移动床反应器在能源加工过程的应用研究进展

介绍了移动床反应器的反应过程、类别及特点。重点阐述了移动床反应器在催化重整、汽油脱硫、重油轻质化等石油加工领域,煤炭裂解、煤炭气化等煤炭加工过程,生物质气化和生物质裂解等生物质利用过程,以及在固体有机废物处理、共气化处理过程等技术领域的应用研究进展,并对移动床反应器的未来发展趋势进行了展望。移动床反应器型式不会淡出历史舞台,而会结合其自身的特点不断得到发展和应用。     

浆态床反应器流体力学行为研究及工业应用

浆态床是一种重要的气-液-固三相反应器,具有结构简单,传热、传质性能好以及催化剂可在线补加和更换等优点,在学术研究和工业应用上备受关注。对浆态床反应器的流型、气含率、气泡行为、传质、传热等研究进行了总结,并对温度、压力、液体性质等参数对于流体力学性质的影响进行了分析。介绍了多级浆态床和构件式浆态床新型反应器,对浆态床在大化工、精细化工及环保等重要过程中的工业应用进行了总结,并对浆态床反应器的应用前景和研究趋势进行了展望。     

浆态床反应器流体力学行为研究及工业应用

浆态床是一种重要的气-液-固三相反应器,具有结构简单,传热、传质性能好以及催化剂可在线补加和更换等优点,在学术研究和工业应用上备受关注。对浆态床反应器的流型、气含率、气泡行为、传质、传热等研究进行了总结,并对温度、压力、液体性质等参数对于流体力学性质的影响进行了分析。介绍了多级浆态床和构件式浆态床新型反应器,对浆态床在大化工、精细化工及环保等重要过程中的工业应用进行了总结,并对浆态床反应器的应用前景和研究趋势进行了展望。     

移动床生物膜反应器污水处理工艺的研究现状及展望

简述了移动床生物膜反应器的工艺原理和特点,详细介绍了国内外移动床生物膜反应器在生活污水、工业废水和生物脱氮方面的研究现状。通过比较不同生物膜法对焦化废水的处理效果,指出移动床生物膜反应器是一种经济、高效的焦化废水处理方法,最后提出移动床生物膜反应器在实际工程应用和理论研究中的发展趋势。     

微反应器内连续重氮化/偶合反应进展

微反应器一般是指通过微加工和精密加工技术制造的小型反应器,其为微化工技术的核心部件之一。与传统的釜式反应器相比,微反应器具有很大的优势,顺应了高技术含量和可持续发展的要求。在化学化工、材料、生物等诸多领域的研究和生产过程中,微反应器都有着广泛的应用前景,这其中一大部分涉及到了危险或不稳定物质的合成过程及高放热反应过程等。本文主要介绍了国内外利用微反应器技术进行重氮化反应连续化的研究进展,以及利用微反应器进行连续重氮化/偶合反应合成偶氮染料及颜料的研究进展。微反应器技术使化学反应过程变得更快速、更安全、更环保,所以具有很高的工业应用价值,也是化工领域未来的发展方向之一。     

移动床生物膜反应器污水处理技术简介

简述了移动床生物膜反应器的工艺原理和特点,详细介绍了国内外移动床生物膜反应器的研究现状,最后提出移动床生物膜反应器在实际工程应用和理论研究中的发展趋势。     

微反应器内连续重氮化/偶合反应进展

微反应器一般是指通过微加工和精密加工技术制造的小型反应器,其为微化工技术的核心部件之一。与传统的釜式反应器相比,微反应器具有很大的优势,顺应了高技术含量和可持续发展的要求。在化学化工、材料、生物等诸多领域的研究和生产过程中,微反应器都有着广泛的应用前景,这其中一大部分涉及到了危险或不稳定物质的合成过程及高放热反应过程等。本文主要介绍了国内外利用微反应器技术进行重氮化反应连续化的研究进展,以及利用微反应器进行连续重氮化/偶合反应合成偶氮染料及颜料的研究进展。微反应器技术使化学反应过程变得更快速、更安全、更环保,所以具有很高的工业应用价值,也是化工领域未来的发展方向之一。     

移动床生物反应器启动特性研究进展

介绍了移动床生物膜反应器的工艺原理和特点、移动床生物膜反应器启动特性研究.指出移动床生物膜反应器采用普通悬浮填料挂膜启动时间长,移动床生物膜反应器间歇运行时如何实现快速挂膜启动以及在低温及变温条件下,移动床生物膜反应器挂膜启动时缺少加速生物膜生长和控制生物反应特性的运行资料等不足.     

