大规模MIMO信道测量与建模综述

归纳了国内外已开展的大规模多天线协作通信系统的无线信道测量活动,总结了国际标准化机构关于大规模多天线无线信道的相关提案和候选模型,分析了大规模多天线无线信道在实际测量环境中的传播特性,基于实际测量的问题,讨论了传统的建模方法以及基于大数据理论和人工智能理论的大规模多天线无线信道建模方法,最后提出了未来的研究方向。     

卫星导航信道模型综述

卫星导航信道具有宽带、时变和城区复杂多径等特征,为了能够充分挖掘、有效预测和评估全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）的性能,需要对各种环境中的卫星信道进行测量和建模研究,文中主要讨论了卫星导航信道的测量和建模及其研究进展.首先给出了信道建模的方法和与卫星导航相关的测量活动的汇总,然后讨论比较了几种常见的卫星导航信道模型,最后探讨了卫星导航信道建模面临的挑战以及未来的研究重点.     

Experimental validation of analytical MIMO channel models

The promise of multiple-input multiple-output systems (MIMO) to overcome the radio bottleneck in high-speed data transmission requires detailed models of the spatio-temporal MIMO channel to come true. In this paper, popular MIMO channel models are compared with two independent measurement campaigns at 2 and 5 GHz by using four different, mostly novel performance figures (or metrics). Each of these metrics describes one or more different aspects of MIMO, such as multiplexing gain, spatial diversity, or beamforming. Of the models investigated, the Weichselberger model performs overall best, whereas the Kronecker model should be used only for limited antenna numbers, such as 2 × 2, and “the virtual channel representation” only for very large antenna numbers.     

一种新的MIMO信道模型

实际无线通信环境中发送天线之间以及接收天线之间存在相关性.针对以上特点,从多径MIMO信道的特性出发,首先建立发射天线相关系数矩阵和接收天线相关系数矩阵,并将它们引入无线信道的莱斯MIMO信道模型中.最后通过分析LOS MIMO信道相关模型和瑞利衰落MIMO信道相关模型,给出了具体的建模步骤.仿真结果表明采用本文方法产生的信道模型的MIMO系统误码率更低,从而验证了该信道模型能够较好地模拟MIMO系统的空间信道.     

MIMO无线信道的测量

MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output)技术可以在不增加带宽的条件下获得很高的信道容量,大幅度地提高频带利用率.从测量的角度建立了MIMO无线信道,通过对信道指标的测量,得出影响信道的主要原因和规律,依此可以进行信道改善.     

A survey on user-centric cell-free massive MIMO systems

The mobile data traffic has been exponentially growing during the last several decades. This was enabled by the densification of the network infrastructure in terms of increased cell density (i.e., Ultra-Dense Network (UDN)) and/or the increased number of active antennas per Access Point (AP) (i.e., massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO)). However, neither UDN nor mMIMO will meet the increasing demand for the data rate of the Sixth Generation (6G) wireless communications due to the inter-cell interference and large quality-of-service variations. Cell-Free (CF) mMIMO, which combines the best aspects of UDN and mMIMO, is viewed as a key solution to this issue. In such systems, each User Equipment (UE) is served by a preferred set of surrounding APs cooperatively. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art literature on CF mMIMO. As a starting point, the significance and the basic properties of CF mMIMO are highlighted. We then present the canonical framework to discuss the essential details (i.e., transmission procedure and mathematical system model). Next, we provide a deep look at the resource allocation and signal processing problems related to CF mMIMO and survey the up-to-date schemes and algorithms. After that, we discuss the practical issues in implementing CF mMIMO and point out the potential future directions. Finally, we conclude this paper with a summary of the key lessons learned in this field.     

MIMO协同中继技术概述

无线协同中继技术可以提供更高数据速率,扩大覆盖面积,提高频谱效率,对抗衰落,增强系统的鲁棒性。文中研究了协同中继技术产生的背景,探讨了现有的各种协同中继方案,并对它们的性能进行了比较。着重介绍了MIMO协同中继的发展情况,并指出发展趋势和值得研究的问题。     

Infrastructure Relay Transmission With Cooperative MIMO

An infrastructure relay system that transfers information from a base station to a randomly located mobile station (MS) using fixed-location relay stations (RSs) is studied. Transmission rates are derived for serial, parallel, and hybrid relay transmissions, considering the utilization of RSs as a means to extend the dimensionality of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission. The derived transmission rate for the serial relay transmission is optimized by determining the optimal locations of the RSs and the number of hops. In addition, selection schemes for determining which RSs to activate to maximize the transmission rate are provided for parallel and hybrid relay topologies. Based on the analytic findings, numerical results are obtained for various deployment scenarios to compare and evaluate different relay topologies and design characteristics of a relay system.     

