An Autonomous System Supplied Only by a Pitch-Controlled Variable-Speed Wind Turbine

This paper presents a control strategy for a variable-speed pitch-controlled wind turbine (WT) generation scheme for the supply of an autonomous system with no energy storage units. The synchronous generator includes two three-phase stator windings displaced by 30deg that are connected to the transformer load through two dc links with voltage source inverters (VSI). Following priority rules, the load is divided into steps. Each load step can be supplied by the WT when the wind speed varies between two predefined speed levels. The first goal of the WT control system is to supply the load with constant real power under constant voltage as the wind speed varies between two levels and the second is to operate smoothly interchanging the load steps when the wind speed breaks through a speed level. There are two controllers: the inverter controller that keeps the load voltage constant and the pitch controller acting on the blade's angle. Using simulation techniques, the operation of the WT system and the efficiency of the proposed control strategy are demonstrated for a wide range of wind speeds.     

基于超级电容储能的风电并网功率调节控制系统

风能是一种随机变化的能源,风速变化会导致风电机组输出功率的波动,对电网的电能质量产生影响,使用储能装置可以改善风电质量。通过在风电场并网的交流侧母线上并联超级电容储能单元,能实现对风电场功率的调节,减小功率的波动。文章设计了风电场并网及储能系统各部分的控制策略,在Matlab/Simulink仿真环境下创建了系统的仿真模型,验证了控制策略的正确性。仿真系统最终实现了电机侧变流器最大风能跟踪、电网侧变流器单位功率因数并网和超级电容储能单元对风电场并网功率的调节。     

Comprehensive control strategy for a variable speed cage machine wind generation unit

A comprehensive control strategy, that addresses all three control objectives in a wind generation system, i.e. control of the local bus voltage to avoid voltage rise, capture of the maximum power in the wind and minimization of the power loss in the induction generator is proposed. The control signals are the desired current wave shapes (instantaneous three-phase currents) of the rectifier and the inverter in a double-sided PWM converter system connected between the wind generating unit and the grid. Studies performed on a complete model for a variable speed cage machine wind generation unit, including wind profile, wind turbine, induction generator, PWM converter, local load and transmission line, show that even as the wind speed changes randomly, the proposed control strategy leads the system to the optimum operating conditions.     

Voltage and Frequency Controller for a Three-Phase Four-Wire Autonomous Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper deals with control of voltage and frequency of an autonomous wind energy conversion system (AWECS) based on capacitor-excited asynchronous generator and feeding three-phase four-wire loads. The proposed controller consists of three single-phase insulated gate bipolar junction transistor (IGBT)-based voltage source converters (VSCs) and a battery at dc link. These three single-phase VSCs are connected to each phase of the generator through three single-phase transformers. The proposed controller is having bidirectional flow capability of active and reactive powers by which it controls the system voltage and frequency with variation of consumer loads and the speed of the wind. VSCs along with transformer function as a voltage regulator, a harmonic eliminator, a load balancer, and a neutral current compensator while the battery is used to control the active power flow which, in turn, maintains the constant system frequency. The complete electromechanical system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB using the Simulink and the power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes. The simulated results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed controller as a voltage and frequency regulator, harmonic eliminator, load balancer, and neutral current compensator for different electrical (varying consumer loads) and mechanical (varying wind speed) dynamic conditions in an autonomous wind energy conversion system.     

光伏电网电压不平衡及跌落补偿控制系统的设计

鉴于非线性冲击负载的影响,光伏电网母线出现电压跌落大、电压不平衡问题。提出一种基于三相VSC的超导储能技术前馈线性化控制方法。利用三相VSC变流器构建数学模型,如果简单地以交轴电流和直流电压来构建控制系统,物理上很难实现。所以文中以直轴和交轴电流来实现电流闭环控制,并在直轴电流环前置电压调节器实现了直流电压的前馈闭环控制。从而推导出三相VSC变流器的逆系统．并构造出伪线性系统。考虑建模误差、系统的快速反应和增强鲁棒性,采用内环PI控制器对伪线性系统进行综合。实现了交轴电流分量和直流电压的解耦,对该闭环控制系统计算机仿真的效果良好。     