浆态床反应器在国内合成气转化领域的研究进展

简述了浆态床反应器的结构、优点及存在问题,并介绍了国内对F-T浆态床反应器结构改进、模拟研究、合成气转化领域应用拓展等方面的研究成果,最后对其发展进行了展望。     

移动床生物膜反应器脱氮除磷研究进展

文章介绍了移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR法）的发展背景及其应用现状。在目前活性污泥法和生物膜法脱氮除磷技术的基础上,简要介绍了移动床生物膜反应器的特点以及脱氮除磷的原理,总结了各种因素如DO、温度、pH、碳氮磷比、填料表面性质以及其他因素对MBBR脱氮除磷的影响,说明了MBBR广阔的应用前景和发展方向。     

An analysis of moving-bed flow of solids down standpipes and side valves

A method of analysing solids downflow through standpipe and slide valve in the moving bed mode is presented. The method is based on combining Yoon and Kunii equations for moving-bed flow with a proposed modified orifice equation for gas—solid flow. The analysis correctly predicts the observed trend of the effects of gas injection into the standpipe. It also provides quantitative prediction of the conditions for transition from moving-bed flow to dense phase fluidized solids flow and to lean phase “streaming flow”. The latter flow pattern refers to solids streaming down a tube at high voidage typified by the discharge of solid down a tube with no constriction at the lower end of the tube. Further work is required to test the general applicability of the present analysis and to extend the analysis to yield a generalized quantitative flow regime diagram for downflow of solids in a pipe.     

THE ROLE OF GAS DISTRIBUTION IN FLUIDIZED BED CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN†

The design of fluid bed gas distributors may have a marked influence on the performance of a fluid bed reactor. The primary physical reason for this influence is that the distributor design influences the hydrodynamics and thus the gas/solid contacting pattern in the fluidized bed.

In the paper presented here the influence of distributor design on mass transfer and chemical reaction has been investigated systematically in fluid bed reactors with diameters of 0.2 and 1.0 meter. Coefficients of mass transfer between the bubble phase and the suspension phase were determined from chemical conversion and tracer gas residence time distribution measurements. In the experimental program the height of the fluidized bed was varied between 0.3 m and 0.9 m with superficial gas velocities in the range of 0.06 m/s to 0.30 m/s.

The comparison of the experimental results with a suitably modified and extended two-phase model yields quantitative relationships which allow to account for the influence of the gas distributor in the design of fluid bed chemical reactors.     

THE ROLE OF GAS DISTRIBUTION IN FLUIDIZED BED CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN†

Abstract

The design of fluid bed gas distributors may have a marked influence on the performance of a fluid bed reactor. The primary physical reason for this influence is that the distributor design influences the hydrodynamics and thus the gas/solid contacting pattern in the fluidized bed.

In the paper presented here the influence of distributor design on mass transfer and chemical reaction has been investigated systematically in fluid bed reactors with diameters of 0.2 and 1.0 meter. Coefficients of mass transfer between the bubble phase and the suspension phase were determined from chemical conversion and tracer gas residence time distribution measurements. In the experimental program the height of the fluidized bed was varied between 0.3 m and 0.9 m with superficial gas velocities in the range of 0.06 m/s to 0.30 m/s.

The comparison of the experimental results with a suitably modified and extended two-phase model yields quantitative relationships which allow to account for the influence of the gas distributor in the design of fluid bed chemical reactors.     

