表面增强拉曼光谱应用于肉制品中食源性致病菌快速检测的研究进展

肉制品安全一直是食品安全中备受关注的一部分,而食源性致病菌是全球公共卫生和人类健康的一大威胁因素,因此肉制品中食源性致病菌的检测是肉品行业和食品安全检测领域的热点问题。考虑到肉制品作为一种快消品,其中食源性致病菌快速检测技术的研发刻不容缓。表面增强拉曼光谱（surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS）因其优异的检测特性,被许多学者应用于食品安全快速检测领域。本文简要综述SERS技术及其在肉制品食源性致病菌快速检测中的应用,并对其在食品快速检测领域的应用前景作出展望。     

噬菌体在控制肉源致病菌中的应用研究进展

近年来,随着肉制品种类的不断增加和肉制品加工工艺的更新优化,食源性致病菌在肉类加工各个环节中存在的污染风险也在不断增加。如何采取有效的食源性致病菌防控措施是肉类研究领域和肉类工业关注的焦点。噬菌体作为一种可替代传统抑菌剂的生物抑菌物质,受到学者们的广泛关注,但是其在肉类工业中的应用未得到较全面地总结和评估。因此,本文概述了噬菌体的优点及安全性,详细总结了噬菌体在不同温度、感染复数、制剂组成方式和肉类呈现方式等条件下,防控生鲜肉及肉制品中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、单核增生李斯特菌等食源性致病菌的研究现状,并对噬菌体在保障肉类安全中的发展方向作出展望,以期为噬菌体在肉类食品安全领域的进一步应用提供参考。     

Emerging foodborne pathogens

The broad spectrum of foodborne infections has changed dramatically over time, as well-established pathogens have been controlled or eliminated, and new ones have emerged. The burden of foodborne disease remains substantial: one in four Americans is estimated to have a significant foodborne illness each year. The majority of these illnesses are not accounted for by known pathogens, so more must remain to be discovered. Among the known foodborne pathogens, those more recently identified predominate, suggesting that as more and more is learned about pathogens, they come under control. In addition to the emergence or recognition of new pathogens, other trends include global pandemics of some foodborne pathogens, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the identification of pathogens that are highly opportunistic, affecting only the most high-risk subpopulations, and the increasing identification of large and dispersed outbreaks. New pathogens can emerge because of changing ecology or changing technology that connects a potential pathogen with the food chain. They also can emerge de novo by transfer of mobile virulence factors, often through bacteriophage. Though this is rarely observed, it can be reconstructed. Better understanding of the ecology and dynamics of phage transmission among bacteria will help us to understand the appearance of new pathogens in the future. One may look for emerging foodborne pathogens among the silent zoonoses, and among the severe infections affecting the immunocompromised humans. We should expect the unexpected. In the past, separating human sewage and animal manure from human food and water supplies was critical to improving public health. Now, our health depends increasingly on the safety of the feed and water supplies for the animals themselves. The successes of the 20th century and the new challenges we face mean that public health vigilance, careful investigation of new problems, responsible attention to food safety from farm to table, and partnerships to bring about new foodborne disease control measures will be needed for the foreseeable future.     

纳米材料在食源性致病菌检测的研究进展

摘 要:食品安全问题已经成为全球研究热点问题之一,其中由食源性致病菌引起的食源性疾病频发,对公众健康和财产造成重大的影响。近年来,人们的食品安全意识呈显著增强趋势,食源性致病菌引起的食品安全问题引起了广泛关注。纳米材料具有高灵敏度、高选择性、便携性和低成本等优点,越来越广泛地应用于食源性致病菌的检测,逐渐能够取代传统的检测方式。因此,本文结合近些年国内外的纳米材料在食源性致病菌检测中的研究,综述了不同类型的纳米材料用于检测食源性致病菌的检测原理及其应用。此外,本文讨论了该领域中的研究挑战和前景,以期为今后食品安全提供保障,及时发现不合格、不健康、不安全的食品中的食源性致病菌。     

Current and future interventions for improving poultry health and poultry food safety and security: A comprehensive review

