生物法利用虾壳及虾头废弃物的研究进展

克氏原螯虾消耗量巨大,因虾加工而带来的虾壳及虾头的处理问题是亟待解决的难题。传统上主要采用酸碱法水解处理虾壳及虾头来提取甲壳素,该法会造成严重的环境污染。生物法利用虾壳及虾头废弃物容易操作、条件温和、对环境污染小,不仅可以得到高分子甲壳素,还可以回收利用蛋白质和虾青素等成分。依次利用酶解法、细菌发酵法、真菌发酵法来阐述生物法利用虾壳及虾头废弃物的研究进展。     

小龙虾下脚料中虾青素和甲壳素提取工艺研究

我国每年会产生大量的虾头、虾壳、虾尾等富含虾青素和甲壳素等高经济价值成分的下脚料。以小龙虾下脚料为原料进行虾青素和甲壳素的连续提取,首先对原料进行去蛋白质处理,然后采用乙酸乙酯浸提法提取虾青素,最后采用HCl/NaOH浸提法从剩余固体中提取甲壳素。通过单因素及响应面优化试验,确定最佳虾青素提取工艺条件：料液比1∶19（g/mL）、浸提时间120 min、浸提温度34℃,此条件下虾青素提取量为67.40 μg/g;最佳甲壳素提取工艺条件：HCl溶液浓度1 mol/L、HCl溶液浸泡时间20 min、NaOH溶液浓度1 mol/L、NaOH溶液浸泡时间6.5 min,此条件下甲壳素提取率为24.13%。     

虾蟹壳生产甲壳素废碱液的成分分析

为了探讨利用膜分离技术处理并综合利用水产品加工下脚料虾、蟹壳生产甲壳素产生的废碱液的效果,本文对海虾壳及海蟹壳碱两种原料经烧碱脱蛋白工艺产生的高碱废水进行了成分分析.分析结果表明,用现有生产工艺生产甲壳素,废碱液中残留烧碱的浓度很高,约在3%～4.5%.蟹壳废碱液中钙含量平均高迭20.5mg/g,蛋白质及其水解物含量达4.72%,虾青素含量390μg/L,化学需氧量(COD)高达11.28g/L,蟹壳废碱液中各成分指标都远高于虾壳.虾壳废碱液中蛋白水解物分子量主要分布在200-1000Da范围内,蟹壳的则分布在10000～20000Da范围内;两种原料的氨基酸分析结果表明,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量都明显高于其他氨基酸成分.     

金盏花虾青素晶体中杂质的分析鉴定

天然虾青素具有抗氧化、抗衰老等生物活性,在医药、食品添加剂等领域具有广阔的应用前景。从金盏花中提取制备虾青素具有原料来源广泛、成本低、产品活性高等优点,是一种有工业化生产潜力的方法。本文在前期研究的基础上,利用光谱和色谱方法对制备的金盏花虾青素样品中虾青素的含量进行了测定,利用半制备色谱对样品中各杂质组分进行了分离制备,并利用LC-MS对其成分进行了鉴定分析。实验结果表明:由金盏花制备的虾青素样品中总类胡萝卜素的含量大于95%,其中全反式虾青素的含量在80%以上,主要杂质成分是半虾红素和金盏花红素,此外还含有少量的角黄素和羟基海胆酮。该研究可以为金盏花虾青素的工业化生产和应用提供一定的理论依据。     

虾壳虾青素提取工艺的研究

研究了从虾加工废弃物的残虾头、虾壳提取天然青素的工艺，采用二氯甲烷直接萃取法，其回收率高，还比较了螯虾壳虾青素与红虾壳虾青素的不同，研究结果表明，螯虾壳虾青素主要是以游离的形式存在，红虾壳虾青素主要是以虾青素酯的形式存在。     

利用蟹壳制备乳酸钙和甲壳素的技术研究

以蟹壳为原料,采用乳酸与碱性电解水联合处理脱矿物质与蛋白质制备乳酸钙和甲壳素。经过条件优化,蟹壳与1.14 mol/L乳酸以1∶10(g/mL)的料液比于25℃下发生中和反应,反应时间为2 h,最终乳酸钙的最高产量为0.89 g/g蟹壳粉,乳酸钙各项检测指标均符合国家标准。1%NaCl制备的碱性电解水后继脱蛋白处理提取甲壳素,甲壳素灰分含量为0.81%,蛋白质含量为7.53%,蛋白质脱除率达到90.54%,试验结果表明,用乳酸和碱性电解水联合处理,能较好地实现脱矿物质和脱蛋白制备乳酸钙和甲壳素,实现蟹壳资源的有效利用。     

