消防给水设计有关问题探讨

消防给水设计执行的国家强制性规范主要有《建筑设计防火规范》、《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》、《自动喷水灭火系统设计规范》等,在设计过程中经常遇到一些有争议的条款,如消防给水能否与生产、生活给水管道合用,水泵接合器设置情况,消防水箱安装高度,消防增压稳压设备供水压力,消防水池数量,消防卷盘设置情况等,现将有关问题提出并进行探讨。     

建设工程消防验收中常见的问题及对策

消防验收实质是一种对竣工建设工程的监督性抽查,重在检验建筑消防设施、建筑防火、安全疏散等消防设计的功能实现情况,同时检验建设、设计、施工、工程监理等有关单位遵守消防法律、国家工程建设消防技术标准和执行消防设计文件的情况。     

水消防系统的设计见解

水消防是消防设计中的一个重要组成部分,现行的规范中对水消防的设计还存在一些盲点。本文在查阅大量资料的基础上结合实际工作经验,对水消防设计中系统规模的确定、水泵设置、联锁控制、管网及辅助设施的布置等作了较详细的阐述。     

大型甲醇储罐消防设计探讨

针对大型甲醇储罐的特点,介绍了某公司2×40000 m3甲醇储罐消防给水系统和消防泡沫系统的设计。依据相关规范,从系统的形式选择、设计计算、设备设置等方面阐述了浮顶罐消防系统的设计方法。论述了消防冷却水系统和泡沫消防系统的组成,并提出该类消防设计应注意的问题。     

民用建筑水消防设计中几个问题的探讨

探讨了民用建筑消防设计中室内消火栓的配置、室内消火栓的间距、建筑内部的消防排水、消防水泵的设置、天然水源的保护范围等，提出了作者的见解。     

国内外化工厂水消防系统设计比较

在总结国外投资的大中型化工厂项目水消防设计的基础上,对国内外化工厂水消防系统设计,在消防系统、电源保障、水泵的启动方式、管网和消防水池的形式等方面进行了比较。     

关于气体消防技术的热门话题

阐述了就气体消防的基本概念、该领域的热门话题以及气体消防方面的标准规范等几个方面，可供设计单位、消防部门和科研院所的有关工程技术人员与管理干部参阅。     

浅谈化工企业消防设计与监督

化工企业为社会进步作出了巨大贡献,但由于生产工艺复杂、原料和产品常易燃易爆,因此存在非常大的火灾隐患.严格消防设计与消防监督是化工企业杜绝和减少火灾隐患的重要环节,可从源头上消除火灾隐患.本文就化工企业进行消防设计的重要性和必要性,如何进行化工企业的消防设计,及如何进行化工企业的消防监督谈几点体会.     

装卸油品码头消防设计的几点体会

本文结合“上海石油化工股份有限公司陈山原油码头和化工码头消防设施改造”项目的设计，就装卸油品码头的消防设计的主体、消防冷却水、消防泡沫液的计算等问题作了探讨     

某5万t/a乙丙橡胶工厂的消防设计

主要介绍了宁波乙丙橡胶工厂生产区的消防设计情况,较为详细地介绍了消防泵房、消防水池室内外消火栓、消防水炮、自动喷水系统及水喷雾系统的消防设计参数,对消防设计中遇到的其他问题集解决方法进行了简要介绍,为后续类似工程的消防设计提供了参考.     

A new test methodology for studying the response of walls to real fire environments

A new test methodology was developed to investigate the response of walls, partitions, and in-wall systems exposed to real fires. The apparatus includes a 3.5 m long, 2.3 m wide, and 2.3 m high fire compartment within a standard sea container. A wall specimen measuring up to 1.8 m wide, 1.8 m tall, and 0.3 m deep is mounted in a steel frame at one end of the fire compartment. Fire exposures to the wall specimen evolve over time depending on the fuel load and ventilation configuration. Gas temperatures and heat flux were characterized for five different fuel and ventilation configurations. Peak exposures ranged from 30 to 75 kW/m² for about 20 minutes. Five additional tests were conducted using a single fuel and ventilation configuration to assess the repeatability of the test methodology. It was found that a 19.3 minute growth period occurred plateauing at a ceiling temperature of 708°C for 8.4 minutes, on average. Compartment gas temperatures were found to be repeatable, having a sample standard deviation less than 32°C for symmetric data. Repeatability improved when account was taken for the rapid fire growth inflection point. The utility of the approach for studying fire performance of building elements was demonstrated.     

超薄膨胀型钢结构防火涂料烃类火试验研究

钢结构建筑属于循环结构形式,由于钢材耐火性能差,温度超过600℃,材料强度和刚度都显著降低,因此必须对钢结构建筑进行防火保护。超薄膨胀型钢结构防火涂料逐渐应用到民用建筑钢结构防火保护中,而且GB14907—2002对其耐火性能评价方法有了具体规定,但是对石化烃类火环境下的耐火性能没有提及。本研究依据GB14907—2002的规定,参照UL1709的实验方法,对烃类火下超薄膨胀型钢结构防火涂料的耐火性能进行了测试。根据试验情况主要考察了涂料的发泡倍数,试验结果表明发泡倍数指标可以作为该类涂料的一个参考指标,并且对烃类火下超薄膨胀型防火涂料的施工养护和粘结强度等提出了建议。     

Evaluating the heat resistance of thermal insulated sandwich composites subjected to a turbulent fire