Poultry is thriving across the globe. Chicken meat is the most preferred poultry worldwide, and its popularity is increasing. However, poultry also threatens human hygiene, especially as a fomite of infectious diseases caused by the major foodborne pathogens (Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Listeria). Preventing pathogenic bacterial biofilm is crucial in the chicken industry due to increasing food safety hazards caused by recurring contamination and the rapid degradation of meat, as well as the increased resistance of bacteria to cleaning and disinfection procedures commonly used in chicken processing plants. To address this, various innovative and promising strategies to combat bacterial resistance and biofilm are emerging to improve food safety and quality and extend shelf-life. In particular, natural compounds are attractive because of their potential antimicrobial activities. Natural compounds can also boost the immune system and improve poultry health and performance. In addition to phytochemicals, bacteriophages, nanoparticles, coatings, enzymes, and probiotics represent unique and environmentally friendly strategies in the poultry processing industry to prevent foodborne pathogens from reaching the consumer. Lactoferrin, bacteriocin, antimicrobial peptides, cell-free supernatants, and biosurfactants are also of considerable interest for their prospective application as natural antimicrobials for improving the safety of raw poultry meat. This review aims to describe the feasibility of these proposed strategies and provide an overview of recent published evidences to control microorganisms in the poultry industry, considering the human health, food safety, and economic aspects of poultry production.     

Microbial risk assessment: dose-response relations and risk characterization

Characterizations of the risks associated with foodborne pathogens are dependent on the availability of information on the population's exposure to the biological agents. However, by itself, exposure data are insufficient to assess the public health impact of pathogenic microorganisms. This requires the availability of effective dose-response models. Successful development of models that describe dose-response relations for enteric pathogens is dependent on a sound understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity associated with individual pathogens. This includes knowledge of how the various pathogen, host, and food matrix factors influence pathogenicity. Currently, a group of sigmoidal mathematical equations are used to empirically describe dose-response relations. While these have proven to be highly useful, advances in microbial food safety risk assessment will likely require the development of mechanistic models that more effectively consider the range of factors that influence the frequency and severity of foodborne infections in a population.     

Emerging Bacterial Pathogens in Meat and Poultry: An Overview

Many foodborne diseases are associated with consumption of meat and poultry. Some pathogens were not previously known (new pathogens), others have newly arisen as foodborne (emerging pathogens), and others have become more potent or associated with other products (evolving pathogens). Many of these pathogens may cause severe illness, besides gastroenteritis. Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of food-associated bacterial illness; Campylobacter jejuni O:19 and other serotypes are common etiological agents of Guillain–Barré syndrome, a neuropathy due to autoimmune response. Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and other serotypes have been found to be multi-drug resistant; salmonellosis may lead to chronic reactive arthritis. Many outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli have been associated with consumption of undercooked contaminated ground beef; complication may occur (e.g., hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous; listeriosis is of major public health concern because of the severity and non-enteric nature of the disease (meningitis or meningoencephalitis, septicemia, and abortion) and its ability to multiply at refrigeration temperature. Arcobacter butzleri is a potential foodborne pathogen, and has been isolated from raw poultry, meat, and meat products; but its role in causing human illness is not fully understood. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis can be transmitted by ingestion of raw and processed meats; the organism may contribute to Crohn’s disease, a chronic intestinal enteritis. Beef, pork, lamb, and/or poultry have been reported as sources of infection for the abovementioned organisms but have not been generally associated with disease outbreaks of some of the pathogens.     

Overview of current meat hygiene and safety risks and summary of recent studies on biofilms,and control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in nonintact,and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat,meat products

As meat consumption is increasing around the world, so do concerns and challenges to meat hygiene and safety. These concerns are mostly of a biological nature and include bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Campylobacter in raw meat and poultry, and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat processed products, while viral pathogens are of major concern at foodservice. A major goal of scientists, industry, public health and regulatory authorities is to control pathogenic microorganisms and improve meat product hygiene and safety within a country and internationally. This paper is not a comprehensive or critical review of the scientific literature on the broad area of meat hygiene and safety, but it provides an overview of major current meat hygiene and safety issues, and then a summary of studies on biofilm formation by pathogens, control of E. coli O157:H7 in nonintact meat products, and control of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products, conducted at the Center for Meat Safety & Quality and Food Safety Cluster of Colorado State University in recent years.     

