Wear Analysis of Disc Cutters of Full Face Rock Tunnel Boring Machine

Wear is a major factor of disc cutters’ failure. No current theory offers a standard for the prediction of disc cutter wear yet. In the field the wear prediction method commonly used is based on the excavation length of tunnel boring machine（TBM） to predict the disc cutter wear and its wear law, considering the location number of each disc cutter on the cutterhead（radius for installation）; in theory, there is a prediction method of using arc wear coefficient. However, the preceding two methods have their own errors, with their accuracy being 40% or so and largely relying on the technicians’ experience. Therefore, radial wear coefficient, axial wear coefficient and trajectory wear coefficient are defined on the basis of the operating characteristics of TBM. With reference to the installation and characteristics of disc cutters, those coefficients are modified according to penetration, which gives rise to the presentation of comprehensive axial wear coefficient, comprehensive radial wear coefficient and comprehensive trajectory wear coefficient. Calculation and determination of wear coefficients are made with consideration of data from a segment of TBM project（excavation length 173 m）. The resulting wear coefficient values, after modification, are adopted to predict the disc cutter wear in the follow-up segment of the TBM project（excavation length of 5621 m）. The prediction results show that the disc cutter wear predicted with comprehensive radial wear coefficient and comprehensive trajectory wear coefficient are not only accurate（accuracy 16.12%） but also highly congruous, whereas there is a larger deviation in the prediction with comprehensive axial wear coefficient（accuracy 41%, which is in agreement with the prediction of disc cutters’ life in the field）. This paper puts forth a new method concerning prediction of life span and wear of TBM disc cutters as well as timing for replacing disc cutters.     

Solid lubricant additives for bismaleimide resin

Bismaleimides are the addition type of polyimide resin. They are synthesized by reaction of diamino compounds with maleic anhydride. By varying the structure of the diamino compound it is possible to make various bismaleimides. This paper discusses improvement of the friction and wear properties of bismaleimide resin, by the addition of solid lubricant additives such as MoS₂, graphite and PTFE. The bismaleimide tested has the following structure: On heating, bismaleimide cross links through its unsaturated bonds, thus producing a highly cross linked polyimide. The friction and wear measurements were done on a Plint friction and wear machine (pin on disc type), wherein polymer pins slid against a steel disc at different loads and speeds. The polymer itself had a high coefficient of friction, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 and a higher wear rate. Solid lubricant additives helped in improving its friction and wear characteristics. The addition of graphite brought the coefficient of friction to 0.3 but wear remained high at high loads. Best results were obtained with additions to the resin of MoS₂-Sb₂O₃ and PTFE. Composites with MoS2-Sb203 and PTFE had low coefficient of friction and low rate of wear, at low as well as at high loads. It appears that these solid lubricant additives transfer to the counterface, thereby reducing effective counterface roughness, hence reducing both friction and wear.     

Effects of SEBS-g-MA on tribological behaviour of nylon 66/organoclay nanocomposites

The tribological behaviour of nylon 66, nylon 66/organoclay nanocomposites and nylon 66/(SEBS-g-MA+organoclay) nanocomposites was studied by means of a pin-on-disk apparatus. The morphologies of the transfer films and the worn surfaces of specimens were observed with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wear of all of the specimens increases with increasing load; meanwhile the coefficient of friction almost linearly decreases. Wear of nylon 66/organoclay is larger than that of nylon 66. Adding SEBS-g-MA to the nylon 66/organoclay improves the wear resistance. The coefficient of friction of nylon 66/organoclay is slightly less than that of nylon 66 at various loads. The coefficient of friction of nylon 66/(SEBS-g-MA+organoclay) is the lowest at every load. If the transfer film is thin, uniform and continuous, the wear loss and the coefficient of friction are low.     

