增压前后柴油机燃烧噪声的对比分析

通过测量稳态和恒转速增扭矩瞬态工况增压前后影响燃烧噪声的参数,对比分析得出增压前后柴油机燃烧噪声的变化规律.结果表明:增压后燃烧噪声降低,增压对稳态工况燃烧噪声的降低比对恒转速增扭矩瞬态工况明显,增压在中速中负荷工况下,对燃烧噪声的控制效果较好.并从压力高频振荡、气体动力载荷和燃烧室壁面温度对试验结果进行了分析,证明了增压前后燃烧室壁面温度的差异影响增压前后柴油机燃烧噪声.     

Study of turbocharged diesel engine operation,pollutant emissions and combustion noise radiation during starting with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends

The control of transient emissions from turbocharged diesel engines is an important objective for automotive manufacturers, as stringent criteria for exhaust emissions must be met. Starting, in particular, is a process of significant importance owing to its major contribution to the overall emissions during a transient test cycle. On the other hand, bio-fuels are getting impetus today as renewable substitutes for conventional fuels, especially in the transport sector. In the present work, experimental tests were conducted at the authors’ laboratory on a bus/truck, turbocharged diesel engine in order to investigate the formation mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO), smoke, and combustion noise radiation during hot starting for various alternative fuel blends. To this aim, a fully instrumented test bed was set up, using ultra-fast response analyzers capable of capturing the instantaneous development of emissions as well as various other key engine and turbocharger parameters. The experimental test matrix included three different fuels, namely neat diesel fuel and two blends of diesel fuel with either bio-diesel (30% by vol.) or n-butanol (25% by vol.). With reference to the neat diesel fuel case during the starting event, the bio-diesel blend resulted in deterioration of both pollutant emissions as well as increased combustion instability, while the n-butanol (normal butanol) blend decreased significantly exhaust gas opacity but increased notably NO emission.     

Experimental and simulation analysis of the transient operation of a turbocharged multi-cylinder IDI diesel engine

An experimental and theoretical analysis is carried out to study the response of a multi-cylinder, turbocharged, IDI (indirect injection) compression ignition engine, under transient operating conditions. To this aim, a comprehensive digital computer model is developed which solves the governing differential equations individually for each cylinder, providing thus increased accuracy over previous ‘single-cylinder’ simulations. Special attention has been paid for diversifying the transient operation from the steady-state one, providing improved or even new relations concerning combustion, heat transfer to the cylinder walls, friction, turbocharger and aftercooler operation, and dynamic analysis for the transient case. An extended steady state and transient experimental work is conducted on a specially developed engine test bed configuration, located at the authors' laboratory, which is connected to a high-speed data acquisition and processing system. The steady-state measurements are used for the calibration of the individual submodel constants. The transient investigation includes both speed and load changes operating schedules. During each transient test four major measurements are continuously made, i.e. engine speed, fuel pump rack position, main chamber pressure and turbocharger compressor boost pressure. The hydraulic brake coupled to the engine possesses a high mass moment of inertia and long nonlinear load-change times, which together with the indirect injection nature of the engine are important challenges for the simulation code. Explicit multiple diagrams are given to describe the engine and turbocharger transient behaviour including smoke predictions. The agreement between experimental and predicted responses is satisfactory, for all the cases examined, proving the validity of the simulation process, while providing useful information for the engine response under various transient operations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于试验的燃烧噪声传递函数求解及噪声预测

在不同运行工况下对D19TCI电控共轨柴油机进行噪声试验,采用时间同步和最小二乘法拟合的方法对缸压和噪声信号进行预处理,去除干扰信号和趋势性信号的影响。基于柴油机倒拖和不同喷油策略的噪声试验数据得到柴油机燃烧噪声及燃烧噪声传递函数。试验结果表明:在同一台柴油机上,缸内压力与各个方向表面辐射燃烧噪声之间存在一定的传递关系;采用多元回归分析方法计算得到的传递函数预测燃烧噪声具有较好的准确性。     

基于Simulink在不同排气背压下VGT增压系统控制策略

为了改善柴油机在高背压环境条件下进排气流速降低、涡前排温、缸内最高燃烧压力和油耗升高等问题,采用Simulink软件,基于柴油机数学模型建立某型号柴油机零维仿真模型和可变截面涡轮(variable geometry turbine,VGT)增压系统仿真模型,并根据试验结果对模型进行校核.利用所建立的仿真模型模拟在不同排...     

