Combined Effect of Intercropping and Turnip Root Fly (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Delia floralis</Emphasis>) Larval Feeding on the Glucosinolate Concentrations in Cabbage Roots and Foliage

The effects of plant competition and herbivory on glucosinolate concentrations in cabbage root and foliage were investigated in a cabbage-red clover intercropping system. Cabbage plants were grown under different competitive pressures and with varying degrees of attack by root-feeding Delia floralis larvae. Glucosinolate concentrations in cabbage were affected both by intercropping and by D. floralis density. Glucosinolate concentrations in foliage generally decreased as a response to intercropping, while the responses to insect root damage of individual glucosinolates were weaker. Root glucosinolates responded more strongly to both intercropping and egg density. Total root glucosinolate concentration decreased with clover density, but only at high egg densities. Increased egg density led to opposite reactions by the indole and aliphatic glucosinolates in roots. The responses of individual root glucosinolates to competition and root damage were complex and, on occasion, nonlinear. Reduced concentrations of several glucosinolates and the tendency towards a decrease in total concentration in cabbage foliage caused by intercropping and larval damage suggest that competing plants or plants with root herbivory do not allocate the same resources as unchallenged plants towards sustaining levels of leaf defensive compounds. This could also be true for root glucosinolate concentrations at high egg densities. In addition, the results suggest that changes occurring within a structural group of glucosinolates may be influenced by changes in a single compound, e.g., glucobrassicin (indol-3-ylmethyl) in foliage or sinigrin (2-propenyl) in roots.     

Oviposition in Delia platura (Diptera, Anthomyiidae): The Role of Volatile and Contact Cues of Bean

The choice of a suitable oviposition site by female insects is essential for survival of their progeny. Both olfactory and contact cues of the oviposition site may mediate this choice. The polyphagous Delia platura (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a severe agricultural pest of numerous crops, lays eggs in the soil close to germinating seeds. Maggots feed upon the cotyledons. Only little is known about the cues guiding oviposition behavior. In this study, the effects of both olfactory and contact cues of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on oviposition of D. platura females were tested. Egg deposition on germinated beans was preferred to egg deposition on ungerminated beans or on beans in different postgerminating developmental stages. Olfactory cues of germinating beans alone stimulated female flies to lay eggs. Additional contact cues of germinating beans seemed to enhance the response, but the difference was not significant. Surface extracts of germinating beans sprayed on surrogate beans showed that both polar and nonpolar substances stimulated oviposition of D. platura flies. Gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection recordings of head space samples of germinating beans showed positive response of females to different compounds. We conclude that olfaction plays a major role when D. platura females are searching for oviposition sites. Volatile compounds released from germinating beans such as 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, 1-hepten-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, and 3-octanone should be considered as key compounds that mediate oviposition behavior. The use of different sensory modalities by closely related species of Delia is discussed.     

Nematode Root Herbivory in Tomato Increases Leaf Defenses and Reduces Leaf Miner Oviposition and Performance

The outcome of plant-mediated interactions among herbivores from several feeding guilds has been studied intensively. However, our understanding on the effects of nematode root herbivory on leaf miner oviposition behavior and performance remain limited. In this study, we evaluated whether Meloidogyne incognita root herbivory affects Tuta absoluta oviposition preference on Solanum lycopersicum plants and the development of the resulting offspring. To investigate the M. incognita-herbivory induced plant systemic responses that might explain the observed biological effects, we measured photosynthetic rates, leaf trypsin protease inhibitor activities, and analyzed the profile of volatiles emitted by the leaves of root-infested and non-infested plants. We found that T. absoluta females avoided laying eggs on the leaves of root-infested plants, and that root infestation negatively affected the pupation process of T. absoluta. These effects were accompanied by a strong suppression of leaf volatile emissions, a decrease in photosynthetic rates, and an increase in the activity of leaf trypsin protease inhibitors. Our study reveals that root attack by nematodes can shape leaf physiology, and thereby increases plant resistance.     

A Novel Bioassay for Yponomeuta cagnagellus Oviposition in Response to Extracts of Host and Nonhost Plant Surface Compounds

Yponomeuta cagnagellus is a phytophagous moth species specialized on Euonymus europaeus. Host discrimination by the adult female is an important aspect of host specialization and is based mainly on the distinctive secondary chemistry of host and nonhosts. This paper describes a bioassay that was developed to study the effect of isolated plant surface compounds on Yponomeuta oviposition. Adult moths recognize their hosts through chemical stimuli on the leaf or twig surface. Relatively apolar compounds extracted from the host twig surface by washing in dichlormethane do not stimulate oviposition. More polar, methanol-soluble compounds do, and this stimulation is dose dependent. Moths are able to recognize hosts solely by their surface compounds: females show a strong preference for artificial twigs treated with methanolic extracts of their hosts compared to those treated with methanolic extracts of nonhosts Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa (both of which are hosts for closely related Y. padellus). Shape and surface characteristics of the oviposition substrate also influence oviposition. The substrate needs to resemble the basic form of a twig (i.e., cylindrical), and females prefer a coarse surface with irregularities over a smooth one.     

