设计等保护层前后的风险等级值,确定是否需要另外增加安全措施。结果表明：利用LOPA法进行锅炉水处理系统防腐阻垢性能的风险评估是可行的,给出的建议措施可降低风险;将LOPA法融入锅炉产能环节的HAZOP分析中,能进一步丰富HAZOP的分析结果;＂保护层分析＋风险评估＋人本管理＂可成为有效的安全管理新途径。     

化工在役装置HAZOP分析与SIL定级的应用研究

介绍了危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)和安全完整性等级分析(SIL)3种方法的特点,总结了3种分析方法之间的关系。以在役装置甲醇罐区为例,应用HAZOP和LOPA对其进行安全评价,对装置设计过程中的潜在风险进行定性和半定量分析,提出相应的风险控制方案,并进行SIL定级分析。     

HAZOP及LOPA分析在氧化反应器的应用

详细阐述了HAZOP分析方法及步骤,并将其应用到PTA装置中的氧化反应器,对反应器进行系统的分析,找出反应器压力高和尾氧高的原因,针对后果等级较高的采用LOPA分析,通过对保护措施进行定量评估,从而确认风险等级以及风险是否可接受。     

石化装置基于风险的HAZOP分析方法

为了更加有效地辨识石化装置生产中的潜在危险,将风险评价与危险与可操作性(HAZOP)分析相结合,建立了基于风险的HAZOP分析方法。文中首先介绍了基于风险的HAZOP分析流程,在偏差的危险工况分析中引入风险评价,并在传统的二因素风险评价基础上,为了更准确地评价现有安全措施是否对事故具有预测和控制能力,定义了第3个因素——不可控制度。然后建立了风险三因素的评价准则,并确定出风险的表征方法,最后提出基于风险的决策方法,即根据偏差的风险评价等级确定针对性的安全管理建议。以某石化公司常减压装置为例进行了基于风险的HAZOP分析。结果表明,基于风险的HAZOP分析方法可以为石化装置安全管理提供定量化的决策依据,从而使有限的资源得到合理地配置。     

基于HAZOP与LOPA的输油站场泄压罐风险分析

采用HAZOP与LOPA相结合的风险评估方法,识别输油站场泄压罐潜在的运行风险,分析现有安全措施的有效性和不足之处,提出必要改进建议,将可能发生的风险后果降至可接受水平,提升输油站场的安全管理水平。     

HAZOP-LOPA分析方法在化学品综合罐区中的应用研究

HAZOP是过程工业广泛使用的一种危险辨识和分析方法,但存在不能量化风险的缺点。文章介绍了HAZOP和LOPA方法的互补性并联合应用于某炼化公司的罐区。通过HAZOP分析识别出不同类型储罐非正常操作条件下可能出现的潜在危险,评估出保护措施在降低风险方面的充分性。针对较高风险场景开展了进一步的LOPA分析,提出必要的安全保护措施和改进建议。通过对综合罐区工艺系统进行HAZOP分析,发现罐区存在的典型风险和隐患,提升罐区的安全运行水平。     

基于HAZOP方法的水煤浆气化工艺风险分析

针对水煤浆煤气化工艺运行中的诸多风险,采用基于偏差思想的HAZOP方法,以引导词为索引,分析了煤气化工艺过程,并以分析结果为依据,导入LOPA保护层进行本质安全分析。结果表明:在HAZOP分析中,融入LOPA方法,能实现对现有保护措施的可靠性的量化评估,确定其消除或降低风险的能力,从而确定是否需要增加其他安全保护措施,以减少水煤浆气化工艺运行风险。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。