直喷式柴油机起动过程燃烧分析

为了快速、定性分析柴油机起动过程中的燃烧状态,在直喷式柴油机上进行冷机与热机起动过程实验,提出用瞬时转速和示功图对柴油机起动进行燃烧分析的方法．实验结果表明,冷机起动过程中有失火现象,用瞬时转速可以判断着火首循环和失火循环．根据示功图形状及燃烧状态,定义了4种燃烧状态以及相对应的4种典型示功图形式,将起动过程划分为4个阶段．热机起动初始期和过渡期很短,而冷机起动有明显的4个阶段．不完全燃烧或失火是柴油机起动过程、燃烧过程控制优化的重点,多出现在起动初始期和过渡期．     

Effect of air injection on the characteristics of transient response in a turbocharged diesel engine

An experimental study was performed to investigate the improvement of transient characteristics of a turbocharged diesel engine under the conditions of low speed and fast acceleration with the load. In this study, the experiment for improving the low speed torque and acceleration performance is performed by means of injecting air into the intake manifold during the period of low speed and application of a fast acceleration. The effects of air injection into the intake manifold on the response performance are investigated at various thermodynamic parameters such as air injection pressure, air injection period, accelerating rate, accelerating time, engine speed and load. The experimental results show that air injection into the intake manifold at compressor exit is closely related to the improvement of low speed and acceleration performance of a turbocharged diesel engine. During the rapid acceleration period, the air injection into the intake manifold of turbocharged diesel engine indicates the improvement of the combustion characteristics and gas pressure in the cylinder. At low speed range of the engine, the effect of air injection shows the improvement of the pressure distribution of turbocharger and combustion pressure during the period of gas exchange pressure.     

Investigating the emissions during acceleration of a turbocharged diesel engine operating with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends

Control of transient emissions from turbocharged diesel engines is an important objective for automotive manufacturers, since stringent criteria for exhaust emission levels must be met as dictated by the legislated transient cycles. On the other hand, bio-fuels are getting impetus today as renewable substitutes for conventional fuels (diesel fuel or gasoline), especially in the transport domain. In the present work, experimental tests are conducted on a turbocharged truck diesel engine in order to investigate the formation mechanism of NO (nitric oxide) and smoke under various accelerating schedules experienced during daily driving conditions. To this aim, a fully instrumented test bed was set up in order to capture the development of key engine and turbocharger variables during the transient events using ultra-fast response instrumentation for the instantaneous measurement of the exhaust NO and smoke opacity. Apart from the baseline diesel fuel, the engine was operated with a blend of diesel fuel with 30% bio-diesel, and a blend of diesel fuel with 25% n-butanol. Analytical diagrams are provided to explain the behavior of emissions development in conjunction with turbocharger and fueling response. Unsurprisingly, turbocharger lag was found to be the main culprit for the emissions spikes during all test cases examined. The differences in the measured exhaust emissions of the two bio-fuel/diesel fuel blends, both leading to serious smoke reductions but also NO increases compared with the baseline operation of the engine were determined and compared. The differing physical and chemical properties of bio-diesel and n-butanol against those of the diesel fuel, together with the formation mechanisms of NO and soot were used for the analysis and interpretation of the experimental findings concerning transient emissions.     

瞬态工况对内燃机燃烧噪声的影响研究

研究了内燃机瞬态工况对燃烧噪声影响机理,开展了内燃机瞬态工况测试技术和测试方法研究,通过对瞬态与稳态过程的缸内压力、缸内压力最大值、压力升高率、压力升高率最大值、压力高频振荡以及气缸压力级等参数在不同频率范围的差异的研究分析,从气体动力载荷和高频压力振荡两方面分析研究瞬态噪声与稳态噪声产生差异的机理.瞬态与稳态工况压力升高率变化趋势与两种工况下燃烧噪声变化趋势基本相似,但在一些工况上存在差异,这是由于受到了缸内压力高频振荡对燃烧噪声影响的结果.结果表明：瞬态与稳态工况燃烧噪声的差异是由压力动力载荷与压力高频振荡共同影响的结果.     

