汽车发动机冷却系统动态特性仿真

本文建立了汽车发动机冷却系统的动态特性仿真模型,并在MATLAB/SIMULINK中对模型进行仿真计算。主要对汽车在启动、加速、减速三种情况下冷却系统的传热特性进行仿真,并将仿真结果与实验数据进行比较分析,仿真结果与实验值的相对误差在±3%以内,表明笔者的建模方法是合理的。     

基于GT_COOL的质子交换膜燃料电池发动机冷却系统仿真

运用GT-COOL软件建立了30 kW质子交换膜燃料电池发动机冷却系统的一维仿真模型,该模型主要由电堆、水泵、风扇和散热器子模型组成。利用该模型对燃料电池在各工况点的冷却系统散热特性进行仿真,并将仿真结果与实验数据进行比较分析,仿真结果与实验值的相对误差在5%以内,表明所建模型是合理的。     

某发动机冷却系统的仿真分析与实验验证

首先详细介绍了发动机冷却系统一维仿真的过程,然后搭建台架,进行了冷却系统实验,最后将计算结果与实验结果进行了对比,发现最大误差不超过5％,证明了仿真计算的正确性.     

基于KULI的某重型商用车发动机冷却系统的仿真与试验研究

以某重型商用车发动机冷却系统为研究对象,利用整车热管理仿真软件KULI建立了冷却系统模型,进行了发动机冷却系统的仿真计算,并与试验数值进行比对分析.结果表明:仿真结果与试验数值吻合较好,仿真模型可靠,为发动机冷却系统的设计与匹配提供理论依据,通过软件仿真可以大大提高冷却系统分析效率,节省试验费用.     

汽车散热器结构优化研究

散热器是汽车发动机冷却系统的重要组成部分.采用多孔介质模型对汽车散热器进行简化,对其温度场和流场进行了仿真计算.分别模拟计算了进、出水口位置以及水管排数不同时散热器的换热性能,分析比较了它们的换热特性和流动特性以获得进、出水口位置及水管排数对管带式散热器性能的影响,研究了散热器结构优化的方向.利用风洞试验台进行了试验,并将试验值和数值模拟值进行了对比分析,验证了数值模拟的正确性.     

基于Kuli的某乘用车变速箱冷却系统仿真分析

本文利用流体仿真软件Kuli建立了基于试验参数的某乘用车变速箱冷却系统模型,对该变速箱冷却系统进行了仿真计算,并与试验结果比较,结果显示:变速箱侧扁管数目仿真结果与试验值误差为8.3%;油冷器冷却液流量仿真值与试验值误差为1.5%。这表明:仿真结果与试验数值吻合较好,仿真模型可靠,为乘用车变速箱冷却系统的设计与匹配提供理论依据,并且,通过Kuli软件仿真可以较大提高冷却系统的分析效率,缩短研发周期,节省试验费用。     

基于一维/三维耦合仿真的工程机械冷却系统优化设计

本文针对一款设计中的工程机械冷却系统,建立了一维数值模型与三维CFD模型。通过一维/三维耦合计算,研究在散热器模块串联安置并留有间隙的情况下,部分空气绕过前排散热器流动对工程机械冷却系统换热性能造成的影响。将CFD计算结果的风速数据嵌入标准的一维数值模型,对一维仿真计算进行修正。修正后,前排低温油散热器尺寸需要增加约11.3%,经实验验证满足要求。一维/三维耦合仿真使冷却系统热管理仿真计算的精度得到提高,使一维仿真结果更加接近实际情况。     

某重型商用车冷却系统的一维仿真与匹配分析

利用整车热管理仿真软件KULI,建立了某重型商用车发动机冷却系统一维仿真模型,以冷却系统主要部件的物理参数和性能参数作为边界条件,进行标定工况的计算分析并与试验进行对比,验证了仿真的准确性,对冷却系统部分参数进行匹配,分析了影响该发动机冷却系统的各个因素.     

发动机冷却系统匹配仿真研究

应用流体计算软件Flowmaster,建立发动机的热量流动模型。对不同的冷却系统与发动机的匹配方案进行仿真模拟,并对仿真结果进行分析比较,为发动机冷却系统方案的选择与改进提供方向。     

长安混合动力汽车的排放实验与仿真分析

本文以长安混合动力车为研究对象,借助仿真软件Advisor对长安混合动力汽车在典型工况下的排放进行理论研究与仿真分析.并完成了长安混合动力汽车的排放分析实验,对其稳态和瞬态下的排放进行实验与仿真的对比性分析研究.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.