Dynamic performance assessment of an isolated wind–diesel power system with superconducting magnetic energy storage unit under turbulent wind and load disturbances

This paper presents modelling and control aspects of an isolated wind–diesel system equipped with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit. The SMES unit is located at the induction generators' terminal bus, for exchanging real and reactive powers in four quadrants, with the wind–diesel system. The system components are modelled by non‐linear equations for accurate dynamic performance assessment and the SMES unit is modelled as a controllable current source. The control of the SMES unit is exercised through a multi‐input–multi‐output (MIMO) self‐tuning regulator (STR). The STR uses the local voltage and frequency measurements and generates appropriate signals for the control of the SMES unit. The SMES coil current deviation forms a part of one of the regulated variables of the STR for achieving a continuous control. The complete model of the hybrid system is developed and the parameters of the STR are adjusted for quality improvement of the power supply under turbulent wind. The scheme is then tested for load disturbances. The simulation results show the positive impact of the proposed scheme on the quality of the power supply both under turbulent wind as well as load disturbances. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power quality improvement of a stand-alone power system subjected to various disturbances

In wind-diesel stand-alone power systems, the disturbances like random nature of wind power, turbulent wind, sudden changes in load demand and the wind park disconnection effect continuously the system voltage and frequency. The satisfactory operation of such a system is not an easy task and the control design has to take in to account all these subtleties. For maintaining the power quality, generally, a short-term energy storage device is used. In this paper, the performance of a wind-diesel system associated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is studied. The effect of installing SMES at wind park bus/load bus, on the system performance is investigated. To control the exchange of real and reactive powers between the SMES unit and the wind-diesel system, a control strategy based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The dynamic models of the hybrid power system for most common scenarios are developed and the results presented.     

Dynamic modeling and simulation of a small wind–fuel cell hybrid energy system

This paper describes dynamic modeling and simulation results of a small wind–fuel cell hybrid energy system. The system consists of a 400 W wind turbine, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), ultracapacitors, an electrolyzer, and a power converter. The output fluctuation of the wind turbine due to wind speed variation is reduced using a fuel cell stack. The load is supplied from the wind turbine with a fuel cell working in parallel. Excess wind energy when available is converted to hydrogen using an electrolyzer for later use in the fuel cell. Ultracapacitors and a power converter unit are proposed to minimize voltage fluctuations in the system and generate AC voltage. Dynamic modeling of various components of this small isolated system is presented. Dynamic aspects of temperature variation and double layer capacitance of the fuel cell are also included. PID type controllers are used to control the fuel cell system. SIMULINK^TM is used for the simulation of this highly nonlinear hybrid energy system. System dynamics are studied to determine the voltage variation throughout the system. Transient responses of the system to step changes in the load current and wind speed in a number of possible situations are presented. Analysis of simulation results and limitations of the wind–fuel cell hybrid energy system are discussed. The voltage variation at the output was found to be within the acceptable range. The proposed system does not need conventional battery storage. It may be used for off-grid power generation in remote communities.     

Variable Speed Wind Turbines for Power System Stability Enhancement

This paper investigates possible improvements in grid voltage stability and transient stability with wind energy converter units using modified P/Q control. The voltage source converter (VSC) in modern variable speed wind turbines is utilized to achieve this enhancement. The findings show that using only available hardware for variable-speed turbines improvements could be obtained in all cases. Moreover, it was found that power system stability improvement is often larger when the control is modified for a given variable speed wind turbine rather than when standard variable speed turbines are used instead of fixed speed turbines. To demonstrate that the suggested modifications can be incorporated in real installations, a real situation is presented where short-term voltage stability is improved as an additional feature of an existing VSC high voltage direct current (HVDC) installation     

Power management and nonlinear control of a fuel cell–supercapacitor hybrid automotive vehicle with working condition algorithm