Availability analysis of a turbocharged diesel engine operating under transient load conditions

A computer analysis is developed for studying the energy and availability performance of a turbocharged diesel engine, operating under transient load conditions. The model incorporates many novel features for the simulation of transient operation, such as detailed analysis of mechanical friction, separate consideration for the processes of each cylinder during a cycle (“multi-cylinder” model) and mathematical modeling of the fuel pump. This model has been validated against experimental data taken from a turbocharged diesel engine, located at the authors’ laboratory and operated under transient conditions. The availability terms for the diesel engine and its subsystems are analyzed, i.e. cylinder for both the open and closed parts of the cycle, inlet and exhaust manifolds, turbocharger and aftercooler. The present analysis reveals, via multiple diagrams, how the availability properties of the diesel engine and its subsystems develop during the evolution of the engine cycles, assessing the importance of each property. In particular the irreversibilities term, which is absent from any analysis based solely on the first-law of thermodynamics, is given in detail as regards transient response as well as the rate and cumulative terms during a cycle, revealing the magnitude of contribution of all the subsystems to the total availability destruction.     

高/低压EGR对汽油机和增压器影响的试验研究

在一款涡轮增压汽油缸内直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)汽油机上进行了高压(HP)废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和低压(LP)EGR对发动机和增压器性能影响的试验研究。分别对比了HP EGR和LP EGR系统在外特性和部分负荷工况对发动机燃烧、油耗、进排气的影响及增压器相应的工况变化,并分析了出现这些变化的原因。结果表明,汽油机EGR系统能够优化缸内燃烧,减少泵气损失,从而降低油耗。低压EGR系统在部分负荷工况热效率比高压EGR更高,主要原因为低压EGR系统的涡轮增压器可利用的尾气能量更多,且进入发动机的废气温度较低,能进一步优化缸内燃烧。     

基于独立成分小波分析的内燃机噪声源识别

对独立成分分析的基本原理和数学模型进行了简要叙述,以某六缸柴油机为研究对象,对其不同工况下的噪声信号进行了统计独立性和高斯性分析,噪声信号基本满足独立成分分析的前提条件。采用基于峭度的梯度算法对噪声信号进行了盲分离,得到一序列独立分量。为进一步识别各独立分量,采用傅立叶和连续复小波变换对其进行时频分析,并结合一些内燃机先验知识分析发现,这些独立分量基本上对应着内燃机的燃烧噪声、正时齿轮噪声、活塞敲击噪声等噪声源,因此,采用独立成分小波分析技术对内燃机噪声信号进行盲分离以识别其主要噪声源是可行的。     

预喷射对柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声控制策略的试验研究

通过瞬态与稳态工况燃烧噪声测试试验,开展预喷射对柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声控制的研究。从缸内压力升高率最大值来分析预喷射对瞬态与稳态工况燃烧噪声不同的影响机理。通过分析预喷射对瞬态工况与稳态工况燃烧噪声的控制差异,得出预喷射同样能够降低瞬态工况燃烧噪声,但控制效果低于稳态工况。在此基础上,得出预喷射控制瞬态工况燃烧噪声的策略:相对于稳态工况,瞬态工况下应取较大的预喷量和与主预喷间隔,并得到试验的验证。     

Experimental investigation of combustion characteristics and NOx emission of a turbocharged hydrogen internal combustion engine

In order to alleviate the contradictions of increasingly prominent environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and oil resource security issues, the search for renewable and clean alternative energy sources is getting more and more attention. Hydrogen energy is known as a future energy source because of its safety, reliability, wide range of resources and non-polluting products. Hydrogen internal combustion engine combines the technical advantages of traditional internal combustion engines and has comprehensive comparative advantages in terms of manufacturing cost, fuel adaptability and reliability. It is one of the practical ways to realize hydrogen energy utilization. In this paper, the combustion characteristics and NOx emission of a turbocharged hydrogen engine were investigated using the test data. The results showed the combustion duration (the crank angle of 10%–90% fuel burned) at 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm was equal and the combustion duration is much bigger than the other loads when the BMEP is 0.27 MPa. The reason is the effect of the turbocharger on the gas exchange process, which will influence the combustion process. The cylinder pressure and pressure rise rate were also investigated and the peak pressure rise rate was lower than 0.25 MPa/°CA at all working conditions. Moreover, the NOx emission changed from 300 ppm to 1200 ppm with engine speed increasing and the maximum value can reach to 7000 ppm when the equivalence ratio is 0.88 at 2500 rpm, maximum brake torque. The NOx emission shows different changing tendencies with different working conditions. Finally, these conclusions can be used to develop controlling strategies to solve the contradictions among power, brake thermal efficiency and NOx emission for the turbocharged hydrogen internal combustion engines.     