Chemical Composition of Corn Leaf Essential Oils and Their Role in the Oviposition Behavior of Sesamia nonagrioides Females

The chemical composition of the volatile oils collected by steam distillation from leaves of seven corn hybrids and their effect on the oviposition behavior of Sesamia nonagrioides females was studied. Samples of the volatile oils from each of the hybrids were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and several major compounds were identified. The major compound found in all seven hybrids was 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol), ranging from 38.3 to 64.9% of the total quantity. Compounds detected in significant proportions include (Z)-3-hexenol (3.1 to 8%), nonanal (4.9 to 14.5%), pentadecanal (1.8 to 5.8%), neophytadiene (5.5 to 12.9%), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (2.5 to 8.9%), and an analogue of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3-(4H)-one (DIMBOA) (2.4 to 9.3%). The analysis showed no qualitative differences among the chemicals identified while quantitative differences were detected. Among the volatile oils, the significant difference was in the quantity of aldehydes present. In two-choice bioassays, filter paper sticks treated with volatile oils containing higher quantity of aldehydes received fewer eggs than those with lower aldehyde quantity. Bioassays with synthetic aldehydes of a chain length C9-C14 confirmed the above results.     

The Content of Sulphur Compounds in Solvent Extraction Products of Winter Type Low and High Glucosinolate Rapeseed

Commercially processed seeds and solvent extraction products of low and high glucosinolate rapeseed were analysed from the point of view of sulphur distribution. Glucosinolate and sulphur content were analysed in seeds, while in oils, miscellas and solvents of both varieties sulphur content were determined by tow - the Raney nickel and combustion - procedures. In comparison to traditional rapeseed variety, commercially processed seeds of winter double zero variety contain about 60–70% less of glucosinolates and only 40% less of sulphur. Such a reduction allows to reduce the level of sulphur in double zero rapeseed oil of about 50%.     

The Role of Ozone-reactive Compounds, Terpenes, and Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs), in the Orientation of Cotesia plutellae

The emission of inducible volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., inducible terpenes, and green leaf volatiles (GLVs), is a common response of plants to herbivore attack. These VOCs are involved in the orientation of natural enemies, i.e., predators and parasitoids, toward their herbivore prey or hosts (indirect defense of plants). Terpenes and some GLVs are readily oxidized by ozone (O₃), an important oxidant of the low atmosphere and predicted to increase as a result of anthropogenic activity. It has been recently reported that O₃ degradation of terpenes and GLVs does not affect signaling in two selected tritrophic systems. Natural enemies may have learned to use oxidation products that are more stable in nature to locate their prey. To understand the role of these compounds on the tritrophic system Brassica oleracea–Plutella xylostella–Cotesia plutellae, we assessed the preference of wasps to different combinations of cabbage VOCs (intact vs. herbivore-induced and herbivore-induced vs. herbivore-induced VOCs) in the presence or absence of O₃. We found that C. plutellae preferred P. xylostella-damaged plants at 0 and 120 nl l⁻¹ O₃ to intact plants at 0 nl l⁻¹ O₃. However, wasps preferred P. xylostella-damaged plants at 0 nl l⁻¹ to P. xylostella-damaged plants at 120 nl l⁻¹ O₃. The results suggest that compounds other than terpenes and GLVs are crucial for the orientation of the wasps, but terpenes and GLVs contribute to the behaviorally active VOC blend of herbivore-damaged cabbages by increasing their attraction to them. The products resulting from oxidation of terpenes and GLVs do not seem to play a role in the host location process as speculated previously.     

Autotoxic Compounds from Fresh Alfalfa Leaf Extracts: Identification and Biological Activity

Many investigators have attempted to identify the allelochemicals in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), that cause autotoxicity. The autotoxic compounds from fresh alfalfa leaves were separated and quantified, and their biological activity was determined. Chemical separation procedures involved an 80% methanol extract of fresh alfalfa leaves, treatment with activated charcoal, microcrystalline cellulose thin-layer chromatography (MCTLC), and finally separation by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The various fractions were examined further by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Preliminary identification by HPLC analysis resulted in peaks with retention times close to those of chlorogenic (m/z = 354) and salicylic acid (m/z = 138) standards, and these compounds were confirmed with GC-MS. Several other peaks remain unidentified. Chlorogenic acid occurs in relatively large amounts (0.39 mg/g) in alfalfa aqueous extracts as compared to salicylic acid (0.03 mg/g), and bioassays suggest that chlorogenic acid is involved in alfalfa autotoxicity.     