Synergy Effect of Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification and Laser Surface Texturing on Friction and Wear Behavior of Graphite Cast Iron

Laser surface texturing (LST) followed by an ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) process was applied to graphite cast iron to improve the friction and wear behavior. The surface hardness of the UNSM-treated and UNSM + LST-treated specimens was increased significantly compared to the polished and LST-treated specimens. The friction and wear behavior of the specimens was assessed using a ball-on-disk friction tester at an applied load of 10 N and a speed of 5 cm/s in both dry and lubrication conditions. The friction coefficient of the UNSM-, LST-, and UNSM + LST-treated specimens reduced in both dry and lubrication conditions compared to the polished specimen by 64, 30, and 64% and 63, 67, and 75%, respectively. In lubrication condition, the friction coefficient of the UNSM- and LST-treated specimens was further reduced by about 30 and 25% by UNSM + LST processes. In dry condition, the UNSM + LST-treated specimen exhibited a reduction in the friction coefficient of 46% compared to the LST-treated specimen, whereas no reduction in friction coefficient was found compared to the UNSM-treated specimen. The wear resistance of the UNSM-, LST-, and the UNSM + LST-treated specimens was enhanced by 22, 11, and 37% in the dry condition, respectively, whereas minuscule wear was observed in the lubrication condition that was difficult to quantify in our experiment. UNSM and LST processes were effectively combined to improve the friction and wear behavior of graphite cast iron.     

高水基液压阀陶瓷摩擦副摩擦学性能研究

为选择适合的高水基乳化液液压阀摩擦副材料,探讨ZrO2与不同结构陶瓷组成的摩擦副在高水基乳化液润滑状态下的摩擦磨损特性。采用摩擦磨损试验机,在不同载荷和滑动速度下,研究在高水基乳化液介质中4种不同陶瓷材料（ZrO2、Al2O3、Si3N4和SiC）分别与ZrO2配副的摩擦学性能,并探讨不同组合陶瓷摩擦副的磨损机制。结果表明：在高水基乳化液中,各陶瓷的摩擦因数均随着滑动速度的增大而降低,其中Al2O3陶瓷的摩擦因数最小;ZrO2、Al2O3和Si3N4陶瓷的摩擦因数受载荷的影响较小,SiC陶瓷的摩擦因数则随着载荷的增大而骤增;各陶瓷的磨损体积都随着速度和载荷的增大而增大,其中Al2O3/ZrO2陶瓷摩擦副的磨损体积最小,其磨损机制以磨粒磨损和微疲劳磨损为主。研究表明,在不同工况下,Al2O3与ZrO2陶瓷配副的摩擦因数和磨损体积均为最低值,更适合作为高水基乳化液液压阀的摩擦副材料。     

Friction and wear properties of cu and fe-based P/M bearing materials

The performances of porous bearings under different operating conditions were experimentally investigated in this study. Material groups studied are 90%Cu+10%Sn bronze and 1%C + % balance Fe iron-based self-lubricating P/M bearings at constant (85%) density. In the experiments, the variation of the coefficient of friction and wear ratio of those two different group materials for different sliding speeds, loads, and temperatures were investigated. As a result, the variation of the friction coefficient - temperature for both constant load, and constant sliding speed, friction coefficient - average bearing pressure, PV - wear loss and temperature-wear loss curves were plotted and compared with each other for two materials, separately. The test results showed that Cu-based bearings have better friction and wear properties than Fe-based bearings.     

CR 200J用树脂基摩擦材料的正交试验及多指标加权优选

为制备CR 200J用高耐磨树脂基摩擦材料,采用正交试验法设计不同含量的减摩组分(鳞片石墨、石油焦)与增摩组分(NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉)的树脂基摩擦材料配方。通过热压成型法制备出样品,在制动压力0.8 MPa和转速3 300、4 200、5 400 r/min下测试试样的平均摩擦因数,并计算试样的体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损。对试样的平均摩擦因数、体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损进行极差分析及均一化处理,使用多指标权重优选了综合性能优异的配方。结果表明：鳞片石墨在高转速下对材料的平均摩擦因数起稳定作用及降低材料的热衰退性能,而石油焦在低速制动过程中可稳定材料的平均摩擦因数;NFJ高温黏结剂对材料的各项性能影响不显著,而腰果壳油摩擦粉在高转速下表现出优异的黏弹性,有利于提高材料的平均摩擦因数,降低材料的体积磨损率及对偶质量磨损。使用多指标权重优选得到较好的配方,其中鳞片石墨、石油焦、NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉的质量分数分别为1%、4%、3%、6%。     

