闪烁晶体材料的研究进展

闪烁晶体用于X射线和γ射线等高能粒子探测,在分子医学成像、高能物理、核物理、安全检查、材料无损探伤和地质探矿等领域有着广泛的应用。随着人们对闪烁晶体的更加深入的认识以及晶体生长技术的发展,许多已开发的闪烁晶体的性能得到优化和提高,应用范围也随之扩大,随着应用的更高要求,对闪烁晶体的综合性能要求越来越高,进一步设计、发现、开发和生长具有高密度、优良光学均匀性、高能束粒子阻止本领、高光产额、快衰减、高稳定性、低成本等综合优良性能的闪烁晶体仍然是闪烁材料研究的重点。简要综述了近年来卤化物、钨酸盐、锗(硅)酸盐、铝酸盐和硼(磷)酸盐等重要闪烁晶体材料的研究进展及其闪烁性能和应用前景。     

无机闪烁晶体及其产业化开发

在高能粒子或射线（如X射线、γ射线等）的作用下能够发出脉冲光的物体,被称为闪烁体。它是光电功能材料,被广泛用于高能物理、核物理、空间物理、核医学、地质勘探、安全检查以及国防工业等领域。闪烁体分为无机闪烁体和有机闪烁体两大类。根据形态、成份以及结构特点,可进一步将前者分为无机闪烁晶体、闪烁玻璃、闪烁陶瓷和闪烁气体,而后者可分为有机闪烁晶体、液体闪烁体和塑料闪烁体。其中,数量最多、应用最广的当推无机闪烁晶体。本文将主要介绍无机闪烁晶体及其应用以及有关晶体的开发状况,同时对无机闪烁晶体的发展趋势也将做一简要评述。     

耐辐射无机闪烁材料的研究动态

新一代加速器的需要,引起人们对于寻找新的具有更好性能的闪烁材料的极大兴趣。文中简要介绍了耐辐射无机闪烁材料应满足的条件和研究动态。     

无机闪烁薄膜的研究进展

综述了无机闪烁薄膜材料的制备与表征、发光与闪烁性质以及当前的发展和应用情况.针对X射线高分辨成像的要求,具有较高有效原子序数和较大密度的无机闪烁材料成为当今研究的热点,重点阐述了溶胶-凝胶法制备这类闪烁薄膜的研究现状,并对其今后的发展进行了展望.     

钨酸盐闪烁单晶材料的现状和发展

介绍了近年来ＺｎＷＯ４、ＣｄＷＯ４和ＰｂＷＯ４等钨酸盐闪烁材料的单晶生长，闪烁性能，掺杂改性和发展机理等方面的研究进展及其应用前景。     

闪烁玻璃的研究进展

简要回顾了近年来国际国内闪烁玻璃领域在制备工艺、性能、机理和新材料探索方面的研究情况,阐述了各类无机闪烁玻璃的研究情况,重点介绍了几种近年来主要研究的无机闪烁玻璃,并且分析了无机闪烁玻璃的未来研究方向。     

新型闪烁晶体Ln2SiO5的研究进展

作为新型无机闪烁晶体材料，稀土硅酸盐系列晶体Ln2SiO5(Ln-Gd^3 ,Y^3 ,Lu^3 )近年来受到广泛关注。本文综述了Ln2SiO5系列晶体的结构，Ce^3 荧光机制及晶体生长研究的进展，总结了它们的闪烁性能，应用和有待深入研究的问题。     

新型闪烁晶体Ln2SiO5的研究进展

作为新型无机闪烁晶体材料,稀土硅酸盐系列晶体Ln2SiO5(Ln-Gd3+,Y3+,Lu3+)近年来受到广泛关注.本文综述了Ln2SiO5系列晶体的结构,Ce3+荧光机制及晶体生长研究的进展,总结了它们的闪烁性能,应用和有待深入研究的问题.     

闪烁陶瓷材料的研究进展

闪烁陶瓷是一种应用在核医学、高能物理、材料无损探伤、安全检查、地质勘探等领域的新型功能陶瓷材料.综述了近年来研究和开发的闪烁陶瓷的性能、发光机理及其应用,以及闪烁陶瓷的发展方向.     