Computational fluid dynamics in the development of catalytic reactors

Computational fluid dynamics is becoming an important tool in the study of chemical engineering processes and apparatuses (in particular, the share of works with the application of this method is nearly 6% of the total number of all chemical engineering works issued by Elsevier Science Publishers in 2010). The possibilities of computational fluid dynamics are demonstrated using examples from three different chemical engineering fields: developing a method for loading a tubular reactor for the steam conversion of natural gas, studying heat transfer in a reactor for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils upon the replacement of a catalyst, and investigating the transitional processes in an automobile neutralizer. The results from computational fluid dynamics are verified by comparing them with experimental data in developing a method for loading a tubular reactor, using the problem of decelerating a catalyst particle with a flow of air as an example. The obtained data are compared with classical measurement data on the aerodynamic drag of a ball and a cylinder and represent the further development of works on the flow around particles of complex shape. In this work, the results from inspecting a reactor for the hydrogenation of oils with allowance for the possible heating and uniform distribution of a flow before its entering the catalyst bed are presented. It is shown that the construction of the reactor does not ensure homogeneity of the reaction flow at the desired level and requires modification of heating elements. The efficiency of computational fluid dynamics for investigating fast processes with a chemical reaction is exemplified by studying the transitional processes in an catalytic automobile neutralizer (the effect of flow dynamics and heat transfer on the thermal regime in a honeycomb catalyst particle is very difficult to study by experimental methods). The application of computational fluid dynamics allows us to reduce considerably the time and cost of developing and optimizing the designs of efficient catalytic fixed-, fluidized-, or moving-bed reactors (particularly multiphase stirred (slurry) reactors), along with mixers, adsorbers, bubblers, and other chemical engineering apparatuses with moving media.     

Modelling and simulation of trickle‐bed reactors using computational fluid dynamics: A state‐of‐the‐art review

Trickle‐bed reactors (TBRs), which accommodate the flow of gas and liquid phases through packed beds of catalysts, host a variety of gas–liquid–solid catalytic reactions, particularly in the petroleum/petrochemical industry. The multiphase flow hydrodynamics in TBRs are complex and directly affect the overall reactor performance in terms of reactant conversion and product yield and selectivity. Non‐ideal flow behaviours, such as flow maldistribution, channelling or partial catalyst wetting may significantly reduce the effectiveness of the reactor. However, conventional TBR modelling approaches cannot properly account for these non‐ideal behaviours owing to the complex coupling between fluid dynamics and chemical kinetics. Recent advances in the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to three‐phase TBR systems have shown promise of achieving a deeper understanding of the interactions between multiphase fluid dynamics and chemical reactions. This study is intended to give a state‐of‐the‐art overview of the progress achieved in the field of CFD simulation of TBRs over the past two decades. The fundamental modelling framework of multiphase flow in TBRs, advances in important constitutive models, and the application of CFD models are discussed in detail. Directions for future research are suggested.     

多段流化床技术用于多相催化与纳米材料合成过程

简要回顾了清华大学十余年来开发多段流化床技术与工业应用历程,包括利用冷态实验确定多段流化床的操作域,不同段中催化剂密相高度随气速变化以及与外置溢流管尺寸的关系,并且将其运用于硝基苯气相加氢制备苯胺、间苯二腈氨氧化、甲醇合成、乙炔法制备氯乙烯以及化学气相沉积法制备碳纳米管过程,并实现了工业化应用。多段流化床结构灵活,可以根据不同过程的工艺要求（如对变温或变气氛及高转化率与长催化剂寿命的要求等）进行调节。相关技术开发拓展了流化床的应用领域。     

固定床反应器内气体预分布器研究

研究了直径1 000 mm,高3 000 mm的固定床冷模装置中气体预分布器对反应器内气流分布的影响。结果表明:气体分布器可改变床层内气流流形并使径向气流的速度分布趋于均匀;随着表观气速的增加,反应器内气流的不均匀程度增加;分布器的环隙高度在一定的范围可使反应器内气流的不均匀程度相对较好。应用计算流体力学软件CFX对固定床反应器内的流场进行模拟计算,并与大型冷模试验测试结果进行比较,模型计算值和冷模试验测量值吻合较好。     

Mathematical modeling of a moving bed reactor for post‐combustion CO2 capture

A mathematical model for a moving bed reactor with embedded heat exchanger has been developed for application to solid sorbent‐based capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas emitted by coal‐fired power plants. The reactor model is one‐dimensional, non‐isothermal, and pressure‐driven. The two‐phase (gas and solids) model includes rigorous kinetics and heat and mass transfer between the two phases. Flow characteristics of the gas and solids in the moving bed are obtained by analogy with correlations for fixed and fluidized bed systems. From the steady‐state perspective, this work presents the impact of key design variables that can be used for optimization. From the dynamic perspective, the article shows transient profiles of key outputs that should be taken into account while designing an effective control system. In addition, the article also presents performance of a model predictive controller for the moving bed regenerator under process constraints. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3899–3914, 2016     

气液固三相循环流态化

<正>由于三相流化床反应器在石油化工、湿法冶金、环境工程和煤的液化等工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用,近年来对传统的三相流化床进行了大量的基础研究并取得了很大进展。以往的研究大部分是针对低液速(u_l相似文献