虾青素营养补充保健食品研究

虾青素是存在于大马哈鱼、鳟鱼、鲷鱼、虾和蟹等动物体内的一种红色素成分。大约在十多年前,日本的一些公司研究发现,虾青素是自然界中存在的一种有很高抗氧化力的重要物质。当时,他们以综合利用南极磷虾资源的目的出发,从磷虾原料中提取虾青素作为功能性成分进行利用。最近,从原料供应的角度又改用一种叫做“海马托可卡斯”的绿色海藻为原料,提取虾青素,应用虾青素与其它功能性提取物的组配方法,生产出多种功能性作用更高的新产品——它们是蓝莓提取物与虾青素;银杏叶提取物与虾青素;多种类胡萝卜素与虾青素;米胚芽与虾青素等四种复合制品。     

虾青素制剂技术及其对虾青素稳定性影响的研究进展

天然虾青素的主要来源是雨生红球藻。虾青素具有极强的抗氧化性和良好的着色能力,在食品、水产养殖、化妆品和医药等领域具有广泛的应用。但是,由于虾青素的低水溶性和化学不稳定性等性质,目前市场上虾青素产品剂型不够丰富,难以满足多元化应用的需求。近年来,随着药剂学技术的发展和在虾青素产品开发上的应用,一定程度上丰富了虾青素产品的剂型。综述了近年来虾青素制剂技术的发展,针对传统虾青素制剂技术、新型虾青素制剂技术(包括虾青素微/纳米颗粒、虾青素水分散体系和虾青素超分子水溶液)和虾青素制剂包装技术对虾青素稳定性的影响,主要对虾青素原料、虾青素制剂的制备和虾青素保存等方面的研究成果进行归纳介绍,为虾青素保存和提高其产品的稳定性与生物利用度提供理论支持。     

龙虾副产品开发利用研究进展

龙虾已成为江苏、安微等长江中游地区重要的经济水产品，产量与消费量同步增长，但直接食用或进行虾仁加工，废弃物多得惊人（可食部分只占虾体的20％左右），每年要产生数万t下脚料或副产品．既污染了环境．又造成了严重的资源浪费。龙虾副产品含有丰富的营养与食疗成分，尤其是甲壳素、虾青素的重要来源，开发潜力十分巨大。对龙虾副产品开发调味品及虾味添加剂、甲壳素、壳聚糖、氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、虾青素、蛋白质、脂类、酶、碳酸钙等研究进展进行综述，以期引起对龙虾副产品综合利用的重视，促进龙虾产业健康、快速发展。     

天然虾青素生产方法研究进展

天然虾青素因其具有独特的生物学功能,在食品、化妆品、保健品和饲料添加剂等方面有着巨大的应用价值和广阔的发展前景。我们对天然虾青素的3种提取方法:从水产加工废弃物中提取虾青素、利用藻类生产虾青素、酵母发酵生产虾青素进行了比较详细的阐述,对各个方法的研究现状和应用前景进行了分析,以期为工业化生产虾青素提供参考。     

柠檬酸用于虾头、虾壳的脱钙处理

以南美白对虾虾头、虾壳为原料,利用柠檬酸对其脱钙处理制备甲壳素,通过单因素和响应面试验优化提取条件。结果表明：当柠檬酸质量浓度12.00g/L、料液比1:2.00(g/mL)、时间3.88h时,所得甲壳素灰分含量为1.0g/100g,即已经达到食品级甲壳素的要求。利用柠檬酸脱除虾头、虾壳中的钙盐制备甲壳素,不仅获得食品级的甲壳素,而且反应条件温和、污染小,生成的副产物柠檬酸钙可以作为钙强化剂,提高虾头、虾壳的资源利用率。     

New route of chitosan extraction from blue crabs and shrimp shells as flocculants on soybean solutes

The chitosan extracted from blue crabs and shrimp shells using calcium oxide (deproteinization) followed by deacetylation which eliminated the demineralization step to reduce the chemical usage and environmental protection. The extracted chitosan examined the flocculation to soybean solutes. The optical density (OD), solid%, and purity% (carbohydrates/soluble solids) after flocculation were measured. The OD was significantly decreased from 0.76 to 0.16 with blue crabs and 0.06 with shrimp shells chitosan-acetate dosing (0.5 g/L). The removal of about 68 and 66% solids was achieved by the addition of 0.5 g/L chitosan-acetate. The purity% was reached about 80% with blue crabs, and 78% with shrimp shells chitosan-acetate. The results of this study verified that the calcium oxide treatment should remove protein and increase the chitin extraction yield on blue crab and shrimp shells. This new route of chitosan extraction should be a useful method for making flocculants in the soybean solutes.     

