一种多轴非比例载荷低周疲劳寿命预测方法

利用Itoh等人提出的非比例参数 ,提出一种非比例载荷下多轴低周疲劳寿命预测方法 ,提出几种不同非比例参数 ,并研究这些非比例参数对低周疲劳寿命预测的精度及适用性     

Determination of fragments of multiaxial service loading strongly influencing the fatigue of machine components

The paper presents a method for determination of multiaxial load segments from original service histories, where the loaded machine part is meaningfully subjected to fatigue damage. These load segments are directly separated from a service-loading history, which can be of a random character. Typical procedures used for fatigue life assessment under multiaxial random loading are implemented to perform this task. While reduction from the multiaxial stress state to the equivalent uniaxial one, application of the linear multiaxial fatigue failure criteria was proposed. The equivalent stress history is subjected to the rainflow cycle-counting method, which allows to determine the amplitudes and mean values of counted cycles, their occurrence moment and time of duration. Influence of the stress mean value was taken into consideration with the Morrow's model. On the assumption of the linear Palmgren–Miner hypothesis of damage accumulation and the stress–life fatigue characteristics of the material, the damage-time function was determined. The load segments, where the influence on the material fatigue was significant, were determined on the basis of the fixed damage-intensity level and the proposed damage-intensity function. The presented method was studied on a hook loaded with two independent forces. FEM program which has the possibility to perform fatigue analysis was used during the computation for determining the expected place of crack initiation. The service-loading course was compressed to shorter one, so that only a small decrease of the fatigue damage in comparison with full length of the original service loading was observed. The proposed method seems to be right for preparing multiaxial loading histories in order to cut down the fatigue tests, especially in the case when the correlation between particular loading channels is very important.     

Effects of micro-stresses from machining and shot-peening processes on fatigue life

An investigation of the effects of tensile machining and compressive shot-peening residual stresses on fatigue life is presented. The paper is focused on fatigue life modelling using the finite element method (FEM). A representative broached notched specimen under three-point bending is modelled as a 2D plane stress geometry using the FEM. Inconel 718 mechanical and fatigue material properties at 600°C are used. Machining and shot-peening residual stresses are mapped to the macro FE models using mathematical algorithms around the notched area of the specimen and their influence on the fatigue life experiencing high cycle fatigue (HCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) is investigated. The results show that the compressive shot-peening residual stresses significantly increase the life at HCF compared to the LCF.     

Mixed high low fretting fatigue of Ti6Al4V: Tests and modelling

In this paper fretting fatigue tests under a combined HCF/LCF loading regime are reported. This loading cycle is representative of operating conditions at the interface of the dovetail fixing between fan and blade in an aeroengine, although a classical geometry was considered, viz. the contact of cylinders against a ground flat tensile specimen. Both, specimen and pads were made of fan blade and disc alloy Ti6Al4V. The main objective of these experiments was to investigate the influence of such complex contact loads on the fretting damage and most importantly on fretting fatigue. A methodology to estimate total life is proposed and assessed against the experimental data. The results show that the main effect on fretting fatigue life is associated with the level of tangential force and that the predictive method was able to capture the effect of the experimental parameters on life, together with the influence of the residual stress field due to shot peening.     

变幅载荷下的有限寿命疲劳设计方法和设计数据

本文论述了变幅载荷下的有限寿命疲劳强度评价方法与寿命估算方法,给出了用Ｍｉｎｅｒ法则、修正Ｍｉｎｅｒ法则和Ｃｏｒｔｅｎ－Ｄｏｌａｎ理论进行疲劳强度评价和寿命估算的方法和计算公式。最后,还用４种零构件进行随机疲劳试验对三种累积损伤理论的疲劳强度评价和寿命估算精度和这生进行了验证和对比。     

