The tuning fork as sensor for dynamic force distance control in scanning near-field optical microscopy

The dynamic force distance control for scanning near-field optical microscopy on the basis of a tuning fork as piezoelectric force sensor is remarkably sensitive. In order to gain a better understanding of this sensitivity the vibrational properties of the tuning fork are modelled within the framework of two coupled harmonic oscillators. As a result, the effective force constant of the tuning fork at resonance frequency is determined. Furthermore, the influence of the additional mass by the attachment of the near-field probe is investigated.     

The tuning fork as sensor for dynamic force distance control in scanning near-field optical microscopy

The dynamic force distance control for scanning near-field optical microscopy on the basis of a tuning fork as piezoelectric force sensor is remarkably sensitive. In order to gain a better understanding of this sensitivity the vibrational properties of the tuning fork are modelled within the framework of two coupled harmonic oscillators. As a result, the effective force constant of the tuning fork at resonance frequency is determined. Furthermore, the influence of the additional mass by the attachment of the near-field probe is investigated.     

应用石英音叉谐振器的智能温度传感器

为了实现高精密温度测量,设计了高性能数字温度传感器,该传感器由石英音叉谐振器,数字接口电路和基于现场可编程门阵列的传感器重置控制算法构成。依据石英晶体压电效应原理,对石英音叉谐振器的热敏切型和电极设置进行了研究;基于力学振动原理,导出石英音叉谐振器弯曲振动模式的微分方程;讨论了谐振式温度传感器的工作原理,提取出石英音叉温度传感器的特征参数并进行了非线性误差分析;采用光刻和侵蚀技术加工制作了石英音叉谐振器。该传感器的频率输出信号通过数字接口进入现场可编程门阵列,通过重置控制算法实现传感器的重置和现场自动校验。实验结果表明,在-20 ~140 ℃,该传感器的灵敏度可达65×10^-6/℃,测温分辨率为0.001 ℃,响应时间为1 s,测温精度为0.01 ℃。     

磁力调频压电电磁复合发电设计与实验

开展了基于环境振动发电作为微电源弥补传统化学电池供能缺陷的研究。基于非线性磁力调频开发了低宽频振动能采集压电电磁复合发电系统。介绍了发电装置工作原理;利用ANSYS和Ansoft Maxwell有限元分析软件仿真分析了压电和电磁发电的输出特性;最后,搭建了压电电磁复合宽频发电装置实验测试系统,测试了发电系统在磁力自调过程中的输出特性。实验结果显示:复合发电系统在谐振频率60Hz时输出开路电压峰值为5.8V,高于压电系统(5.5V)和电磁系统(410mV)独立发电的开路电压峰值。施加磁力拓宽装置后,当压电悬臂梁沿竖直方向上下移动0~15mm时,系统适应谐振频带拓宽为45~76Hz;悬臂梁沿水平方向平移0~30mm时,谐振频带拓宽为51~70 Hz。结果表明仿真分析与实验测试结果吻合很好。该宽频带能量采集技术可用于低频振动环境的能量采集,可在频变环境中为微型低功耗系统提供低电能。     

焊缝跟踪FUZZY－P控制规则的研究

介绍了一种非接触超声传感焊缝跟踪系统。该焊缝跟踪系统采用了Fuzzy－P控制理论,即在大偏差时采用比例控制,在小偏差时采用自调整模糊控制。研究了Fuzzy－P控制的阈值和比例控制的规则。介绍了自调整模糊控制的原理,提出了焊缝跟踪中的双因数自调整模糊控制方法。在试验的基础上确定了双因数的数值。应用公式法生成了模糊控制规则表。同时分析了自调整模糊控制中的比例系数对系统动态特性的影响。通过试验确定了该系统中的比例系数的数值。试验证明,该跟踪系统具有快速、准确、稳定的特点,完全能够满足实际工程应用的需要。     

一种智能型焊缝跟踪系统的研制

论述一种智能型焊缝跟踪系统,采用直接拍摄电弧式视觉传感器检测焊缝跟踪偏差,并通过一个自调整模糊控制器实现偏差的调节。整个跟踪过程可通过屏幕实时观察,所有的参数设置都通过人机对话实现。此外,还提出了一种新的焊缝图像处理方法来实时检测焊缝。试验表明,该系统能够对GTAW对接焊缝实现精确的跟踪。     

分布式棱镜SPR传感器

SPR传感器的研究与应用进展迅速，尤其在生命科学、化学、环保等领域已经成为一种很重要的研究工具和手段。尽管棱镜SPR传感器关于角度谱的理论计算比较成熟，但是波长谱的计算尚未产生完整的理论计算体系。提出一种新的基于波长谱的分析方法，分析了调制层折射率和厚度对传感器输出特性的影响，并且根据该关系提出了分布式SPR传感器的设计方法。与传统的SPR传感器相比，该传感器大大降低了成本，其原理也可以很容易地移植到分布式光纤SPR传感器的设计中。首先介绍了原理，其次进行了基于波长谱分析的理论计算，最后给出了一种实用的设计方案及模拟结果。     