无机闪烁晶体及其应用

本世纪４０年代后期发现ＮａＩ：Ｔｌ晶体具有优良的闪烁特性后，ＮａＩ：Ｔｌ被广泛应用于Ｘ射线和γ射线的探测技术。随着核探测技术在医学、物理、化学、地质勘探等科学技术领域中的发展，一系列无机闪烁晶体，如ＢＧＯ、ＣＷＯ、ＣｓＩ：Ｔｌ、ＣｓＩ等相继问世，并在这些领域中得到了应用。近年来，为了提高核医疗设备如ＰＥＴ等的性能和建造大型高能物理实验装置，如ＳＳＣ和ＬＨＣ，对新型快速、高密度、耐辐照的无机闪烁晶体     

镥基闪烁晶体的研究进展

由于高能物理实验、核医学成像、安全检查和地质探矿等领域的迫切需要,具有高密度、快衰减、高光输出和低成本等优良特性的闪烁晶体成为关注的焦点,特别是Ce~(3+)激活的镥(Lu)基化合物,其开发、研究和应用方兴未艾。简要综述了硅酸镥、氧化镥和铝酸镥等闪烁晶体的生长技术、闪烁性能和应用,并展望了镥基闪烁晶体的发展趋势。     

卤化镧系LnX3(Ce)闪烁晶体的研究进展

卤化镧系LnX₃(Ce)(Ln=La、Lu、Gd;X=Cl、Br、I)闪烁晶体由于其高发光效率、快衰减和高的能量分辨率等优异性能而在医学成像技术-单光子发射计算机层析扫描(SPECT)和正电子发射层析扫描(PET)中存在巨大的应用前景.本文概述了近年来LnX₃(Ce) 晶体的研究进展.从原料制备出发,介绍了它们的晶体生长方法与结构,基本的物理、化学性质,主要闪烁性能、发光机制及其它掺杂效应研究等.最后,对它们未来的研究发展方向和其他应用前景作了展望.     

High‐Z Sensitized Plastic Scintillators: A Review

The need for affordable and reliable radiation detectors has prompted significant investment in new radiation detector materials, due to concerns about national security and nuclear nonproliferation. Plastic scintillators provide an affordable approach to large volume detectors, yet their performance for high‐energy gamma radiation is severely limited by the small radiation stopping power inherent to their low atomic number. Although some sensitization attempts with organometallics were made in the 1950s to 1960s, the concomitant decrease in light yield has limited the usefulness of these sensitized detectors. Recently, with new knowledge gained during the rapid development of organic optoelectronics and nanotechnology, there has been a revived interest in the field of heavy element sensitized plastic scintillators. Here, the recent efforts on sensitized plastic scintillators are summarized. Basic scintillator physics is first reviewed. The discussion then focuses on two major thrusts in the field: sensitization with: (1) organometallics and (2) oxide and fluoride nanoparticles. The design rationales and major results are examined in detail, with existing limitations and possible future pathways discussed. Special attention is paid to the underlying energy deposition and transfer processes, as these determine the key performance metrics such as light yield and radioluminescence decay lifetime.     

CsI(Tl)/plastic phoswich detector enhanced in low-energy gamma-ray detection

A phoswich detector composed of a thin plate CsI(Tl) scintillator and a plastic scintillator (BC-400) has been designed and evaluated in order to improve the sensitivity in the low-energy region of a large-area plastic scintillation detector. This newly designed phoswich detector can be applied to both gross gamma measurement and energy spectrometry for low-energy gamma-ray emitters. Judging by estimations of minimum detectable activity, the lower measurable energy of a large-area plastic scintillation detector can be expanded down to a few tens of keV by adding a thin plate CsI(Tl) scintillator.     

钨酸铅(PbWO_4)晶体的研究进展

钨酸铅(PWO)晶体由于自身特点:高密度(8.28g/cm~3)、短辐射长度(0.87cm)和Moliere半径(2.12cm)、快的闪烁衰减时间((?)<50ns)以及较强的抗辐照损伤能力,已经成为了最具发展潜力的闪烁晶体之一,作为一种良好的闪烁晶体,PWO晶体在高能物理、核医学等领域有着广泛的应用。主要综述了PWO晶体的结构、发光机制、自身缺陷、晶体生长的研究现状,着重阐述了生长工艺改善和离子掺杂改性对钨酸铅晶体性能的影响,分析了PWO晶体的发展前景。     