瞬态工况下柴油机燃烧模型参数变化研究

为了研究零维燃烧模型中特征参数在瞬态工况下的变化规律,对涡轮增压柴油机在转速1500r／min负载由30％额定功率在5s内均匀增加到100％的瞬态工况下的缸内压力、进气流量、燃油流量等参数进行了测量,用三次Wiebe函数模拟了加载过程中每循环的燃烧放热率,利用非线性回归方程求解出了Wiebe函数中的特征参数,并对其在瞬态工况下的变化规律进行了分析,提出了三次Wiebe函数特征参数选取的经验公式,可以用来预测瞬态工况下的放热规律。     

旁通补燃系统改善柴油机外特性的仿真研究

利用GT-POWER软件的仿真计算,研究了6缸V型柴油机上增加旁通补燃系统对发动机与增压器匹配性能的影响.仿真计算表明：旁通补燃系统可以改善柴油机在低转速时涡轮增压器的效率,是一种改善动态工况下增压器与发动机匹配的有效措施.     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声控制研究

开展多缸柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声的控制研究。分别在四缸自然吸气发动机、增压发动机、引入EGR发动机和高压共轨发动机上开展了不同负荷工况下的瞬态与稳态工况的燃烧噪声测试分析,开展了增压、EGR和喷射策略对燃烧噪声控制研究。增压对瞬态工况的燃烧噪声有一定的抑制作用,增压对恒转速增转矩瞬态工况燃烧噪声的控制效果要好于对恒转矩增转速工况。瞬态工况引入适当的EGR有助于燃烧噪声的降低,EGR控制瞬态工况燃烧噪声的关键是能够实时对EGR率进行调节。相对于稳态工况,瞬态工况下应取较大的预喷量和与主预喷间隔,并得到试验的验证。     

基于变分模态分解和交叉小波变换的柴油机失火故障诊断

针对强噪声干扰下柴油机失火故障难以诊断的问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)与交叉小波变换(cross wavelet transform,XWT)的柴油机失火故障诊断方法。该方法首先通过VMD将缸盖振动信号进行分解、自适应消噪及信号重构,再利用XWT对任意两个连续工作循环信号进行时频相关分析,进一步消除振动信号中的干扰噪声以提取柴油机燃烧特征,最后通过计算时频空间各缸能量占比进行柴油机失火故障诊断。通过对仿真信号分析及柴油机失火故障诊断,结果表明:该方法可以消除强噪声干扰,提取柴油机燃烧周期瞬态振动冲击特征,有效地识别柴油机失火故障。     

Performance optimization of Jatropha biodiesel engine model using Taguchi approach

This paper proposes a methodology for thermodynamic model analysis of Jatropha biodiesel engine in combination with Taguchi’s optimization approach to determine the optimum engine design and operating parameters. A thermodynamic model based on two-zone Weibe’s heat release function has been employed to simulate the Jatropha biodiesel engine performance. Among the important engine design and operating parameters 10 critical parameters were selected assuming interactions between the pair of parameters. Using linear graph theory and Taguchi method an L₁₆ orthogonal array has been utilized to determine the engine test trials layout. In order to maximize the performance of Jatropha biodiesel engine the signal to noise ratio (SNR) related to higher-the-better (HTB) quality characteristics has been used. The present methodology correctly predicted the compression ratio, Weibe’s heat release constants and combustion zone duration as the critical parameters that affect the performance of the engine compared to other parameters.     

基于燃烧室与增压器匹配的柴油机热效率优化设计及仿真研究

以某重型柴油机为研究对象,采用仿真计算的方法探究了基于缸内燃烧系统和空气系统优化使发动机最低油耗区间匹配不同使用工况,提出满足发动机不同应用场景需求的匹配方案.研究结果表明:采用压缩比为19.5的燃烧室,缸内混合气过稀区减少,燃烧放热速率加快,热效率提高;通过合理匹配增压器和燃烧室可以实现柴油机最低油耗区间与目标工况区...