平均应力对50钢超高周疲劳性能的影响

为了进一步拓宽超声疲劳试验的研究范围,对50钢进行了含有平均应力的三点弯曲和非对称拉压疲劳性能试验,得到相应的疲劳,S-N曲线,研究了平均应力对其超高周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：超声频率加载下平均应力对50钢疲劳性能有显著影响,在应力幅相同的情况下,随着平均应力的增大,疲劳寿命降低;常规疲劳用于描述平均应力影响的Morrow关系仍能描述超声频率加载下高周疲劳（〈10^7周次）范围内拉伸平均应力对50钢疲劳性能的影响,但是不能用来描述超高周范围内拉伸平均应力和弯曲平均应力对疲劳性能的影响;常规疲劳用于描述平均应力影响的Goodman模型仍能很好地描述超声频率加载下一定寿命的应力幅值和平均应力的配合。     

基于微结构的多轴低周疲劳寿命预测方法

采用TEM分析了单轴、比例及非比例低周疲劳载荷下钛合金BT9的位错及其亚结构。结果表明,在同一等效应变强度下,位错密度随载荷非比例程度增大而增大。给出了基于疲劳位错密度均值的非比例参量和具有明确微观物理意义的疲劳损伤参量。建立了新的低周疲劳寿命预测模型,且寿命预测精度进一步提高。     

Behavior of alloy Ti–6Al–4V under pre-fretting and subsequent fatigue conditions

The mechanical behavior and microstructural changes in Ti–6Al–4V were determined in fretting tests, followed by axial fatigue tests. Prior to fatigue testing, specimens were subjected to fretting conditions over a range of contact stresses and fretting displacements. Fretting frequency was 100 Hz. High cycle fatigue (HCF) tests were run at 1000 Hz. The fretting test involved a flat-on-flat, bare Ti–6Al–4V/bare Ti–6Al–4V fretting system. The fretting process typically generated very shallow surface cracks at the ends of the wear scar. Subsequently, these shallow cracks were observed to propagate in axial fatigue tests, reducing the fatigue life significantly. Evidence of frictional heating during fretting was observed in the formation of scale-like oxide in the wear scar. Formation of oxides appeared to increase with increasing contact stress. Increased oxygen content was detected in the near surface regions of specimens. Large near surface deformation was typically observed within the wear scar. The contact geometry and slight tilting of the stationary fretting pad influenced the character of the fretting scar and the fretting-induced cracking. Fracture surfaces exhibited featureless, battered surfaces at the crack origins followed by (a) cleavage-type crack propagation, (b) formation of fatigue striations, and (c) final ductile tearing.     

New results for the fretting-induced stress concentration on Hertzian and flat rounded contacts

Recent work on fretting fatigue has emphasized the role of stress concentration on fretting damage, while previous work had concentrated on empirical parameters to assess influence of fretting on fatigue life. In particular, analogies with fatigue in the presence of a crack or a notch have been noticed, suggesting that the stress field induced by frictional contact per se may explain the reduction of fatigue life due to fretting.In the paper, new analytical and numerical solutions are produced for the stress concentration induced in typical fretting contacts involving the Hertzian geometry or the flat punch with rounded corners in view of application to the dovetail joints. Normal and tangential load (in the Cattaneo–Mindlin sense) is considered with “moderate” or “large” bulk stresses.     

High-temperature low cycle fatigue, creep–fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue of steels and their welds

High-temperature low cycle fatigue (LCF) is influenced by various time-dependent processes such as creep, oxidation, phase transformations and dynamic strain ageing (DSA) depending on test conditions of strain rate and temperature. In this paper, the detrimental effects of DSA and oxidation in high-temperature LCF are discussed with reference to extensive studies on 316L(N) stainless steel and modified 9Cr–1Mo steel. DSA has been found to enhance the stress response and reduce ductility. It localizes fatigue deformation, enhances fatigue cracking and reduces fatigue life. High-temperature oxidation accelerates transgranular and intergranular fatigue cracking in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel and during long hold time tests in austenitic stainless steel. In welds, microstructural features such as presence of course grains in the HAZ and formation of brittle phases due to transformation of δ ferrite during testing influence crack initiation and propagation and fatigue life. Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) studies are suggested as more closer to the actual service conditions. In 316L(N) stainless steel, TMF lives under out-of-phase cycling are found to be lower than those under in-phase conditions in the low-temperature regimes, while the converse holds good when the upper temperature encompassed the creep-dominant regime.     