无线传感器网络中基于有限反馈的协同MIMO策略

该文针对无线传感器网络中能量有限问题,提出了一种基于有限反馈的协同MIMO策略。该策略基于梯度算法,用1bit反馈来自动地调整簇头节点和协同簇头节点的发射功率。对无线传感器网络中基于有限反馈的Alamouti码的协同MISO系统的误码率进行了理论分析,推导了基于有限反馈Alamouti码的协同MISO策略能耗的契尔诺夫上限表达式。理论分析和仿真结果都表明,该文提出的协同MISO策略与基于标准Alamouti码的协同策略相比,无线传感器网络的总能耗更低,能效更高,且当簇头节点和协同簇头节点一直选择较好信道对应的节点来发送信息时,即最优策略,无线传感器网络的总能耗更低。     

基于聚类的无线传感网络的合作MIMO传输方案

Wireless sensor network is becoming more and more popular in recent years, but energy-constrained characteristic of sensor nodes is one of the critical issues that we must consider in system design. In this paper, a cluster-based virtual V-BLAST transmission scheme is proposed to achieve energy savings for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. In the proposed scheme, instead of using cluster member as cooperative nodes, multiple cluster heads cooperate to form virtual antenna array so that V-BLAST based virtual MIMO transmission can be implemented. Based on the communication energy consumption model, a way to optimize the parameters for the scheme is given. In addition, detailed simulation is performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme for both densely and sparsely deployed sensor networks. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the energy efficiency of the proposed scheme.     

MIMO Ricean channel capacity: an asymptotic analysis

This paper presents asymptotic bounds and limits for the mean channel capacity of MIMO systems under Ricean channel conditions. It is shown that the mean capacity per dimension decreases as the K factor increases in value and approaches a value equal to that of the underlying scattering channel when the number of antennas are large and the specular matrix has unit rank. The accuracy of the bounds is verified by simulations. In addition, a variety of results for the MIMO Ricean channel are brought together to give an overview of the current knowledge in this area. We also show that the variance of the capacity for a Ricean channel approaches that of the scattering channel for large numbers of antennas.     

协作MIMO中一种新的分布式VBLAST自适应DFE算法

具有低检测复杂度且可快速收敛的自适应空时均衡算法是实现多用户协作MIMO分布式空时编译码的关键。该文研究了分布式垂直型贝尔实验室分层空时编码(D-VBLAST)在多天线接收端的空时判决反馈均衡(DFE),提出了基于最小二乘准则的RLS-MIMO-DFE检测算法。相对于分布式VBLAST的极大似然(ML),迫零-排序串行干扰消除(ZF-OSIC)等检测算法,该算法可以达到快速收敛,且具有较低的检测复杂度。理论计算和仿真研究表明,在分布式VBLAST 22系统中,尽管RLS-MIMO-DFE算法性能稍逊于ML检测,但该算法可以有效折衷检测性能与计算复杂度,且自适应信道变化,可满足协作MIMO下行链路节点的实时性处理要求。     

On MIMO channel capacity: an intuitive discussion

For a general MIMO communication channel, the use of the linear minimum mean-squared-error (LMMSE) estimator followed by the separate substream decoding is not a capacity-wise optimal scheme. In this paper, the author presents analytical computations of the MIMO channel capacity. The article relates the capacity to the covariance matrix of the LMMSE estimate that provides a clear interpretation of the concept of capacity as well some optimal transceiver design schemes that aim to achieve channel capacity.     

RNN based MIMO channel prediction

A new hybrid PSO-EA-DEPSO algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), evolutionary algorithm (EA), and differential evolution (DE) is presented for training a recurrent neural network (RNN) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel prediction. This algorithm is shown to outperform RNN predictors trained off-line by PSO, EA, and DEPSO as well as a linear predictor trained by the Levinson–Durbin algorithm. To explore the effects of channel prediction error at the receiver, new expressions for the received SNR, array gain, and average probability of error are derived and analyzed. These expressions differ from previous results which assume the prediction error is Gaussian and/or independent of the true CSI. The array gain decays with increasing signal-to-noise ratio and is slightly larger for spatially correlated systems. As the prediction error increases in the non-saturation region, the coding gain decreases and the diversity gain remains unaffected.     