This paper deals with the problem of controlling a multi-source system applied in hybrid electrical vehicles. The system consists of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a super capacitor (SC). Fuel cell (FC) provides energy for load as a main power source, and SC helps the system in a load peak or in fast transients. The system is modeled as Port controlled Hamiltonian (PCH), and interconnection and damping assignment passivity based controller (IDA-PBC) is used for a typical hybrid vehicle. The aim is first to support the load power in all circumstances without interruption by combination of FC and SC production, and second to control the DC bus voltage. The purposed system analyzed under standard driving cycle consists of off-load, over-load, and charging conditions of SC. Simulations are accomplished in MATLAB/Simulink software for validation of control strategy and new represented algorithm. The results illustrate that both control method and algorithm can manage power among PEMFC, SC, and the load whereas the DC bus voltage remains near its reference.     

A new control strategy for a stand-alone self-excited induction generator driven by a variable speed wind turbine

This paper presents a new control strategy of a stand-alone self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a variable speed wind turbine. The proposed system consists of a three phase squirrel-cage induction machine connected to a wind turbine through a step-up gear box. A current controlled voltage source inverter (CC–VSI) with an electronic load controller (ELC) is connected in parallel with the main consumer load to the AC terminals of the induction machine. The proposed control strategy is based on fuzzy logic control principles which enhance the dynamic performance of the proposed system. Three fuzzy logic PI controllers and one hysteresis current controller (HCC) are used to extract the maximum available energy from the wind turbine as well as to regulate the generator terminal voltage simultaneously against wind speed and main load variations. However, in order to extract the maximum available energy from the turbine over a wide range of wind speeds, the captured energy is limited due to electrical constraints. Therefore the control strategy proposed three modes of control operation. The steady state characteristics of the proposed system are obtained and examined in order to design the required control parameters. The proposed system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software program to examine the dynamic characteristics of the system with proposed control strategy. Dynamic simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.     

电网故障条件下风储联合系统无功自适应控制

针对电网三相对称故障条件下风电场电压不稳定的问题,文章提出了一种基于神经元的风储联合系统无功功率自适应控制策略,该策略以风储联合系统公共耦合点(Point of Common Coupling,PCC)的电压和电流为控制器的输入,采用Hebb学习算法作为自适应律,以获得准确的无功补偿。通过动态调整控制器的参数,使储能系统协调风电达到自适应输出无功功率的效果,提高系统在电网故障下的电压稳定性和风电故障穿越能力。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该控制策略的有效性和正确性,与常规PI控制策略相比,文章所提出的控制策略可使风储系统迅速提供无功功率,PCC点的电压得到明显上升。     

基于超级电容储能的可变速驱动抵御扰动研究

提出基于超级电容储能的变频调速装置（ASD）抵御电网电能质量扰动的实用方案。超级电容模块接在直流母线上，在系统发生短时供电中断或电压暂降时，由超级电容储能供给负载有功支持。研制了具有抵御电能质量扰动的15kVA ASD实验室样机。数字仿真及物理实验验证了所提拓扑结构和控制策略消除电能质量扰动对ASD影响的正确性及有效性。     

Energy management of a hybrid energy system (PV / PEMFC and lithium-ion battery) based on hydrogen minimization modeled by macroscopic energy representation

This research work is designed for the management of the electric power of an autonomous hybrid system which generally integrates several subsystems, whose main source of production is solar energy (photovoltaic panels) coupled with a hydrogen fuel cell using a storage device (lithium battery).This energy coupling behavior is used in a wide range of operating conditions ensuring the originality of the exploitation of the energy produced to supply electricity to remote regions and isolated urban regions of southern Algeria, which will be modeled by a recent graphic formalism methodology macroscopic energy representation and controlled by a simple method the maximum control structure that takes into account all the inputs and outputs of the system. This hybrid system is controlled by an energy management strategy by acting on a common continuous bus with variable residential load via a DC/DC converter, allowing control of the amount of energy between the different energy resources to minimize the use of the fuel cell from which to minimize hydrogen consumption. Another is used to maintain the voltage of this bus at its reference via the battery by regulating the bidirectional DC/DC converter.     