羧酸酯酶及其在含酯类化合物代谢中的作用

羧酸酯酶（CaEs）水解众多内源和外源含酯的化合物。羧酸酯酶在代谢抗性中,起着解毒包括拟除虫菊酯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的重要作用。主要从酶的命名、催化机理、杀虫剂代谢以及昆虫代谢抗性等方面进行阐述,并指出未来CaEs在药学上的研究会推动其在农用化学品上的研究。     

Regulation of Oviposition in Anopheles gambiae s.s.: Role of Inter- and Intra-Specific Signals

Females of Anopheles gambiae Giles normally oviposit in a large number of fresh, small, sunlit, and spatially spread temporary pools. Such pools are associated with lower levels of predation compared to large, longer-lasting habitats. We compared oviposition levels on preferred (water collected from natural anopheline larval habitats) and non-preferred (distilled water) aqueous substrates by gravid females that contained different densities of conspecific eggs or early and late instar larvae. The presence of conspecific larvae, but not eggs, had a positive or negative effect on the ovipositional responses of gravid An. gambiae females, depending on the quality (preferred or non-preferred by the mosquito) of the oviposition water and the density of larvae. Presence of larvae, at all densities, in distilled water deterred oviposition. However, in natural anopheline pool water, a low density of larvae increased oviposition, whereas a higher density inhibited oviposition. Our results suggest that two signals produced by this mosquito may be involved in regulating oviposition: a volatile pheromone emitted by conspecific larvae, which augments the effect of a volatile signal emitted by preferred habitats, and a non-olfactory cue associated with high densities of larvae that deters oviposition.     

Adhesion of Polyethylene to Metals: The Role of Surface Topography

Previous work established the importance of the fibrous substrate topography in obtaining good adhesion of polyethylene to matt black oxide films formed on copper in alkaline solution. In this paper the effect of the very rough surface topography is shown to be general. Anodising treatments for copper and zinc and a high temperature oxidation for steel are described which give a very rough surface consisting (respectively) of fibrous, dendritic and blade-like growths. The peel strength of polyethylene to these substrates is high even under circumstances, for example when the polymer is stabilised with anti-oxidant, where adhesion to a chemically similar smooth surface is low. The high peel strength is associated with large amounts of energy being dissipated during peeling in plastic deformation of the polymer near the interface. It is suggested that this is caused by the development of high shear stress concentration at the fibre ends causing yielding in a large volume of polymer.     

The Role of Supplementation with Natural Compounds in Post-Stroke Patients

Malnutrition is a serious problem in post-stroke patients. Importantly, it intensifies with hospitalization, and is related to both somatic and psychological reasons, as well as is associated with the insufficient knowledge of people who accompany the patient. Malnutrition is a negative prognostic factor, leading to a reduction in the quality of life. Moreover, this condition significantly extends hospitalization time, increases the frequency of treatment in intensive care units, and negatively affects the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Obtaining growing data on the therapeutic effectiveness of new compounds of natural origin is possible through the use of pharmacodynamic and analytical methods to assess their therapeutic properties. The proper supply of nutrients, as well as compounds of natural origin, is an important element of post-stroke therapy, due to their strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and neuroplasticity enhancing properties. Taking the above into account, in this review we present the current state of knowledge on the benefits of using selected substances of natural origin in patients after cerebral stroke.     

Leaf Physical and Chemical Features Influence Selection of Plant Genotypes by Hessian Fly

To identify features of plants that mediate host selection behavior in the Hessian fly, we established the ranking of six grasses by ovipositing females and then ran choice tests with plant models that incorporated physical and/or chemical features of the six grasses. In tests with real plants, egg counts revealed the following ranking: 18ITSN triticale > Otane hexaploid bread wheat > Fleet barley > PND tetraploid durum wheat > 3424 hexaploid bread wheat > Awapuni oat. On all six grasses, the adaxial side of the leaf received more eggs than the abaxial side. In tests with green paper models treated with extracts of the six grasses, egg counts were similar to egg counts on real plants. In tests with models that incorporated a molded resin imprint of an abaxial or adaxial leaf surface, egg counts on adaxial models, but not abaxial models, again were similar to egg counts on real plants. In two final tests a factorial design was used to compare the effects of the chemical and physical features of two pairs of grasses: (1) two bread wheats, Otane and 3424; and (2) a bread wheat and an oat, Otane and Awapuni. In the two tests, the effects of the physical features of the models were at least as important as the effects of the chemical features.     