光纤光栅空分光复用传感系统的研究

介绍了一种光纤光栅空分复用传感系统,并将光纤光栅的传感特性应用于结构健康检测系统中。宽带光源发出的光波进入光栅阵列时,利用光开关选通不同光路实现FBG空分复用传感系统。系统采用等腰三角形悬臂梁调谐装置对FBG进行挠度加载,利用非平衡M-Z干涉技术对传感信息进行解调,将包含被测应变信息的FBG波长信号转变成相位信号,从而得到被测应变的大小,成功地实现了空分复用传感。该系统可用于静态应变和动态应变的检测,具有高分辨力、大测量范围的特点,其传感分辨率为7.3 nε,灵敏度的实验值为0.82°/με。     

MIMO extended predictive control-implementation and robust stability analysis

The objective of this work is to develop a new tuning strategy for multivariable extended predictive control (EPC). A natural concern is the problem of ill conditionality in controlling multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. The main advantage of EPC is that it has a simple and effective tuning strategy that results in a well-conditioned system which can achieve tight closed-loop response. Moreover, unlike most existing model predictive control tuning strategies, the proposed strategy establishes a direct relationship between one main tuning parameter for each subprocess of the MIMO system. This tuning method has been derived based on the assumption of an infinite control horizon resulting in powerful stability for the nominal case and in the presence of model uncertainty. This tuning method is applicable to unconstrained multivariable processes, and was proven to have good control on nonsquare systems. The main features of the new tuning strategy are practically illustrated on a MIMO temperature system with improved control performance as compared to move suppressed predictive control.     

电机控制系统中的电流检测技术

指出了电流检测技术在电机控制系统中的重要性,介绍了常用的几种电流检测手段及其工作原理.针对采样电阻和霍尔电流传感器,详细给出了电流采样信号调理电路原理图.最后提出了元器件选型原则及使用注意事项.     

基于小波包特征提取及支持向量回归机的光纤布拉格光栅冲击定位系统

以光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)为传感网络,构建了复合材料冲击载荷实时在线监测系统,研究了基于小波包特征提取及支持向量回归机的光纤-碳纤维复合材料结构冲击定位方法.针对同一冲击点,分析不同传感信号,获得了冲击响应信号小波包能量谱,分析结果表明小波包能量谱中特定阶数对冲击敏感.改变冲击点位置研究小波包能量谱与冲击位置之间的关系,提出将第6阶小波包能量值作为冲击定位的特征向量.采用支持向量回归机建立样本数据的回归模型,预测冲击载荷位置,并对支持向量机的相关调整参数进行了优化.实验表明,支持向量机的网络测试误差为4.81％.研究结果可为碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)层状结构的冲击性能评估提供可行的实验方法.     

Force-gradient-induced mechanical dissipation of quartz tuning fork force sensors used in atomic force microscopy

We have studied the dynamics of quartz tuning fork resonators used in atomic force microscopy taking into account the mechanical energy dissipation through the attachment of the tuning fork base. We find that the tuning fork resonator quality factor changes even in the case of a purely elastic sensor-sample interaction. This is due to the effective mechanical imbalance of the tuning fork prongs induced by the sensor-sample force gradient, which in turn has an impact on dissipation through the attachment of the resonator base. This effect may yield a measured dissipation signal that can be different from the one exclusively related to the dissipation between the sensor and the sample. We also find that there is a second-order term in addition to the linear relationship between the sensor-sample force gradient and the resonance frequency shift of the tuning fork that is significant even for force gradients usually present in atomic force microscopy, which are in the range of tens of N/m.     

Atomic force microscopy at ambient and liquid conditions with stiff sensors and small amplitudes

We report on atomic force microscopy (AFM) in ambient and liquid environments with the qPlus sensor, a force sensor based on a quartz tuning fork with an all-electrical deflection measurement scheme. Small amplitudes, stiff sensors with bulk diamond tips and high Q values in air and liquid allow to obtain high resolution images. The noise sources in air and liquid are analyzed and compared for standard silicon cantilevers and qPlus sensors. First, epitaxial graphene was imaged in air, showing atomic steps with 3 A? height and ridges. As a second sample system, measurements on calcite (CaCO(3)) in liquids were performed in water and polyethylenglycol (PEG). We demonstrate high resolution images of steps in PEG on calcite and nanolithography processes, in particular with frequency-modulation AFM the controlled dissolution of calcite monolayers.     