Effect of testing conditions on friction and wear of a polyetheretherketone-based composite

Friction and wear characteristics of a type of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)- based composite were evaluated under two different loading pressures and sliding speeds (P = 1.0 MPa, V = 1.0 m/s and P=2.0 Mpa, V=3.3 m/s). The material was in contact with steel surfaces of two different roughnesses (Ra=0.15 μm and Ra=0.33 μm). Interface temperature, coefficient offriction, depth wear rate, and specific wear rate of the polymer composite changed considerably with the PV value and the counterface roughness. The interface temperature increased with increasing PV value, whereas the friction coefficient decreased. The depth wear rate at the higher PV value was much higher than that at lower PV. In addition, the rougher counterface resulted in a higher friction coefficient, depth wear rate, and specific wear rate, when the PV value was fixed. The effect of counterface roughness on the specific wear rate at the higher PV value was smaller than that at the lower PV. Further variations in friction and wear with testing conditions are discussed along with the corresponding microscopic observations of the worn polymer surfaces and the polymer transferred counterfaces.     

Tribology of silicon-thin-film-coated SiC ceramics and the effects of high energy ion irradiation

The sliding friction coefficients and specific wear of SiC ceramics coated with a silicon thin film (Si/SiC) with and without subsequent Ar⁺ irradiation against a diamond pin were measured with a pin-on-disk tester at room temperature in laboratory air of approximately 50% relative humidity without oil lubrication for 40 h. The friction coefficient of Ar⁺-irradiated Si/SiC was about 0.05 with a normal load of 9.8 N and remained almost unchanged during the 40 h test, while that of SiC increased from 0.04 to 0.12 during the test. The silicon deposition also reduced the specific wear of SiC to less than one tenth of that of the uncoated SiC. Effectively no wear was detected in Si/SiC irradiated to doses of over2×10¹⁶ions cm⁻².     

Inconel718与硬质合金摩擦磨损特性的实验研究

利用UMT-2多功能摩擦磨损试验机对镍基合金Inconel 718与硬质合金刀具对偶时的摩擦磨损特性进行研究,揭示法向载荷和滑动速度对摩擦副摩擦因数的影响,通过SEM观察试样摩擦形貌并分析磨损机制.研究结果表明:摩擦副的摩擦因数随着法向载荷的增大而减小,随滑动速度的增大而增大;Inconel 718镍基合金与硬质合金对偶时的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损.     

Sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron

The effects of sliding velocity, heat-treatment and graphite shape on sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron were studied. Two types of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons having flaky or spheroidal and another type of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron were prepared for this study. The effect of sliding velocity on wear resistance was studied by the Okoshi type and pin-on-disk type wear tests on materials which have experienced “as cast” and “heat-treated” conditions. The Okoshi type wear test results are divided into two relationships depending on sliding velocity or distance. Two regimes, initial wear and steady-state wear, existed for wear loss and sliding distance. A characteristic form of wear curve with a peak and a minimum was obtained when correlating wear loss and sliding velocity. The wear resistance of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons were superior to that of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron. In the results of pin-on-disk tests, there was no clear difference in the reported wear loss and friction coefficient among the alloys. However, an opposite tendency has appeared in the wear loss and friction coefficient: the wear loss value reached a peak in the wear curve at 0.52 m/s, while the friction coefficient reached a minimum at 0.52 m/s.     