Phages and their lysins: Toolkits in the battle against foodborne pathogens in the postantibiotic era

Worldwide, foods waste caused by putrefactive organisms and diseases caused by foodborne pathogens persist as public health problems even with a plethora of modern antimicrobials. Our over reliance on antimicrobials use in agriculture, medicine, and other fields will lead to a postantibiotic era where bacterial genotypic resistance, phenotypic adaptation, and other bacterial evolutionary strategies cause antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This AMR is evidenced by the emergence of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and pan-resistant (PDR) bacteria, which produces cross-contamination in multiple fields and poses a more serious threat to food safety. A “red queen premise” surmises that the coevolution of phages and bacteria results in an evolutionary arms race that compels phages to adapt and survive bacterial antiphage strategies. Phages and their lysins are therefore useful toolkits in the design of novel antimicrobials in food protection and foodborne pathogens control, and the modality of using phages as a targeted vector against foodborne pathogens is gaining momentum based on many encouraging research outcomes. In this review, we discuss the rationale of using phages and their lysins as weapons against spoilage organisms and foodborne pathogens, and outline the targeted conquest or dodge mechanism of phages and the development of novel phage prospects. We also highlight the implementation of phages and their lysins to control foodborne pathogens in a farm–table–hospital domain in the postantibiotic era.     

微生物源肉类食品安全的现状分析及检测技术

高频率的肉类食品安全突发事件是近年来肉类食品安全问题的一个显著特点,如猪链球菌病、疯牛病、口蹄疫、亚硝酸盐、大肠杆菌、禽流感、瘦肉精、苏丹红等事件的发生,使肉类食品安全性成为社会关注的焦点,并对肉品行业提出了严峻考验和更多的挑战。在各种肉类食品安全事件中,微生物性中毒则是影响肉类食品安全的重要因素,主要包括的食源性致病菌(沙门氏茵、李斯特氏菌、大肠杆菌)和各种病毒(禽流感、猪流感)引起的肉类食品的中毒事件。本文对当前爆发频率比较高、影响比较大的微生物引起的肉类食品的现状进行了详细的分析,并根据实际情况寻找出先进的检测技术。为提高肉类食品的安全水平,积极推进肉类行业信用体系建设,实现肉类行业的健康可持续发展提供依据。     

New directions in foodborne disease prevention

Food safety is an important part of public health linking health to agriculture and other food production sectors. For over a century, developments in food production and new control philosophies have contributed to food safety systems in most developed countries perceived by many to be efficient in the prevention of foodborne disease. Nevertheless, a number of problems still remain dominant, one of these being the high level of foodborne microbiological diseases which seem, for some pathogens, to have increased over the last decades. Although there is an urgent need for better foodborne disease data in most countries, the paper attempts an analysis of the background to these problems using available data to illustrate the developments for some of the major foodborne pathogens. Some of the shortcomings of present food safety systems are discussed, as are new principles to improve food safety strategies. A new paradigm for the integration of research data, food-control monitoring, epidemiological investigations and disease surveillance in a renewed effort to manage and lower foodborne risk is presented. Within this paradigm, the development of an interdisciplinary approach with direct interaction between surveillance and risk analysis systems is described as a potential basis for improved foodborne disease prevention. Specific consideration is given to the situation in developing countries, suggesting a leap forward past the experience of noncollaboration between the disciplines in many developed countries. Today, food safety is one of WHO's top 11 priorities and the Organisation calls for more systematic and aggressive steps to be taken to significantly reduce the risk of microbiological foodborne diseases. Dealing with this challenge is one of the major challenges for the 21st century in regard to food safety, implying a significant redirection of food microbiology efforts in many parts of the world.     

