肯基亚克盐上Ⅳ区开发方式优选

哈萨克斯坦肯基亚克油藏从1966年投入开发,至1982年16年间没有任何补充地层能量的措施,在此期间随着采出量的增加,地层能量不断下降,单井产能也随之下降。后期所投产的井含水较高,分析原因主要是边底水侵入造成,使得产能下降。针对这一问题,进行了井网优化设计以及优化反九点井网下的注采比,同时论证了提液可行性,优选提液幅度,指导下一步更好开发。     

青168区油井开发生产形势分析

青168井区的长3油藏从1996年开始试采,2003年投入全面开发。历经自然能量的开采,这一阶段地层压力下降快,油田能量供给不足,老井递减幅度大。但由于新井的不断投产,该阶段产油量呈上升趋势,含水略有下降。根据对油井产能状况、油井含水状况、地层能量状况等生产形势分析,找出影响稳产的主要因素,为油区后续开发提供有力保障。     

延长油田深穿透大液量酸化案例分析研究

基质酸化被广泛应用于碳酸盐岩储层的解堵.2017年,在延长油田进行了70多次基质增产作业.然而,对于无严重伤害且受地层能量降低影响的低产能井,常规基质的作用有限.为此,开发了一种新的酸化技术,即大液量深穿透酸化.胶凝酸以其经济效益得到广泛应用,并对其流变性能进行了测试.在注入过程中,优化注入速度,选择大酸量,在地层中形...     

靖吴地区侏罗系边底水油藏转入注水开发研究

近年投入开发的靖吴地区侏罗系油藏大部分属边底水油藏,初期依靠自然能量开发,初期采液、采油速度较高,部分边底水能量强、注采井网不完善,易引起底水锥进边水内推,油井初期采液强度大;导致地层压力下降快,地层能量保持水平低,递减大,因此合理的注水时机是油藏稳产开发保证,也是研究的重点.     

化学储层保护措施在渤海某油田的应用

渤海某油田由于储层产出液矿化度高，原油粘度大、胶质含量高，导致生产井存在严重的腐蚀结垢及地层堵塞污染等问题，造成油井产量递减，低效井增多。本文通过对该油田油藏情况及结垢堵塞原因的分析，开发了一套多功能储层保护修井液体系。其中，多功能清洗剂可有效清洗井筒及近井地带有机垢，无机垢清洗剂可深度清除地层无机垢，疏通地层孔道，洗井助排液可提高作业后地层孔隙流体生产返排能力。通过现场多井次应用，作业井平均产能恢复率106.25%，实现了提液增油的目的，该措施可推广应用至其他稠油油田或高矿化度产出液油田。     

绕丝管堵塞分析与治理

随着孤东油田的不断深入开发,绕丝管防砂井生产一段时间后,出现液量逐渐下降,液面逐渐降低等问题。本文较为详细分析了绕丝管及近井地带堵塞造成的原因,总结先期控制绕丝管堵塞节点及后期处理的具体做法,实现油井恢复产能,有效地提液增油。     

低渗透油藏注水时机与井网评价

由于低渗透油田的自然产能非常低,地层压力下降很快,因此,为了能够提高其产能,我国大多数油田采用注水开发来补充地层能量,改善油井的开发效果。     

飞雁滩油田聚合物驱后续水驱提高采收率技术

飞雁滩油田聚合物驱取得了良好的开发效果,转入后续水驱开发后,单元面临含水上升快、产量递减迅速、地层能量不足、挖潜难度大等难题.通过注采完善、分层注水和水井调剖等水井专项治理工作,提升注水量,优化注采比,地层能量得到补充,注入水水窜现象得到控制.针对单井液量偏低的状况,深入分析影响单井液量的原因,根据不同相带油井储层特点、能量状况等条件,通过实施针对性提液措施,优化区块产液结构,提升整体液量,单元递减率大幅度下降,开发效果明显改善,采收率进一步提高.对注聚合物转后续水驱开发油藏提高开发水平具有一定的借鉴意义.     

X聚驱工业区合理提液的研究

本文根据X开发区聚驱配套调整技术研究成果阐述了X开发区聚合物驱阶段划分及动态变化规律,即随着聚合物溶液在地层中注入量的增加,原油的含水率先降后升,采液指数随之下降是聚合物驱的普遍规律,造成油井产液量降低,增油幅度低。提液一方面能够减缓因产液量下降较大而导致产油量下降的趋势;另一方面可以加速聚合物推进速度,促进聚合物段塞形成,具有引效作用。文章分析X聚驱工业区提液效果,提出X聚驱工业区提液井选井原则,研究结果对进一步改善X聚合物驱开发效果,提高原油采收率具有重要的指导意义。     

阿拉新气田低产积液气井排液增产方法

气藏地层出水造成气井井筒积液而低产,甚至停产,因此,快速有效地排液是保持气井产能的关键。文章提出了一种操作方便、长期有效的排液增产方法——井间激动排液增产工艺,该工艺通过改造站内和井口流程,实现集气站内高压井与低压井进站管线的永久互联。阿拉新气田出液井正常开井生产时油压下降快、气量下降明显,井筒积液对气井产能影响大,本文探索通过相邻高低压气井(不出液)井筒激动的方法达到提高低产液井产能的目的,通过结合实际得出仅杜603单井年增产气量27×104m3。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。