Cl2／TiCl4体系引发异丁烯阳离子聚合的研究

采用紫外光谱法证明了Ｃｌ２／ＴｉＣｌ４引发异丁烯聚合体系中同时存在着两种引发活性中心及络合竞争。经过陈化可消去其中的（ＴｉＣｌ４←Ｈ２Ｏ）活性中心。探讨了陈化对聚合产物的影响。研究了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应温度和反应时间对聚合产物的分子量及其分布，转化率的影响。得到了反应条件下的活性中心向单体链转移常数ＣＭ，向引发剂链转移常数Ｃ１在不同温度范围的聚合度活化能。     

羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂在溶液中分子形态的…

通过激光光莠射和粘度法研究了羧甲基纤维素（ＣＭＣ）与烷基醇聚氧乙烯醚丙烯酸酯（ＡＲ１２ＥＯｎ）的超声共聚物在溶液中的分子形态。结果表明，随活性大单体支锭增长，共聚物分子尺寸增大；水训的胶不粒子随共聚物的疏水性增强而增大，ＣＭＣ－ＡＲ１２ＥＯ３体系胶束聚集数最大；共聚物分子与胶束均呈棒状结构。共聚物水溶液的粘度主要取决于分子量和胶束缔合数，盐水溶液２中的粘度异常行为与共聚物中引入的大单体活性及形成的     

碱金属碳酸盐催化合成环氧端基酚酞聚芳醚腈E—PCE

由酚酞和２，６－二氯苯甲腈经亲核缩聚反应制得了含－ＯＫ端基的聚醚腈低聚物。在碱金属碳酸盐Ｋ２ＣＯ３／Ｈ２Ｏ催化下，将其与环氧氯丙烷反应得到了含环氧端基聚醚腈（Ｅ－ＰＣＥ）。用ＦＴ－ＩＲ、＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ表征了Ｅ－ＰＣＥ的分子链结构，测定了产物的环氧值、分子量及分子量分布。讨论了单体的摩尔比，反应温度，催化剂含量及水含量对产物的影响。     

淀粉在CS2/H2O2体系中与烯烃接枝共聚

采用ＣＳ２／Ｈ２Ｏ２体系在碱性条件下引发玉米淀粉与丙烯酰胺,苯乙烯接枝共聚,系统研究了ＮａＯＨ、ＣＳ２和单体的浓度、ＣＳ２／Ｈ２Ｏ２的摩尔比及反应温度等与接枝效应关系。结果发现在适宜条件下,室温（２５－３５℃）接枝反应０．５－１．０ｈ,单体转化率和接枝效率可达９６％以上。     

水溶性单体对聚合物乳液在水泥浆体中稳定性的影响

以水泥浆的流动性和筛上残余率为评价指标研究了水溶性单体丙烯酸(AA)、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA)、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)单独使用或组合使用对聚合物乳液在水泥浆中稳定性的影响,并对其影响机制进行探讨。结果表明,不管水溶性单体是单独使用还是组合使用,随其总含量(0%~4%)的增加,聚合物乳液在水泥浆中的稳定性增加。在相同含量时,不同结构的水溶性单体对聚合物乳液在水泥浆中稳定性的贡献大小为NMAAAHEMA,与它们的无机性值/有机性值的比值有着很好的一致性。水溶性单体的含量和种类决定着聚合物乳液的钙离子临界凝聚浓度(CCC),聚合物乳液的CCC值越高,其在水泥浆中稳定性越好。水溶性单体越倾向于分布在乳胶粒表面,越有利于聚合物乳液的稳定。     

超临界流体干燥法制备纳米级TiO2的研究

本文以廉价无机盐为原料,采用溶胶－凝胶法结合超临界流体干燥制备了纳米级ＴｉＯ２,并采用ＸＲＤ,ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ、ＴＥＭ技术研究了Ｓｏｌ－Ｇｅｌ过程中溶液的ＰＨ值、浓度、陈化时间及ＳＣＦＤ技术等条件对ＴｉＯ２粒径大小的影响。     

高频等离子体超声喷雾热解法制备CuO/Al2O3粉体

以硝酸盐水溶液为原料、高频感耦等离子体为加热源、超声雾化热解的方法制备ＣｕＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３粉体。研究发现，溶液浓度及等离子参数体条件对粉初始态的特性有很大影响，浓度越低，粉体越细。纯Ａｌ２Ｏ３粉为粒径在１μｍ左右的空心球或壳状碎片，ＣｕＯ粉由无定型海绵体与平均粒度为２０ｎｍ的超细粒子组成。混合溶液制得的粉体形貌随着Ｃｕ／Ａｌ原子比的变化而变化，ＣｕＯ与Ａｌ２Ｏ３熔点温度相差较大是导致粉体生成微观过程     

羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂在溶液中分子形态的研究

通过激光光散射和粘度法研究了羧甲基纤维素（ＣＭＣ）与烷基醇聚氧乙烯醚丙烯酸酯（ＡＲ１２ＥＯｎ）的超声共聚物在溶液中的分子形态。结果表明，随活性大单体支链增长，共聚物分子尺寸增大；水溶液中的胶束粒子随共聚物的疏水性增强而增大，ＣＭＣ－ＡＲ１２ＥＯ３体系胶束聚集数最大；共聚物分子与胶束均呈棒状结构。共聚物水溶液的粘度主要取决于分子量和胶束缔合数，盐水溶液中的粘度异常行为与共聚物中引入的大单体活性及形成的胶束结构有关。     

Lewis酸／SOCl_2复合引发体系α－蒎烯聚合作用研究

研究了由多种Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸（ＦｅＣｌ３、ＡｌＣｌ３、ＴｉＣｌ４、ＢＦ３·ＯＥｔ２等）与ＳＯＣｌ２配制成的一类新型聚合引发剂，比较了它们对α－蒎烯的引发复合性能。结果表明复合引发体系的活性比之单独的Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸均大幅度提高，活性大小顺序为：ＢＦ３·ＯＥｔ２／ＳＯＣｌ２＞ＴｉＣｌ４／ＳＯＣｌ２≈ＡｌＣｌ３／ＳＯＣｌ２＞ＦｅＣｌ３／ＳＯＣｌ２，与它们的配位能力大小顺序一致。系统考察了ＴｉＣｌ４／ＳＯＣｌ２体系的聚合性能，研究了复合引发剂组分比、溶剂、活泼单体苯乙烯、外加Ｌｅｗｉｓ碱以及聚合条件等对α－蒎烯聚合动力学、产物分子量及其分子结构的影响，据之讨论了该复合引发剂的作用机制，提出了活性种本质的看法。     

用可见分光光度法测定NaCl溶液中的CO2含量

研究了一种新的测定ＮａＣｌ溶液中ＣＯ２含量的可见分光光度法，考究了该法的测量误差。研究了ＮａＣｌ浓度等因素对ＣＯ２含量的影响规律。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...