Trends in microbial control techniques for poultry products

Fresh poultry meat and poultry products are highly perishable foods and high potential sources of human infection due to the presence of several foodborne pathogens. Focusing on the microbial control of poultry products, the food industry generally implements numerous preventive measures based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) food safety management system certification together with technological steps, such as refrigeration coupled to modified atmosphere packaging that are able to control identified potential microbial hazards during food processing. However, in recent years, to meet the demand of consumers for minimally processed, high-quality, and additive-free foods, technologies are emerging associated with nonthermal microbial inactivation, such as high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, and natural alternatives, such as biopreservation or the incorporation of natural preservatives in packaging materials. These technologies are discussed throughout this article, emphasizing their pros and cons regarding the control of poultry microbiota and their effects on poultry sensory properties. The discussion for each of the preservation techniques mentioned will be provided with as much detail as the data and studies provided in the literature for poultry meat and products allow. These new approaches, on their own, have proved to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms in poultry meat. However, since some of these emergent technologies still do not have full consumer's acceptability and, taking into consideration the hurdle technology concept for poultry processing, it is suggested that they will be used as combined treatments or, more frequently, in combination with modified atmosphere packaging.     

未来食品的发展：植物蛋白肉与细胞培养肉

随着人们对健康、环保及美味食品追求,未来食品成为食品领域研究人员和民众广泛关注的话题。生物科学与食品技术的快速发展,越来越多的未来食品将走向人工合成制造的道路,成为今后很长一段时期内食品高技术发展的引导与驱动。合成生物学与食品科学技术在人造肉等未来食品定制化生产方面已经取得了一系列突破,并开始逐步实现商业化,成为现有传统农业与食品行业的有效补充和替代。作者以植物蛋白肉、细胞培养肉等典型的未来食品为例,通过分析其生物制造过程中的关键任务和主要挑战,综述合成生物学、组织工程、发酵工程等生物技术在未来食品中的应用,进一步展望了未来食品在生物制造中多学科交叉集成的前景。     

9274份肉及肉制品食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解吉林省9274份肉及肉制品食源性致病菌污染情况,为防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法从吉林省9个地市级行政区采集市售6类肉及肉制品样品共9274份,包括生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、调理肉制品、冷冻肉糜制品和动物血液及制品。按照国家标准方法检测10种食源性致病菌。结果 全部9274份样本食源性致病菌总阳性检出率为3.9%(366/9274)。检出率最高为调理肉制品 (13.0%,63/483),其次是生禽肉(5.6%,107/1900)和生畜肉(5.0%,71/1428)。检出的主要致病菌为单核细胞增生李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌。生禽肉中弯曲菌检出率(7.5%,31/411)和产气荚膜梭菌检出率(3.9%,7/180)均高于沙门菌检出率(3.5%,8/231)。生禽肉、生畜肉中未检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。动物血液及制品未检出单细胞增生李斯特菌、弯曲菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。冷冻肉糜制品未检出沙门菌。熟肉制品未检出大肠埃希氏菌O157、志贺菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌。熟肉制品各年度检出率范围为1.3%-4.4%。结论 吉林省市售的肉及肉制品较长时间受到不同程度的食源性致病菌污染,存在食源性疾病发生的风险。     

FOOD-HANDLING PRACTICES OF IRISH BEEF CONSUMERS

Illnesses from foodborne pathogens are one of the most widespread public health concerns worldwide. Because of the more frequent contamination of foods of animal origin with these pathogens, these foods have an inherent food safety risk and require caution when handling. Minced beef, with its large surface area and its moist and nutritive flesh, is particularly susceptible to contamination. This study was designed to investigate consumer food‐handling practices in regard to minced beef. A sample of 485 minced beef consumers, who were also the main shoppers and food handlers in their homes, were interviewed. It was found out that many failed to store minced beef on the correct shelf of the fridge and to use the correct procedures for defrosting meat. These should be the focus of future food safety campaigns, especially targeting those with lower education levels and from lower socio‐economic groups.     

国内外食源性疾病监测与负担估计的研究进展

食源性疾病是世界性的公共卫生问题, 不仅危害人类健康, 还对经济和社会产生不良影响。开展食源性疾病进行监测分析、负担估计和影响评估等方面的研究, 评估和对比不同病原食源性疾病的感染风险和危害程度, 可以指导国家食品安全政策制定和主动干预措施实施。本文将近年来国内外对食源性疾病的监测分析、负担估计和损失衡量等方面的研究进展进行综述, 以期为我国食源性疾病的负担估计和主动干预措施制定提供参考。     

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora and their impact on foods: a review.