The fire structural response of sandwich composite laminates incorporating bio‐derived constituents subjected to a turbulent flaming fire was investigated. Fire structural tests were conducted on thermal insulated sandwich composites incorporating a thin surface‐bonded non‐woven glass fibre tissue impregnated with char‐forming fire retardant, ammonium polyphosphate. The sandwich composite laminates were loaded in compression at 10%, 15% or 20% of the ultimate compressive strength while simultaneously subjected to turbulent flames imposing an incident heat flux of 35 kW/m². Generally, the failure time increased with the reduced applied compressive load. The thermal insulated sandwich composite laminates had considerably improved fire resistance in comparison to their unmodified counterparts. The unmodified composites failed 96 s earlier than the thermal insulated specimens when the compression load was 10% of the ultimate compressive strength. The presence of ammonium polyphosphate at the heat‐exposed surface promoted the formation of a consolidated char layer, which slowed down heat conduction into composite laminate substrate. The fire reaction parameters measured via the cone calorimeter provided insights into the thermal response hence fire structural survivability of sandwich composite laminates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of tenability during a full‐scale motorcoach tire fire

Full‐scale fire experiments were conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to investigate tire fire interactions with the passenger compartment of a motorcoach. A single full‐scale experiment with a partially furnished interior was conducted to investigate tire fire growth within the passenger compartment and the onset of untenable conditions. A tire fire was initiated using a burner designed to imitate the frictional heating of hub and wheel metal caused by failed axle bearings, locked brakes, or dragged blown tires. Measurements of interior and exterior temperatures, interior heat flux, heat release rate, toxic gases, and visibility were performed. Standard and infrared videos and still photographs were also recorded. The results of this single experiment showed that after fire penetration into the passenger compartment, the tenability limits were reached within 8 minutes near the fire and within 11 minutes throughout the passenger compartment.     

Fire effluent component yields from room‐scale fire tests

Estimation of the time available for escape (ASET) in the event of a fire is a principal component in fire hazard or risk assessment. Valid data on the yields of toxic smoke components from bench‐scale apparatus is essential to accurate ASET calculations. This paper presents a methodology for obtaining pre‐flashover and post‐flashover toxicant yields from room‐scale fire tests. The data are to be used for comparison with bench‐scale data for the same combustibles: a sofa, bookcases, and electric power cable. Each was burned in a room with a long adjacent corridor. The yields of CO₂, CO, HCl, HCN, and soot were determined. Other toxicants (NO₂, formaldehyde, and acrolein), whose concentrations were below the detection limits, were of limited importance relative to the detected toxicants. The uncertainty values were comparable to those estimated for calculations used to determine ASET and were sufficiently small to determine whether a bench‐scale apparatus is producing results that are similar to the real‐scale results here. The use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was useful for obtaining toxicant concentration data; however, its operation and interpretation are not routine. The losses of CO, HCN, and HCl along the corridor were dependent on the combustible. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈水泥工厂建(构)筑物防火设计

随着我国经济建设快速发展，国家对建筑物的防火要求越来越高。结合建筑设计防火规范和水泥工厂设计规范,针对其中条文相互补充互为关联的部分，结合设计实际，分析讨论水泥厂建（构）筑物生产的防火设计的防火分区、耐火等级及防火间距问题。     

安全轮胎的发展前景

对泄气保用轮胎（包括液体自封式、自修复组件式、胎侧补强型、加支撑物型、内腔填料型）及防滑轮胎进行了说明介绍,井得出安全轮胎将有较大市场的结论。     

Detailed analysis of a smouldering fire scenario at the murder scene experimental and numerical investigations

Based on forensic evidence, a smouldering fire was observed to have occurred at a murder scene. Identification of a reasonable timeline – specifically the fire dynamics of the ignition and fire growth that occurred coincident with the death that took place – became an important focus of the criminal investigation that followed. The fire service was called when a neighbour saw a grey smoke escaping through the ventilation system of the bathrooms on the roof of the house. One flat door with elevated temperatures was found. The fire fighter who entered the flat first reported later that the flat was completely filled with smoke and all windows were closed. When the fire fighter opened the balcony door, he saw flames on the sofa that he extinguished. Then he found a body on the floor. The autopsy showed later that the victim was dead before the fire started. The police suspected that the murderer probably had deliberately set the fire to destroy evidence. One suspect had been witnessed to be in the flat approximately 2 h before the fire was detected by the neighbour. The aim of this project was to investigate how the fire most likely started and developed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temperature of post‐flashover compartment fires—Calculations and validation

This paper describes and validates by comparisons with tests a one‐zone model for computing temperature of fully developed compartment fires. Like other similar models, the model is based on an analysis of the energy and mass balance assuming combustion being limited by the availability of oxygen, ie, a ventilation‐controlled compartment fire. However, the mathematical solution techniques in this model have been altered. To this end, a maximum fire temperature has been defined depending on combustion efficiency and opening heights only. This temperature together with well‐defined fire compartment parameters was then used as a fictitious thermal boundary condition of the surrounding structure. The temperature of that structure could then be calculated with various numerical and analytical methods as a matter of choice, and the fire temperature could be identified as a weighted average between the maximum fire temperature and the calculated surface temperature of the surrounding structure as a function of time. It is demonstrated that the model can be used to predict fire temperatures in compartments with boundaries of semi‐infinitely thick structures as well as with boundaries of insulated and noninsulated steel sheets where the entire heat capacity of the surrounding structure is assumed to be concentrated to the steel core. With these assumptions, fire temperatures could be calculated with spreadsheet calculation methods. For more advanced problems, a general finite element solid temperature calculation code was used to calculate the temperature in the boundary structure. With this code, it is possible to analyze surrounding structures of various kinds, for example, structures comprising several materials with properties varying with temperature as well as voids. The validation experiments were accurately defined and surveyed. In all the tests, a propane diffusion burner was used as the only fire source. Temperatures were measured with thermocouples and plate thermometers at several positions.