疲劳损伤状态的模糊等效性试验研究

针对复杂载荷下以等效损伤假设为基础的材料疲劳寿命的估算误差较大的问题,基于模糊理论并结合耦合损伤概念提出模糊等效损伤假设,考虑加载顺序对疲劳损伤累积的影响来回避等效损伤假设。利用45钢材料进行了L-H和H-L加载顺序两级应力下的疲劳损伤累积规律验证,并选取16Mn材料的疲劳试验数据验证基于Miner线性损伤法则和本假设对材料疲劳寿命预测的准确性。结果表明,根据本假设计算的损伤量在两种加载顺序下均与试验值吻合良好,疲劳寿命估算结果比较接近于试验值,该假设以模糊理论为依据,为疲劳分析和寿命预测提供了一定的理论参考。     

变幅载荷下填充型天然橡胶疲劳试验与预测方法研究

以填充天然橡胶哑铃型圆柱试件为研究对象,进行不同应变比R与变幅载荷下的单轴疲劳试验,并分析变幅载荷对疲劳寿命的影响。以应变幅值为损伤参量,建立基于应变比R=0的等效应变幅值统一疲劳寿命预测模型,利用该模型预测所有应变比工况下的疲劳寿命,其预测值与实测寿命的偏差在2倍分散因子以内;对不同应变比R、载荷水平、加载顺序与停顿时间等变幅载荷下的疲劳寿命进行单轴疲劳试验,基于Miner线性损伤法则预测变幅载荷下的疲劳寿命,和实测寿命相比其偏差都落在2倍分散因子以内;对哑铃型试件进行随机载荷疲劳试验,通过雨流统计和不同应变比R下的统一疲劳寿命预测模型计算其总寿命,预测结果和实测结果最大误差在34%以内。验证了Miner线性损伤法则在填充型天然橡胶疲劳寿命预测中的普适性,所建立的不同应变比R下的等效应变幅值统一疲劳寿命预测模型可用于橡胶隔振器的前期耐久评估。     

Fretting fatigue in 2XXX series aerospace aluminium alloys

This research investigated the effects of microstructural characteristics on the fretting response in 2XXX series aerospace aluminium alloys. Fretting fatigue tests were conducted to determine the influence of slip character, alloy purity, grain structure and yield strength on fretting crack nucleation and growth. Crack length measurements and micrographs of the specimens indicated there was no significant difference in the fretting response of these alloys based on their microstructural characteristics. Results also showed that fretting caused cracks to nucleate in the first 1–5% of total life which resulted in much shorter fatigue lives. Additionally, fretting normalized the nucleation time in all alloys, eliminating the differences in intrinsic fatigue nucleation resistance. This resulted in the alloys with the highest stress-life (S–N) fatigue properties exhibiting a greater reduction in fatigue strength under fretting conditions. The total fretting fatigue life appeared to be primarily determined by the fatigue crack propagation resistance of the alloys.     

Evaluation method of multiaxial low cycle fatigue life for cubic single crystal material

The coupling effect of normal stress and shear stress on orthotropic materials happens when applied loading deflects from the directions of the principal axes of the material coordinate system. By taking account of the coupling effects, formulas of equivalent stress and strain for cubic single crystal materials are cited. Using the equivalent strain and equivalent stress for such material and a variable k, which is introduced to express the effect of asymmetrical cyclic loading on fatigue life, a low cycle fatigue (LCF) life prediction model for such material in multiaxial stress starts is proposed. On the basis of the yield criterion and constitutive model of cubic single crystal materials, a subroutine to calculate the thermo elastic-plastic stress-strain of the material on an ANSYS platform was developed. The cyclic stress-strain of DD3 notched specimens under asymmetrical loading at 680°C was analyzed. Low cycle fatigue test data of the single crystal nickel-based superalloy are used to fit the different parameters of the power law with multiple linear regression analysis. The equivalent stress and strain for a cubic single crystal material as failure parameters have the largest correlation coefficient. A power law exists between k and the failure cycle. The model was validated with LCF test data of CMSX-2 and DD3 single crystal nickel-based superalloys. All the test data fall into the factor of 2.5 for CMSX-2 hollow cylinder specimens and 2.0 scatter band for DD3 notched specimens, respectively.     