虾蟹壳中甲壳素绿色提取技术研究进展

甲壳素的提取需经脱除蛋白质、矿物质、脂质和色素等工艺,酸碱法有成本高、环境危害等缺点,微生物发酵、酶法或基因工程等生物法绿色提取技术亟待研究。本文综述以虾蟹壳为原料,由传统化学法、生物法绿色提取技术的进展;分析微生物发酵、酶法及基因工程等生物法的优缺点,微生物生物转化及酶处理利用发酵产生的有机酸和蛋白酶,经济有效易实现大规模生产,提出微生物发酵法提取甲壳素具有产业化潜力;最后对遗传操作和代谢工程在近几年的进展也进行了讨论。以生物法绿色提取技术生产甲壳素既具备环境友好又具备高效性,具有重要的发展前景。     

EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOPROTEIN FROM BLACK TIGER SHRIMP SHELLS WITH THE AID OF BLUEFISH TRYPSIN

The effect of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) trypsin on the recovery and characteristics of carotenoprotein from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shells was investigated. Trypsin concentration and reaction time both affected the hydrolysis and the recovery of carotenoproteins ( P <  0.05). The recovery of carotenoproteins from shrimp shells was maximized by the hydrolysis of shrimp shells using 1.2 trypsin units/g shrimp shells for 1 h at 25C. Freeze-dried carotenoprotein recovered contained 70.20% protein, 19.76% lipid, 6.57% ash, 1.50% chitin, and 87.91 µg total astaxanthin/g sample, indicating a substantial reduction in the levels of antinutrients associated with shrimp waste, while enriching the product in carotenoid pigments and valuable essential nutrients (proteins and lipids). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the recovered carotenoprotein revealed that protein with molecular weight of 45 kDa was the major constituent. When hydrolytic activities of bluefish and bovine trypsins toward carotenoproteins in black tiger shrimp shells were compared, the recovery efficacy of protein and pigment by bluefish trypsin was similar to that achieved by trypsin from bovine pancreas. Therefore, bluefish trypsin could be used as an alternative cheap proteinase for extraction of carotenoproteins from black tiger shrimp shells.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Carotenoproteins from black tiger shells, the byproduct of shrimp processing, can be recovered with the aid of fish trypsin. This product can be used for both food and feed applications. Additionally, the fish trypsin can be used instead of bovine trypsin. As a whole, the utilization of fish and shellfish processing wastes can be maximized.     

对虾加工下脚料的综合提取技术研究进展

随着我国对虾加工行业的迅速发展,产生的加工下脚料也急剧增多,主要包括虾头、虾壳和虾尾,这些下脚料中有很大一部分未被利用导致了资源浪费。工厂一般采用化学法等较简易的方法提取甲壳素、蛋白质、虾青素和虾油,得率低、纯度不高、综合利用率较差,且由于使用大量化学试剂也易造成环境污染。近期的研究发现了超临界CO₂萃取、离子液体等新的提取工艺对虾加工下脚料中营养物质的方法,不仅更环保,还能提高得率和纯度以及避免活性物质的破坏和损失。本文针对对虾加工下脚料中营养成分的提取方法进行了综述,比较并分析了化学法、酶法等传统提取技术与微生物发酵法、离子液体法、超临界及亚临界等新的工艺技术的特点,并对其综合提取技术进行了初步探讨,以期为进一步高效开发利用对虾的加工下脚料资源提供一定借鉴。     

离子液体在虾壳甲壳素提取中的应用研究进展

文章综述了虾壳在离子液体中的溶解与再生、甲壳素提取物的组成及结构表征,分析了离子液体种类、溶解条件对甲壳素提取效果的影响规律,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