A stochastic MIMO radio channel model with experimental validation

Theoretical and experimental studies of multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) radio channels are presented. A simple stochastic MIMO model channel has been developed. This model uses the correlation matrices at the mobile station (MS) and base station (BS) so that results of the numerous single-input/multiple-output studies that have been published in the literature can be used as input parameters. The model is simplified to the narrowband channels. The validation of the model is based upon data collected in both picocell and microcell environments. The stochastic model has also been used to investigate the capacity of MIMO radio channels, considering two different power allocation strategies, water filling and uniform and two different antenna topologies, 4/spl times/4 and 2/spl times/4. Space diversity used at both ends of the MIMO radio link is shown to be an efficient technique in picocell environments, achieving capacities within 14 b/s/Hz and 16 b/s/Hz in 80% of the cases for a 4/spl times/4 antenna configuration implementing water filling at a SNR of 20 dB.     

一种MIMO相关信道的建模方法

本文阐述MIMO相关信道的建模方法。该建模方法通过计算MIMO系统多天线之间的空间相关矩阵，在MIMO非相关信道的建模基础上生成MIMO相关信道。     

基于Kronecker法的MIMO信道模拟及硬件实现

针对多输入多输出（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO）无线通信系统,在基于Kronecker 的MIMO信道模型中综合考虑了路径损耗、阴影衰落和多径衰落等因素,实现了基于现场可编程门阵列（Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA）的MIMO信道模拟器,并分析了硬件设计方案以及MIMO信道模拟的实现方法。实测结果表明,设计的MIMO信道模拟器可以模拟瑞利衰落、莱斯衰落以及阴影衰落等常见的信道衰落类型,能够应用于3GPP、COST-207等标准信道模型的复现。该模拟器可作为无线通信系统研究的测试设备,辅助通信系统研究的算法验证、方案优化以及性能分析。     

MIMO wireless communication channel phenomenology

Wireless communication using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems enables increased spectral efficiency and link reliability for a given total transmit power. Increased capacity is achieved by introducing additional spatial channels which are exploited using space-time coding. The spatial diversity improves the link reliability by reducing the adverse effects of link fading and shadowing. The choice of coding and the resulting performance improvement are dependent upon the channel phenomenology. In this paper, experimental channel-probing estimates are reported for outdoor environments near the personal communication services frequency allocation (1790 MHz). A simple channel parameterization is introduced. Channel distance metrics are introduced. Because the bandwidth of the channel-probing signal (1.3 MHz) is sufficient to resolve some delays in outdoor environments, frequency-selective fading is also investigated. Channel complexity and channel stationarity are investigated. Complexity is associated with channel-matrix singular value distributions. Stationarity is associated with the stability of channel singular value and singular vector structure over time.     

Whitening-rotation-based semi-blind MIMO channel estimation

This paper proposes a whitening-rotation (WR)-based algorithm for semi-blind estimation of a complex flat-fading multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel matrix H. The proposed algorithm is based on decomposition of H as the matrix product H=WQ/sup H/, where W is a whitening matrix and Q is unitary rotation matrix. The whitening matrix W can be estimated blind using only received data while Q is estimated exclusively from pilot symbols. Employing the results for the complex-constrained Cramer-Rao Bound (CC-CRB), it is shown that the lower bound on the mean-square error (MSE) in the estimate of H is directly proportional to its number of unconstrained parameters. Utilizing the bounds, the semi-blind scheme is shown to be very efficient when the number of receive antennas is greater than or equal to the number of transmit antennas. Closed-form expressions for the CRB of the semi-blind technique are presented. Algorithms for channel estimation based on the decomposition are also developed and analyzed. In particular, the properties of the constrained maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator of Q for an orthogonal pilot sequence is examined, and the constrained estimator for a general pilot sequence is derived. In addition, a Gaussian likelihood function is considered for the joint optimization of W and Q, and its performance is studied. Simulation results are presented to support the algorithms and analysis, and they demonstrate improved performance compared to exclusively training-based estimation.