石墨烯/MoS2复合涂层多环境下的摩擦学性能

以MoS2作为润滑剂,以石墨烯(GE)作为润滑添加剂,采用喷涂法在GCr15钢样片表面制备不同含量的GE/MoS2复合涂层.利用HSR-2M型高速往复式摩擦磨损试验机测试涂层在干摩擦及海水环境中的摩擦磨损性能,并分析了磨痕形貌及磨损机制.结果表明:添加适量石墨烯可明显改善MoS2涂层的摩擦磨损性能,且海水环境中涂层的摩...     

Epoxy, ZnO, and PTFE nanocomposite: friction and wear optimization

To lower the friction coefficient and increase the wear resistance of epoxy, nanoparticles of zinc oxide and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were added in small volume percents to an epoxy matrix. Tribological testing of the samples in this study was completed on a linear reciprocating tribometer with a 250 N normal load and a 50.8 mm/s sliding speed. Several samples were made and tested following a modified Simplex Method optimization procedure in order to find a volume percent for optimized wear resistance and friction coefficient. The sample with the optimum wear rate consisted of 1 volume percent of zinc oxide nanoparticles and 14.5 volume percent of PTFE nanoparticles. It had a wear rate of k = 1.79 × 10⁻⁷ mm³/Nm; 400× more wear resistant than neat epoxy. The sample with the optimum friction coefficient consisted of 3.5 volume percent of zinc oxide nanoparticles and 14.5 volume percent of PTFE nanoparticles and had a friction coefficient of μ = 0.113, which is almost a 7× decrease in friction coefficient from neat epoxy.     

Friction coefficient and wear rate of sputter-deposited thin films and plasma-sprayed thick coatings at high temperatures in room air

Silver, calcium fluoride (CaF_x with x = 1.85) and chromium-carbon (Cr₃C₂) thin films were deposited onto various tribological test specimens by sputtering. The friction properties of sputter-deposited Ag and CaF_x single layers as well as Ag/CaF_x multilayer films were determined by ball-on-disk tribological tests conducted in room air under various experimental conditions. The tribological properties (friction coefficient and wear rate) of sputter-deposited CaF_x films were also determined at 500°C by pin-on-disk tribological tests performed with pin specimens made of cobalt-based alloy (alacrite). Chromium-carbon films sputter-deposited onto alacrite disk and counterfaces were found to be of interest for reducing the formation of alacrite wear debris in the wear tracks; thus reduced friction coefficient and wear rate values were obtained. The friction behavior of sputter-deposited CaF_x/Cr₃C₂ thin bilayer structures and plasma-sprayed (PS) chromium carbide/Ag/BaF₂-CaF₂ eutectic composite coatings (PS-212 type coatings) was investigated by plane-on-plane tribological tests conducted in room air at 500°C and 700°C. The friction performance of solid lubricant thin bilayer films was compared with that of thick PS-212 type coatings similar to coatings developed by NASA.     

不同石墨烯添加量下MoS2基复合涂层的摩擦磨损及耐腐蚀性能

为改善MoS2基固体润滑涂层的摩擦磨损性能和耐蚀性能,制备了不同石墨烯（GE）添加量的MoS2复合涂层,利用HSR-2M摩擦磨损试验机测试了复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能,并分析了其磨损机理,通过极化曲线、交流阻抗谱（EIS）研究了涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。试验结果表明,0.8-GE/MoS2复合涂层的摩擦磨损和耐腐蚀性能最优,其平均摩擦因数和磨损率分别为0.232和2.379×10-13 m3/(N·m),较未添加石墨烯的MoS2涂层分别降低了49.56%和43%,腐蚀速率（1.96×10-8 A/cm2）较纯MoS2涂层（5.54×10-6 A/cm2）降低了近2个数量级。石墨烯的二维片状结构具有良好的自润滑性能,在涂层中均匀分布时能有效阻隔腐蚀介质的渗透,因此,石墨烯的添加提高了MoS2基复合涂层的摩擦学性能和耐腐蚀性能,石墨烯的最优添加量为0.8%（质量分数）。     