一种四端口能量路由器的协同控制策略研究

针对研究的四端口能量路由器,首先分析能量路由器拓扑结构,根据能量路由器的功能需求提出各端口的控制方法。电网单元端口为T型三电平拓扑结构,采用电流闭环矢量控制实现直流母线的稳压控制;交流源单元端口为VSR拓扑结构,采用PQ控制实现交流源单元功率的灵活调节;光伏单元端口为Boost电路,采用最大功率点追踪（MPPT）和直流母线恒压控制（CVC）相结合的控制策略;储能单元端口为级联Buck-Boost电路,采用恒流控制。由此,提出一种四端口的协同控制策略,根据能量路由器接入的分布式能源与储能单元荷电状态（SOC）划分能量路由器的工作模态,再通过直流母线电压的波动、储能单元SOC等状态数据实现模态的切换。最后,通过MATLAB软件搭建仿真平台,验证能量路由器模态切换的可行性。     

风/柴/储能风力发电系统储能装置控制与仿真

采用电压外环和电流内环的控制方法,设计了风/柴/储能发电系统储能装置控制器电路,该控制器适用于连接在系统直流母线上蓄电池等储能装置的控制。在Matlab环境下,对该控制器进行了仿真,结果表明,该控制器能确保储能装置稳定运行,满足风/柴/储能风力发电系统对电压稳定的要求。     

Dead-beat instantaneous power control for off-board charger of electric vehicle for V2G application

Dead-beat instantaneous power control strategy for electric vehicle off-board V2G charger is presented in this paper, to suppress harmonic pollution to power grid and realize bi-directional flow of electric energy. The charger consists of three-phase voltage source PWM grid-side converter and bi-directional dc/dc converter. A double closed-loop for three-phase voltage source PWM grid-side converter is designed firstly. And the outer voltage loop is used to keep dc bus voltage constant. The expected switching voltage components are achieved by substituting predicted instantaneous power with its instruction value, to form the inner dead-beat instantaneous power loop. Then a voltage–current double closed-loop for bi-directional dc/dc converter is proposed to implement two-stage charging, combining with constant-current charging and constant-voltage charging. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy are verified on the power-hardware-in-loop-simulation platform.     

A smooth co-ordination control for a hybrid autonomous power system (HAPS) with battery energy storage (BES)

The standalone hybrid power system constitutes a synchronous generator driven by a diesel engine, renewable energy source (wind) apart from a battery energy storage system. A coherent control strategy to regulate the voltage and frequency of the standalone grid is proposed in this paper. The system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink for preliminary validation and further tested on a laboratory prototype which involves a TMS320LF2407A DSP controller to digitally implement the control strategy. The dynamic behavior of the system is perused through the direct connection of an induction machine. The control strategy is verified for step changes in load and variation in wind power.     

新能源分布式发电系统的控制策略

针对新能源分布式发电系统提出了一种新的能量控制策略。基于飞轮储能系统里矢量控制的感应电机,建立了系统的数学模型。在系统里,采用模糊控制算法实现直流总线电压的自动调整,达到稳定系统的直流总线电压的目的。实验结果证明,在风力发电和飞轮储能联合系统的能量控制过程中使用模糊控制算法,实现了能量的快速存储和释放,起到了稳定系统电压的作用,取得了满意的控制效果。     

风力发电系统输出功率随机波动的仿真分析

针对当前风力发电系统输出功率随机波动的问题,以永磁同步风力发电机(PMSG)与直流侧储能系统(钒氧化还原电池)整合的风力发电系统为基础,进行数字仿真建模,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件对固定负载,变化风速工况;固定风速,负荷瞬变工况;风速和负荷同时变化工况;进行了仿真试验和分析。结果表明,对于采用储能技术的风电场并网功率随机波动的平抑控制,可以利用蓄电池的充放电特性,在风速变化以及负荷瞬变时进行功率平衡的调节。