高匹配焊接接头不均匀体低周疲劳损伤研究

将高匹配的焊接接头抽象为软夹硬力学不均匀体，并运用材料应力幅的变化定义一个新的损伤变量，运用损伤力学的方法对高匹配的焊接接头力学不均匀体在低周疲劳载茶下的损伤行为进行研究。研究结果发现对于高匹配的焊接接头，在低周疲劳的载荷条件下，随着中间高强度的焊缝宽度的增加，焊接接头在断裂时的循环次数将下降，而接头中损伤的发展则在加快。     

电镀铜薄膜疲劳性能与寿命预测

利用MMT-11N微机械疲劳试验系统对11.5 μm厚无基体支持的电镀铜薄膜试件的拉伸疲劳特性进行了试验研究。试件采用准LIGA工艺制作。试验在室温条件下进行,采用载荷控制、脉动循环加载,载荷频率为20 Hz,得到了铜薄膜光滑试件和缺口试件的S-N曲线,根据传统宏观疲劳理论确定了铜薄膜循环应力—应变曲线和应变—寿命曲线。利用修正局部应力—应变法对缺口试件的疲劳寿命进行了预测,预测寿命与试验寿命误差在3.2倍因子之内,预测结果较好地符合试验结果。试验表明,取半寿命周期的迟滞回线作为稳定迟滞回线在微机械疲劳中仍是可信的,局部应力—应变法亦可应用于微机电系统疲劳寿命预测,宏观疲劳理论在一定程度上也适合于描述微机械疲劳。     

某型飞机典型疲劳关键件加速腐蚀条件下 C-T曲线的测定

针对某型飞机典型疲劳结构模拟件开展加速环境谱及加速腐蚀试验技术探索性研究.根据腐蚀损伤等效原则,给出试验室加速环境下与外场使用环境下的腐蚀当量关系,对预腐蚀不同时间后的模拟件进行载荷谱疲劳试验,获得了腐蚀影响系数C随地面停放年限T的变化曲线,为确定该结构日历寿命提供依据.     

10CrMo910钢的疲劳损伤演变与寿命估算

对在周期加载条件下运行的锅炉、压力容器、压力管道等设备,不可避免地产生低周疲劳的失效。本文从损伤力学基本理论出发,以10CrMo910钢作为研究对象,采用应力幅法测量材料的低周疲劳损伤,提出了低周疲劳各向同性连续损伤模型,在有效应力和应变等价假设基础上建立了低周疲劳损伤演变和寿命估算式。     

多级加载下疲劳寿命的分岔现象探讨

在多级加载疲劳试验中 ,加载历史对疲劳寿命的影响很大 ,特别是当低 -高顺序加载时 ,损伤演变速度减缓 ,剩余寿命远较损伤力学方法估算的大 ,有时甚至出现受损试样的剩余寿命远大于原始材料的情况。本文运用非线性动力学观点 ,根据二级加载的非线性疲劳寿命公式 ,用计算机做模拟试验 ,发现会出现分岔现象。结合疲劳损伤中“锻炼”效应的微观机理 ,认为材料疲劳损伤演化过程中非线性特征是产生这种现象的原因。通过大量试验和实践经验而得到的现有的疲劳损伤公式 ,可以较好地反映客观实际情况。研究它们之间各个参变量与疲劳损伤的关系 ,能够发现材料在疲劳损伤过程的分岔和混沌现象。     

Fretting fatigue analysis using a fracture mechanics based small crack growth prediction method

A complete life model for the nucleation and growth of a fretting fatigue crack has been developed. The nucleation of a fretting crack is predicted by superimposing the crack growth rate experienced under fretting conditions onto S–N fatigue data for the alloy. The growth model utilizes small crack growth rate data and a fretting fatigue stress intensity factor to account for the small crack sizes and higher stresses experienced under fretting fatigue conditions. The development of the propagation model within the established fatigue crack growth code AFGROW allows this approach to be readily used by members of the aerospace industry.