干井筒固井技术在某区的应用分析

探索实践了气体钻井完钻后不替泥浆直接下套管注水泥的固井作业。根据干井筒固井井筒条件、井眼准备、下套管技术及非连续液相注水泥等技术进行现场实践表明：干井筒固井施工的固井质量明显高于常规钻井液介质下固井的质量,注水泥浆施工工程风险小,可消除气体钻井结束后替入钻井液再固井作业可能带来的井下复杂情况。     

干井筒固井技术关键技术研究

气体钻井技术的发展给固井带来更多的挑战,为了避免气体钻井结束后替入钻井液可能引发的井漏、井眼不稳定等复杂情况,缩短钻井周期、降低钻井成本,进一步提高固井质量,探索实践了气体钻井完钻后不替泥浆直接下套管注水泥的固井作业（即干井筒固井作业）。为确保干井筒固井质量,在分析干井筒固井主要技术难点的基础上,研究形成了干井筒固井井筒条件、井眼准备、下套管技术及非连续液相注水泥等技术,提出了防井漏、防井壁失稳、防环空堵塞等技术方法。     

甲酸盐无固相钻井液高温高压流变性研究

甲酸盐钻井液在国外高温高压井的应用效果表明,其弥补了常规高密度钻井液的缺陷,在高温高压井中具有较好的应用前景。为考察在高温高压条件下甲酸盐钻井液的流变性能,以实验室研制的甲酸盐钻井液为研究对象,用Fann50SL型高温高压流变仪对甲酸盐钻井液的流变性能进行了测定,并利用回归分析的方法对实验数据进行处理。实验结果表明,在高压条件下,甲酸盐钻井液的表观粘度和塑性粘度随温度的升高而降低。回归分析表明在高温高压条件下,甲酸盐钻井液流变模式遵循着赫-巴模式;同时建立了预测井下高温高压条件下甲酸盐钻井液表观粘度的数学模型。实验数据验证表明,利用该数学模型计算出的数值与实测值吻合度较高,这为甲酸盐钻井液的现场应用提供了计算依据。     

钻井液边层流厚度对驱替效率的影响

钻井工程中,最重要的一步就是固井,固井质量的好坏影响到合理开发油气资源的能力以及保证油气井寿命的关键。而影响到固井质量的主要因素便是井眼的清洁程度。随钻钻井液被水泥浆顶替干净的程度与水泥环是否具有长期的稳定的密封性能是保证固井顶替效率的关键问题。净替是保证水泥环密封性能的关键因素,也是保证水泥环密封好坏的先决条件,因此,只有有效的把钻井液以及产生的粘附泥饼驱替完全才能保证水泥浆的固井界面质量,进而获得良好的固井顶替效率,从而达到良好的水泥环密封性能。泥饼的性能决定着泥饼是否容易剥落,而泥饼性能是由钻井液决定的,良好的钻井液体系在钻进过程中形成的泥饼更容易被驱替。本文主要采取流体力学里的边层流理论对几种不同的钻井液进行评价,从中选取优良的钻井液体系,提高泥饼的驱替效率。     

浅析深水低温固井技术的应用

深海钻井技术逐渐发展的同时,解决深水低温环境下的固井问题成为海洋钻井的一大攻关课题。为改善固井水泥浆的性能,根据深水低温固井的使用条件研制出低温早强水泥,在常规油井水泥中加入外加剂,如低温早强剂、凝胶强度促进剂等来改变水泥浆的早期强度、凝结时间等,实现低温速凝,提高深水低温固井的质量。本文主要针对几类常见水泥浆体系的研究和应用及外加剂研究情况展开分析。     

深层页岩气固井水泥环力学完整性研究

维持正常的油气生产通道与延长油气井的运行寿命,必须保证井下固井水泥环的完整性.建立基于深层页岩气实际井下环境的地层围岩-水泥环-套管组合体模型,研究水泥石井下力学载荷状态及力学行为特征,形成适用于深层页岩气固井工艺的固井水泥基材料完整性评价方法.     

高温高压钻完井液多功能智能工作平台

常规钻完井液性能测试,一般温度(180℃),压力(30MPa)。面对高温深井(温度200℃,压力40MPa)时就捉襟见肘了。为了掌握200℃以上超高温高压勘探钻井技术,为开发超高温超高压钻完井液体系综合评价技术,精准模拟工作液在井下流动状态,重点按照钻井过程中钻井液在管内及环空中流动形态,实现钻井液在环空中轴向流动和径向转动的动态条件下的钻井液滤失实验、高温高压老化实验、岩屑分散实验、各种堵漏实验;也为了整合钻完井液性能测试需要设备繁多的问题;整合资源联合研制并优化了本高温高压钻完井液智能工作平台。既解决了高温深井温度、压力高的难题,也做到了一机多能,完成了钻完井液高温性能五种测试。     

精准计量新技术在高温高压井钻井液施工中的应用

伴随钻井技术的不断革新,深井、高温高压井的开发规模逐年扩大,井底的高温高压条件对钻井液性能和钻井液施工提出了新要求。井底的高压条件需要高密度的钻井液,高密度钻井液在高温、高含盐条件下的流变性及在高温条件下的滤失性指标成为钻井液施工的关键。精准计量技术实时反馈井下数据并分析结果,指导施工人员及时调整钻井液体系配伍和钻井液施工工艺,为实现高温高压井钻井液安全、经济、绿色施工提供了科学的基础,为钻井作业安全和降低钻井成本提供了保证。     

一种实用油基钻井液冲洗效果评价方法及应用

油基钻井液因其良好的抗温、抗盐钙、防水合物、高油水比性能,广泛应用在易坍塌井、高温高压井、超深水井中。保证优良固井质量重要前提是使用前置液驱替干净裸眼环空油基钻井液,改善油润湿为水润湿环境并冲洗干净胶结面泥饼。经过实践探索与提炼,采用井浆使用高温高压滤失仪压制泥饼,并通过六速旋转黏度计模拟井内循环温度冲洗泥饼,可以得到不同的冲洗效果,根据实验数据设计固井前置液浆柱结构在南海西部油基钻井液固井中得到了广泛应用,充分保障了固井质量,具有非常强的实用性和可操作性。     

海上CCS井固井关键技术探讨

碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术是减少温室气体排放、延缓气候变暖的有力手段。通过注入井将CO₂注入至地下储层是海上CCS项目的重要环节。固井水泥环作为井筒与CO₂储层间的第一级屏障，在注入井的井筒完整性中发挥着重要作用。因此，良好固井作业及水泥体系设计是CCS项目可持续运行的重要保障。从固井水泥体系性能及固井工艺方面论述了海上CCS项目中注入井固井工程关键技术；分析了硅酸盐水泥及非硅酸盐水泥在CCS井环空密封中的适用性；指出了在典型CCS井工况下，水泥石力学性能的设计要求及改进思路；最后针对海上CCS井提出了相关的固井工艺措施。研究成果有助于指导海上CCS井固井工作、提高固井质量，从而有效保障碳封存井的井筒完整性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。