While the risk from pathogenic microorganisms in foods has been recognized for hundreds of years, bacterial agents are generally implicated as the contaminants. Although many outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by protozoan pathogens have occurred, it is only in the last 3 years that attention has focused on protozoan association with foodborne transmission. Recognized as waterborne parasites, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora have now been associated with several foodborne outbreaks. The oocysts and cysts of these organisms can persist and survive for long periods of time both in water and on foods. While Cyclospora oocysts require a maturation period, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts are immediately infectious upon excretion from the previous host. As a result, these parasites have emerged as public health risks and have become a concern to the food industry. More than 200 cases of foodborne giardiasis (seven outbreaks) were reported from 1979 to 1990. Four foodborne Cryptosporidium outbreaks (with a total of 252 cases) have been documented since 1993. Cyclospora caused a series of sporadic outbreaks of cyclosporasis throughout North America that have affected over 3,038 people since 1995. Control and prevention of protozoan foodborne disease depends upon our ability to prevent, remove, or kill protozoan contaminants. This review will address the biology, foodborne and waterborne transmission, survival, and methods for detection and control of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora.     

The Impact of Cooling Rate on the Safety of Food Products as Affected by Food Containers

In recent decades, the demand for ready‐to‐eat (RTE) food items prepared by the food catering sector has increased together with the value of cook‐serve, cook‐chill, and cook‐freeze food products. The technologies by which foods are cooked, chilled, refrigerated for storage, and reheated before serving are of prime importance to maintain safety. Packaging materials and food containers play an important role in influencing the cooling rate of RTE foods. Food items that are prepared using improper technologies and inappropriate packaging materials may be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Numerous research studies have shown the impact of deficient cooling technologies on the survival and growth of foodborne pathogens, which may subsequently pose a threat to public health. The operating temperatures and cooling rates of the cooling techniques applied must be appropriate to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Food items must be stored outside the temperature danger zone, which is between 5 and 60 °C, in order to inhibit the growth of these pathogens. The cooling techniques used to prepare potentially hazardous foods, such as cooked meat, rice, and pasta, must be properly applied and controlled to ensure food safety. This paper critically reviews the effects of cooling and its relationship to food containers on the safety of RTE foods produced and sold through the food service industry.     

2010~2012年咸阳市食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解咸阳市各类食品中食源性致病菌的污染情况, 确定可能污染上述致病菌的食品种类。方法 依照国标方法, 对食品分别进行增菌培养, 将菌体划线接种到相应的显色培养基培养, 挑选可疑菌落进行生化反应鉴定。结果 在803份不同的食品中共检出含致病菌74株, 总检出率9.02%。结论 本地主要消费食品存在一定的食源性致病菌污染, 金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌是主要引起食品污染的危险菌; 熟肉制品、中式凉拌菜和凉皮是最可能被致病菌污染的食品。     

Consumer acceptance of irradiated meat and poultry in the United States.

Food manufacturers in the United States are currently allowed to irradiate raw meat and poultry to control microbial pathogens and began marketing irradiated beef products in mid-2000. Consumers can reduce their risk of foodborne illness by substituting irradiated meat and poultry for nonirradiated products, particularly if they are more susceptible to foodborne illness. The objective of this study was to identify the individual characteristics associated with willingness to buy irradiated meat and poultry, with a focus on five risk factors for foodborne illness: unsafe food handling and consumption behavior, young and old age, and compromised immune status. A logistic regression model of willingness to buy irradiated meat or poultry was estimated using data from the 1998-1999 FoodNet Population Survey, a single-stage random-digit dialing telephone survey conducted in seven sites covering 11% of the U.S. population. Nearly one-half (49.8%) of the 10,780 adult respondents were willing to buy irradiated meat or poultry. After adjusting for other factors, consumer acceptance of these products was associated with male gender, greater education, higher household income, food irradiation knowledge, household exposure to raw meat and poultry, consumption of animal flesh, and geographic location. However, there was no difference in consumer acceptance by any of the foodborne illness risk factors. It is unclear why persons at increased risk of foodborne illness were not more willing to buy irradiated products, which could reduce the hazards they faced from handling or undercooking raw meat or poultry contaminated by microbial pathogens.