ZrO2陶瓷与304钢配副高水基液压元件摩擦学性能

采用Rtec摩擦磨损试验机MFT-5000、白光三维干涉仪和扫描电镜,考察不同载荷和高水基乳化液浓度条件下ZrO₂陶瓷与304钢配副的摩擦系数、磨损体积和表面形貌,并探讨其磨损机制。通过控制变量法分析表明:载荷比高水基乳化液浓度对摩擦系数的影响较大,且随着载荷的增大,摩擦系数趋于稳定,而磨损体积增大;随着浓度的增大,摩擦系数逐渐减小并趋于稳定,磨损体积先减小后增大,在100 N/Hz和浓度为6%工况下,陶瓷与钢配副的摩擦系数和磨损体积最小;陶瓷与钢配副在高水基乳化液中以氧化磨损为主,且随着浓度增大,氧化磨损先增大后减小,伴有犁削磨损。陶瓷与钢配副模拟液压元件内部摩擦副的润滑效果,通过分析试验结果找到合适的工况来提高液压元件的寿命和工作效率。     

晶粒尺寸对WC硬质合金刀具材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

研究了三种不同晶粒尺寸的硬质合金材料的摩擦磨损性能,测量了摩擦系数,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了硬质合金磨损表面的形貌变化。结果表明,随着滑动速度和载荷的提高,硬质合金的摩擦系数呈下降的趋势;相同条件下,随着晶粒的减小,硬质合金的摩擦系数略有升高。粗晶粒的硬质合金主要磨损机制为WC晶粒脱落造成的磨粒磨损,细晶粒硬质合金磨损机制主要表现为塑性变形。     

纳米氧化镧和蛇纹石改性PTFE复合材料淡水环境摩擦学性能预测*

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)为基体,改性纳米氧化镧(nano-La_2O_3)、改性纳米蛇纹石(nano-serpentine)为添加剂,采用均匀设计法,制备nano-La_2O_3/nano-serpentine/PTFE复合材料。自制水环境模拟装置,设计并进行淡水环境复合材料摩擦学实验。使用Origin软件对实验数据进行曲线拟合,使用SPSS软件进行多元回归分析,得到摩擦学性能回归方程,通过MATLAB解出回归方程摩擦因数和磨损率理论最优解。以复合材料最优理论配比制作试件,进行摩擦学性能对比实验和磨损表面形貌分析。结果表明:复合材料摩擦学性能实验值与回归分析理论结果基本吻合,摩擦因数误差控制在5%以内,磨损率误差控制在10%以内,证明研究所用方法对复合材料摩擦学性能预测具有可行性。     

微米氧化铝/尼龙复合材料在不同条件下的滚滑摩擦磨损行为研究

以微米氧化铝(Al2O3)为增强剂,尼龙1010为基体,进行氧化铝/尼龙复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的滚滑动摩擦磨损实验。通过实验发现,水能降低氧化铝/尼龙复合材料的摩擦因数,但增大了磨损量。水润滑时,尼龙1010材料的摩擦因数为0.09,为干摩擦时的45%;氧化铝/尼龙复合材料的平均摩擦因数为0.1195,比尼龙增加了24.7%,是干摩擦时的42%。水润滑时尼龙1010的磨损量为干摩擦时的2.5倍,复合材料平均磨损量为干摩擦时2.8倍。     

氧化铝陶瓷在腐蚀环境下的摩擦磨损性能

研究了氧化铝陶瓷在HCl溶液、NaOH溶液和去离子水3种润滑介质下的摩擦磨损性能,获得其在不同滑动速度下的摩擦因数、磨损体积和表面形貌.结果表明:酸性环境抑制了硅和铝的氢氧化物膜的产生,导致在HCl溶液润滑下摩擦副的摩擦因数高,氧化铝陶瓷表面磨损严重;以NaOH溶液为润滑介质时摩擦副的摩擦表面成膜度最高,摩擦因数最低,...