Recovery of Components from Shrimp (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) Processing Waste by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT:  Industrial shrimp waste is a good source of protein, chitin, and carotenoids. In general, this waste is discarded with no attempt to use it, thus contributing to environmental pollution. This study was aimed at recovering the 3 main components of industrial shrimp waste, protein, chitin, and astaxanthin, using enzymatic treatment with Alcalase and pancreatin. An increase in the degree of hydrolysis (DH) from 6% to 12% resulted in 26% to 28% protein recovery. Alcalase was more efficient than pancreatin, increasing the recovery of protein from 57.5% to 64.6% and of astaxanthin from 4.7 to 5.7 mg astaxanthin/100 g of dry waste, at a DH of 12%. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the industrial waste from Xiphopenaeus kroyeri shrimp using Alcalase allowed for 65% protein recovery in the form of hydrolysates, in addition to providing suitable conditions for the recovery of astaxanthin and chitin.     

Production,properties, and some new applications of chitin and its derivatives

Chitin is a polysaccharide composed from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units. It is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth and found mainly in invertebrates, insects, marine diatoms, algae, fungi, and yeasts. Recent investigations confirm the suitability of chitin and its derivatives in chemistry, biotechnology, medicine, veterinary, dentistry, agriculture, food processing, environmental protection, and textile production. The development of technologies based on the utilization of chitin derivatives is caused by their polyelectrolite properties, the presence of reactive functional groups, gel-forming ability, high adsorption capacity, biodegradability and bacteriostatic, and fungistatic and antitumour influence. Resources of chitin for industrial processing are crustacean shells and fungal mycelia. Fungi contain also chitosan, the product of N-deacetylation of chitin. Traditionally, chitin is isolated from crustacean shells by demineralization with diluted acid and deproteinization in a hot base solution. Furthermore, chitin is converted to chitosan by deacetylation in concentrated NaOH solution. It causes changes in molecular weight and a degree of deacetylation of the product and degradation of nutritionally valuable proteins. Thus, enzymatic procedures for deproteinization of the shells or mold mycelia and for chitin deacetylation were investigated. These studies show that chitin is resistant to enzymatic deacetylation. However, chitin deacetylated partially by chemical treatment can be processed further by deacetylase. Efficiency of enzymatic deproteinization depends on the source of crustacean offal and the process conditions. Mild enzymatic treatment removes about 90% of the protein and carotenoids from shrimp-processing waste, and the carotenoprotein produced is useful for feed supplementation. In contrast, deproteinization of shrimp shells by Alcalase led to the isolation of chitin containing about 4.5% of protein impurities and recovery of protein hydrolysate.     

Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin,chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review

BackgroundFood processing produces large quantities of by-products. Disposal of waste can lead to environmental and human health problems, yet often they can be turned into high value, useful products. For example, crustacean shell wastes from shrimp, crab, lobster, and krill contain large amounts of chitin, a polysaccharide that may be extracted after deproteinisation and demineralization of the exoskeletons.Scope and approachThis review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these crustacean shellfish wastes and the various ways to use chitin. This biopolymer and its derivatives, such as chitosan, have many biological activities (e.g., anti-cancer, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing) and can be used in various applications (e.g., medical, cosmetic, food, and textile).Key findings and conclusionsDue to the huge waste produced each year by the shellfish processing industry and the absence of waste management which represent an environmental hazard, the extraction of chitin from crustaceans’ shells may be a solution to minimize the waste and to produce valuable compound which possess biological properties with application in many fields. As a food waste, it is important to also be aware of the non-food uses of these wastes.     

不同来源虾青素提取、纯化及定量检测方法的研究进展

虾青素是一种较强的天然抗氧化剂,能有效淬灭单线态氧和清除自由基,减少氧化对组织细胞和DNA损伤的能力,能有效防治相关的疾病,还可用作鱼类和家禽饲料的添加剂,改善皮肤和肌肉颜色、提高繁殖能力、增加营养及商品价值,在饲料、食品、医药及化妆品等领域具有广泛的应用。天然虾青素存在于虾蟹外壳、牡蛎、鲑鱼及藻类和真菌中,其存在形态和结构存在差异。由于虾青素有3种光学异构体、多种几何异构体,且极易与脂肪酸结合形成虾青素单酯、虾青素双酯,导致虾青素的结构复杂多样,对虾青素的分析存在许多困难和挑战。本文从虾青素的结构、应用、破壁方法、提取纯化及定量检测方法等方面,对不同来源的虾青素进行了概述,以期为虾青素资源的深入研究和开发利用提供参考。