双读出量能器用闪烁晶体研究进展

双读出量能器是一种全新设计的高能粒子探测装置, 它能同时测量到Cherenkov光和闪烁光, 因而能更全面地获得高能粒子的信息。目前, 双读出量能器主要有三种设计方式: (1)采用石英纤维产生Cherenkov光, 塑料闪烁纤维生成闪烁光; (2)分别以未掺杂的晶体纤维作为Cherenkov辐射体、Ce掺杂的同种晶体纤维作为闪烁体; (3)采用同种闪烁晶体有效分离Cherenkov光和闪烁光。第三种设计可以消除取样涨落、提高量能器的分辨率, 因而备受关注。本文基于第三种设计方式探讨了钨酸铅(PbWO₄)、锗酸铋(Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂)、硅酸铋(Bi₄Si₃O₁₂)和镥铝石榴石(Lu₃Al₅O₁₂)四种。闪烁晶体在双读出量能器方面的研究进展和可能的应用。Pr掺杂PWO晶体以及硅酸铋晶体都有可能用于双读出量能器, 而后者由于吸收边比锗酸铋更短, 更易于分离Cherenkov光和闪烁光, 在双读出量能器应用方面显示出明显的优势。稀土离子掺杂有望进一步提高硅酸铋晶体的性能, 开发出更适合双读出应用的闪烁材料。     

Ce~(3+)激活的锂-6玻璃闪烁体发光及核物理性能的研究

选取Ce~(3+)为激活剂离子,锂-6和硼-10为靶核核素分别研制了可用于热中子探测的玻璃闪烁体,并系统研究了其发光性能及部分核物理性能.研究结果表明,Ce~(3+)激活的锂-6玻璃闪烁体具有较长的发射波长(390nm),较短的衰减时间(46.9ns)以及良好的γ射线甄别性能和温度效应,是探测热中子优良的玻璃基质材料.靶核核素与激活剂离子在锂-6玻璃闪烁体中均有一较佳的浓度范围,浓度过大将产生不同程度的淬灭效应.     

Cerium doped heavy metal fluoride glasses, a possible alternative for electromagnetic calorimetry

The article is an overview of the research activity made in the framework of the Crystal Clear Collaboration aimed at obtaining scintillating glasses able to fit the constraints imposed for the active medium of the central Electromagnetic Calorimeter at CMS. The manufacturing of heavy metal fluoride glasses doped with Ce³⁺ is discussed. The luminescence and scintillation characteristics as well as the radiation hardness properties are extensively studied in the case of Ce doped fluorohafnate, found to be the most convenient glass scintillator for high energy physics applications.     

Photoluminescence and scintillation properties of Al(PO3)3–CsPO3–CsBr–CeBr3 glass scintillators

Scintillators, which are widely used as radiation detectors, are phosphors that release absorbed ionizing radiation energy as ultraviolet or visible light. Inorganic glass scintillators have several advantages over inorganic crystal scintillators, such as ease of fabrication and low costs. However, unlike inorganic crystals, which can emit up to tens of thousands of photons/MeV, inorganic glasses exhibit less than several hundred photons/MeV in most cases. Here, we studied an inorganic glass scintillator that exhibits a light yield of 2700 photons/MeV, which exceeds those of previous inorganic glass scintillators with high light yields of approximately 2000 photons/MeV. The density of this material is 3.28 g/cm³, which is relatively high among glass scintillators. Moreover, a fast scintillation decay with a decay time constant of 30.0 ns was obtained and is attributed to the 5d–4f transition of Ce³⁺. Thus, this glass is suitable for gamma- and X-ray detection, thereby expanding the practical applicability of inorganic glass scintillators.

     

Response of GSO scintillator to thermal neutrons

A precise measurement was made to investigate the response of a cerium-doped GSO scintillator to thermal neutrons by means of a plastic scintillator as a neutron moderator. A delayed-coincidence technique with GSO-plastic scintillators was employed for discriminating gamma-rays. The technique was found to be very powerful in gamma-ray reduction. In the response spectrum, three sharp peaks were observed at 22, 83 and 190 keV. At 250–300 keV the response shows a small bump. This spectral structure was explained by low-lying levels of ¹⁵⁶Gd and ¹⁵⁸Gd. Moreover, the response was investigated in terms of time–strength interrelation.