A displacement sensor combining cavity tuning of a laser with a piezoelectric transducer's subdivision technique for a bidirectional sampling on the rising and falling flanks

A displacement sensor combining cavity tuning of a laser with a piezoelectric transducer's subdivision technique is presented. Because of the low gain, the measuring range of the displacement sensor based on the orthogonally polarized dual-frequency He-Ne laser at 633 nm is limited. The gain coefficient is proportional to the cube of the wavelength, so the He-Ne laser at 1.15 μm is adopted in research. A subdivision technique using a piezoelectric transducer enhances the resolution and the bidirectional sampling of the actuated voltage on its rising and falling flanks effectively amends the hysteresis and nonlinearity effect. The displacement sensor achieves the resolution of 10 nm in the range of 100 mm.     

大型射电望远镜馈源舱对Stewart平台扰动的响应

Stewart平台作为馈源位姿精调机构安装在大型射电望远镜的悬挂馈源舱中 ,与悬索对馈源舱位姿的粗调机构一起 ,构成馈源位姿的两级调整系统。模拟了当Stewart平台对馈源位姿进行精调时 ,馈源舱由于Stewart平台反作用力的扰动而产生的位移响应。根据模拟分析结果和观测精度要求 ,提出了保证馈源位姿两级调整方案成功实施的改进设计     

The control system modeling and experiment for the tele-operated unmanned vehicle

The control system design and modeling of an unmanned vehicle by means of a new concept for better performance through a tele-operation system is suggested by sensor fusion. But, the control of a real vehicle is very difficult, because the system identification of the vehicle is hard to find the unknown factors and the disturbances of the experimental environment. For the longitudinal and lateral controls, the traction system and steering system models are set up and a tuning method to find the gain of the controller by experiments is presented. In this research, mechanical and electronic parts are implemented to operate the unmanned vehicle and data reconstruction method of information about the environment data coming from several sensors is presented by data plot for the vehicle navigation. This paper focuses on the integration of tele-operated unmanned vehicle. This vehicle mainly controlled lateral and longitudinal directions with actuators for controlling vehicle movement and sensors for the closed-loop controlled system.     

A new device built to measure the mechanical characters of the double ended tuning Fork

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - A new device is built to measure the mechanical characters of the double ended tuning fork which is used as the sensitive element of resonant sensor....     

Mechanical monolithic horizontal sensor for low frequency seismic noise measurement

This paper describes a mechanical monolithic horizontal sensor for geophysical applications developed at the University of Salerno. The instrument is basically a monolithic tunable folded pendulum, shaped with precision machining and electric discharge machining, that can be used both as seismometer and, in a force-feedback configuration, as accelerometer. The monolithic mechanical design and the introduction of laser interferometric techniques for the readout implementation makes it a very compact instrument, very sensitive in the low frequency seismic noise band, with a very good immunity to environmental noises. Many changes have been produced since last version (2007), mainly aimed to the improvement of the mechanics and of the optical readout of the instrument. In fact, we have developed and tested a prototype with elliptical hinges and mechanical tuning of the resonance frequency together with a laser optical lever and a new laser interferometer readout system. The theoretical sensitivity curve for both laser optical lever and laser interferometric readouts, evaluated on the basis of suitable theoretical models, shows a very good agreement with the experimental measurements. Very interesting scientific result is the measured natural resonance frequency of the instrument of 70 mHz with a Q=140 in air without thermal stabilization. This result demonstrates the feasibility of a monolithic folded pendulum sensor with a natural resonance frequency of the order of millihertz with a more refined mechanical tuning.     

Trace gas detection based on off-beam quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy: optimization and performance evaluation

A gas sensor based on off-beam quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy was developed and optimized. Specifically, the length and diameter of the microresonator tube were optimized, and the outer tube shape is modified for enhancing the trace gas detection sensitivity. The impact of the distance between the quartz tuning fork and an acoustic microresonator on the sensor performance was experimentally investigated. The sensor performance was evaluated by determining the detection sensitivity to H(2)O vapor in ambient air at normal atmospheric pressure. A normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (1σ) of 6.2×10(-9)?cm(-1)?W/Hz(1/2) was achieved.     

Construction of a dilution refrigerator cooled scanning force microscope

We present a scanning force microscope that operates in a dilution refrigerator at temperatures of about 100 mK. We use tuning fork sensors for scanning gate experiments on mesoscopic semiconductor nanostructures. Slip-stick motors allow sample coarse-positioning at base temperature. The construction, thermal anchoring, and a procedure to optimize the settings of the phase-locked loop that we use for sensor control are discussed in detail. We present low-temperature topographic and scanning gate images as examples of successful operation.