安全稳定控制系统在新疆南部电网的应用

新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统由安装在30个厂站的稳定控制装置组成,覆盖巴州、阿克苏、喀什、和田地区。当新疆南部区域电网联络线或主力机组发生故障时,采取解列、切负荷措施,防止大面积停电,保证新疆南部电网的安全稳定运行。文中通过对新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统的研究,提出了适合于该类型电网的稳定控制系统结构、实现方式、新原理、新判据。该系统多次在电网故障中正确动作,确保了电网的稳定运行。     

高压直流极控系统与安全稳定控制装置接口方案

安全稳定控制系统是电网安全稳定运行的重要保证。随着高压直流输电系统在“西电东送、全国联网”格局中的广泛应用，其调制功能必将成为一种重要的稳定控制措施。文中根据在南方电网及三峡电网中的工程经验，总结、介绍了安全稳定控制系统与直流极控系统之间相互交换信号内容和要求，以及接口方案。该方案对其他电网的安全稳定控制系统的设计、制造和运行具有重要的参考价值。     

稳定控制所用交流设备跳闸判据的分析及应用

电力系统安全稳定控制装置的动作行为直接影响电网的安全运行。对设备跳闸、尤其是交流输电线路跳闸的正确判断是稳定控制装置正确动作的重要前提。论述了用电气量判断输电线路跳闸的必要性，研究、分析了线路跳闸电气量的变化特征，以及潮流转移、失步振荡、低频振荡等动态过程中电气量变化与线路跳闸的区别;对目前使用的跳闸判据及有关判别条件的正确含义进行了解释，分析了现场运行中所出现的误判事件的原因，指出目前使用的跳闸判据的正确性;提出了防止误判跳闸的有效措施。文中讨论的内容将有助于澄清目前国内在这方面存在的分歧和认识方面的误解，以提高安全稳定控制系统运行的可靠性。     

交直流混合电网中直流50 Hz和100 Hz保护研究

对于远距离、大容量、交直流并联运行电网,交直流控制保护的配合对电网的安全稳定有着重要的影响。直流基频和2次谐波保护是交直流系统间相互配合的基本保护功能。利用EMTDC仿真软件和实时数字仿真（RTDS）对交直流混合运行电网中直流系统50 Hz和100 Hz保护整定原则进行了深入研究,提出了与交流系统故障清除时间和直流主设备承受能力相配合的100 Hz保护整定原则,并给出了基于EMTDC仿真的定量计算方法。该整定原则已应用于南方电网的天广、高肇和兴安直流输电系统,解决了南方电网中存在的交直流保护不配合的关键问题。     

天广交直流系统并联运行的稳定控制

研究了天广交直流系统并联运行的系统稳定性，介绍了天广直流系统的稳定控制功能以及天广交直流系统并联运行的紧急控制措施。研究表明天广交直流系统并联运行具有较大的输电能力和较好的稳定性。将直流系统自身的稳定控制功能和辅助的交流系统安全稳定装置适当地结合起来使用，可以有效地控制和减小系统单一元件或多元件故障对系统的冲击，改善交直流并联系统运行的稳定性。     

浅谈三峡电力系统(左岸)安全稳定控制装置

三峡电力系统(左岸)投产后，华中电网和川渝电网通过“三万线”实现联网，在系统正常和检修方式下，发生线路或变压器故障以及线路过负荷或高周时，需要采取切除三峡电力系统(左岸)机组、压出力、向直流极控系统发送调节直流功率的命令或切除部分负荷以及解列“三万线”等控制措施，才能确保电网的安全稳定运行。为此，装设在三峡左一电站、三峡左二电站、龙泉换流站、荆门(斗笠)变电站、荆州换流站、葛洲坝换流站的安全稳定控制系统显得非常重要。     

稳控系统联调试验方案研究

安全稳控系统是当系统发生紧急状态后,通过执行各种控制措施,让电网恢复到正常运行状态下的控制系统。电力系统安全稳定控制包括预防控制、紧急控制和恢复控制。根据电网规模大小及相关厂站之间的功能将安全稳定控制系统分为就地型稳定控制、区域稳定控制系统和混合型稳定控制三种。本文以宜昌南稳控系统联调方案说明区域稳定控制系统完善的联调试验方法,可以为电网提供安全可靠的保障。     

交流系统故障对直流输电系统的影响及改进建议

远距离、大容量、交直流混合运行电网中,交直流系统间的相互影响非常复杂。文中以南方电网交直流混联系统运行实例为基础,讨论了直流系统控制功能在交流系统故障期间的作用,分析了交流系统故障时可能误动的相关直流保护监视功能及换流变和站用变保护等,并给出了相应的改进建议。这不仅有助于提高直流输电系统的运行维护水平,确保交直流系统的安全稳定运行,还为未来直流输电系统的设计、交直流输电系统控制保护功能的合理配合等提供了有益的参考。     

HVDC孤岛交流系统中水轮机调速器特殊问题分析

HVDC(High Voltage Direct Current)送端为巨型水电站或水电站群时,采用孤岛运行方式,可以避免HVDC系统故障时对附近交流大电网稳定的不利影响,但在采用孤岛方式运行的情况下,一旦发生故障导致极闭锁引起输送功率大幅跌落,将会出现关于水轮机调速器控制的新问题。本文指出HVDC孤岛水电交流系统的特殊性和研究意义,然后结合云广直流工程实例,讨论与分析了HVDC极闭锁故障下水电孤岛系统调速控制中的特殊问题。     

异步联网模式下特大型机组调速器控制策略研究

渝鄂背靠背联网柔性直流输电工程,是实现西南和华中电网异步互联的关键一环,可有效化解交直流功率转移引起的电网安全稳定问题、简化复杂故障下电网安全稳定控制策略、避免大面积停电风险,大幅度提高南方电网主网架的安全供电可靠性。本文在借鉴南方电网开展的异步联网出现的超低频振荡分析机理,通过仿真测试比较不同调速器死区、PID参数,得出优化的控制参数,可以有效解决异步后西南电网的超低频振荡问题。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。