Oviposition stimulants of the mothEctomyelois ceratoniae: The effect of short-chain alcohols

Females of the mothEctomyelois ceratoniae prefer to oviposit on carobs,Ceratonia siliqua L., infested with the fungusPhomopsis sp. (Gothilf, 1964). An extract of the steam distillate of fungus-infested carobs was more effective in stimulating female moths to oviposit than was an extract of uninfested carobs. The extract of the fungus-infested carobs was found to be composed mainly of simple alcohols: ethanol (60%),n-propanol3 (15%), 2-propanol (2.5%), isobutanol (15%),n-butanol (2.5%), and isopentanol (5%). In addition, the extract contained a small proportion (1–2%) of unidentified compounds. All of the alcohols, with the exception of isopentanol, stimulated oviposition by female moths. However, the alcohols, when tested separately or as a mixture, were not as stimulating as the total extract. The unidentified compounds were less stimulating than the alcohols.     

粉煤灰的表面改性技术及其在高分子聚合物中的应用

介绍了粉煤灰的表面改性技术及其在塑料、橡胶中的应用,认为这些方面的应用不仅能提高粉煤灰的利用率和附加值,又能改善塑料和橡胶的各项性能,同时还能解决环境污染问题,具有非常好的优势和前景。     

The Reduction of Glucosinolate and Sinapine Contents under Industrial Processing of Rapeseed

The glucosinolate and sinapine contents in industrially processed samples including seed, conditioned flakes, expeller press cake, solvent extracted meal and toasted meal of high glucosionlate (HG) and double low (DL) rapeseed were determined. Technological unit processes including flaking, conditioning, expeller pressing and solvent extraction had a little effect on the content of glucosinolate (with exception of DL when one-fifth of glucosionolate was lost) and sinapine contents while toasting stage reduced contents of both compounds by 62 to 74% of original level in the seeds. Overall industrial process reduced glucosinolate content by 64 to 79% of seed value in HG and DL rapeseed, respectively, whereas sinapine was decreased by 26% in both types of rapeseed.     

Membrane Proteomic Profiling of Soybean Leaf and Root Tissues Uncovers Salt-Stress-Responsive Membrane Proteins

Cultivated soybean (Glycine max (L.)), the world’s most important legume crop, has high-to-moderate salt sensitivity. Being the frontier for sensing and controlling solute transport, membrane proteins could be involved in cell signaling, osmoregulation, and stress-sensing mechanisms, but their roles in abiotic stresses are still largely unknown. By analyzing salt-induced membrane proteomic changes in the roots and leaves of salt-sensitive soybean cultivar (C08) seedlings germinated under NaCl, we detected 972 membrane proteins, with those present in both leaves and roots annotated as receptor kinases, calcium-sensing proteins, abscisic acid receptors, cation and anion channel proteins, proton pumps, amide and peptide transporters, and vesicle transport-related proteins etc. Endocytosis, linoleic acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis pathway-related proteins were enriched in roots whereas phagosome, spliceosome and soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) interaction-related proteins were enriched in leaves. Using label-free quantitation, 129 differentially expressed membrane proteins were found in both tissues upon NaCl treatment. Additionally, the 140 NaCl-induced proteins identified in roots and 57 in leaves are vesicle-, mitochondrial-, and chloroplast-associated membrane proteins and those with functions related to ion transport, protein transport, ATP hydrolysis, protein folding, and receptor kinases, etc. Our proteomic results were verified against corresponding gene expression patterns from published C08 RNA-seq data, demonstrating the importance of solute transport and sensing in salt stress responses.     

The Green Anti-Cancer Weapon. The Role of Natural Compounds in Bladder Cancer Treatment

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common genitourinary cancer. In 2018, 550,000 people in the world were diagnosed with BC, and the number of new cases continues to rise. BC is also characterized by high recurrence risk, despite therapies. Although in the last few years, the range of BC therapy has considerably widened, it is associated with severe side effects and the development of drug resistance, which is hampering treatment success. Thus, patients are increasingly choosing products of natural origin as an alternative or complementary therapeutic options. Therefore, in this article, we aim to elucidate, using the available literature, the role of natural substances such as curcumin, sulforaphane, resveratrol, quercetin, 6-gingerol, delphinidin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and gossypol in the BC treatment. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies point to their role in the modulation of the signaling pathways, such as cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis and cell death.     

高掺量粉煤灰水泥在砼路面修补中的应用

利用粉煤灰砼及粉煤灰砂浆的特性 ,对损坏的砼路面进行修补 ,对其基本力学性能进行了研究 ,并找出了合理的掺配比例。结合具体工程进行了配比设计。