空气在立式花瓣管外螺旋流动传热与流阻性能研究

试验研究了空气在5种管径相同、不同翅片高度和翅片间距的立式花瓣管外螺旋流动的传热和流阻性能,分析出在试验范围内:花瓣管翅片高度相同时存在一最适宜翅片间距,使其传热性能最优;花瓣管翅片间距相同,翅片越高,其传热性能越好,而流动阻力损失也越大;管外系统压力越高,换热效果越好,且不会增加其流动阻力,这可为设计高效立式螺旋隔板花瓣管换热器提供参考依据。     

空气在立管外螺旋流动数值模拟及实验研究

立式螺旋隔板换热器是占地面积小、高效节能的换热装置,研究空气在立管外螺旋流动的传热和流阻性能可为设计螺旋隔板换热器的提供依据,经实验证明空气在立管外螺旋流动的对流换热系数是空气横掠单管的2-3倍。利用模拟软件PHOENICS对立管外空气流动进行数值模拟,将其与实验结果进行分析比较,误差低于10%,证明是实验方法的有力补充并对此进行机理分析,可为螺旋隔板换热器提供设计参考。     

空气在立管外螺旋流动实验设计

螺旋隔板换热器是一种高效节能换热装置,研究空气在立管外螺旋流动的传热和流阻性能对提高螺旋隔板换热器的传热效果和研究花瓣管、低肋管等高效节能的螺旋隔板换热器形式有一定的研究意义。针对于此,介绍了空气在立管外螺旋流动的实验流程,并阐述了相应的实验方法和步骤,描述了关于传热系数和流动阻力的数据处理方法,为此类实验提供了实验指导和依据。     

三维翅片管外螺旋流动传热强化

流体在螺旋隔板换热器的壳程类似于塞状流流动,几乎没有返混和流动死区.在相同压降下,其传热系数比普通的弓形隔板换热器高得多.以润滑油作为实验介质,研究了润滑油在螺旋隔板单管换热器的壳程传热和压降性能,并与光滑管进行了性能对比.采用Wilson图解法分别分离出了螺旋隔板花瓣管和光滑管单管换热器的管程传热系数,并计算出各自的壳程传热系数,壳程传热系数相对误差为±3％.实验结果表明,在相同Reynolds数下,螺旋隔板花瓣管单管换热器的Nusselt数和压降Δp分别是螺旋隔板光滑管单管换热器的2～2.7倍和1.3～1.4倍.与螺旋隔板光滑管单管换热器相比,螺旋隔板花瓣管单管换热器的传热性能的提高远高于压降的提高,证明在螺旋流条件下,花瓣管具有很好的传热强化性能.     

螺旋隔板三维翅片管传热实验研究与数值模拟

文章对冷却水在换热器管程流动并与壳程的热油逆流换热条件下,对螺旋隔板三维翅片管换热器的传热与压降性能进行了实验研究,并与光滑管进行了对比。在相同壳程Reynolds数下,三维翅片管的壳程Nusselt数是光滑管的2.2—2.9倍,而压降是光滑管的2.3倍左右。采用计算流体力学软件F luent 6.0对螺旋隔板三维翅片管和光滑管换热器进行了数值模拟。结果表明,螺旋流条件下光滑管表面速度矢量均匀、稳定,而三维翅片表面的速度矢量因翅片激发流体而产生湍动和不规则的二次流,从而强化了流体的对流传热。对于螺旋隔板三维翅片管换热器,壳程Nusselt数和压降的数值模拟结果与实验计算值吻合良好,最大偏差分别为6.3%和9.8%。     

花瓣状翅片管气体换热器(二)——横向与纵向冲刷花瓣状翅片管的强化传热性能比较

以空气为介质，以纵向流动方式冲刷光滑管与花瓣状翅片管进行管壳式换热器壳程的传热强化与流阻性能实验研究。实验结果表明，与文（一）的横向冲刷情况相比，在相同功耗下，Ｒｅ＝２×１０４时，按实际换热面积计算，横向冲刷花瓣状翅片管比光滑管提高给热系数１３５．８％，纵向冲刷花瓣管仅与光滑管的给热系数相当。文中通过设计实例的比较得到横向冲刷是花瓣管空冷器设计方案的较佳选择。     

三维螺旋翅片管换热特性分析及试验研究

首先对一种新型针刺型三维螺旋翅片管建立管外传热微分方程,得到该管外侧翅片的一些结构参数的优化值,并通过管外强迫对流换热试验,归纳出一定排列方式下的换热和流阻实验关联式。经与圆翅片管比较,结果表明该新型换热管不失为一种高效的换热元件     

花瓣状翅片管气体换热器（二）

以空气为介质,以纵向流动方式冲刷光滑管与花瓣状翅片管进行管壳式换热器壳程的传热强化与流阻性实验研究。实验结果表明,与文（一）的横向冲刷情况相比,在相同工功耗下,Ｒｅ＝２×１０＾４时,按实际换热面积计算,横向冲刷花瓣状翅片管比光滑管提高给热系数１３５．８％,纵向冲刷花瓣管仅与光滑管的给热系数相当,文中通过设计实例的是到横向冲刷是花瓣管空冷器设计方案的较佳选择。     

高效复合强化换热器的管程性能

通过搭建内螺纹扭曲椭圆管复合强化管换热器传热与压降性能测试平台,对内螺纹扭曲椭圆管复合强化管换热器的管程传热和流阻性能进行了实验研究,以实验数据为基础拟合得到其对流传热系数和流动摩擦阻力系数与管内流体Reynolds数的计算准则关系式,将内螺纹扭曲椭圆管与光滑圆管、内螺纹圆管、光滑扭曲管的管程传热、流阻以及综合性能进行对比分析,结果显示内螺纹扭曲管流动阻力略高于其他类型的换热管,传热效果和综合性能明显优于其他类型换热管。内螺纹扭曲管作为一种内螺纹和扭曲扁管强化传热技术的叠加技术,强化传热效果明显,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

缠绕管式换热器传热的优化设计及数值模拟

采用响应面及多目标遗传算法对缠绕管式换热器中绕管的管径、层间距、换热管缠绕角度等对其传热性能、压降的影响情况进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明:缠绕管式换热器的壳侧压降随着层间距、缠绕角、同层管间距的增大而减小;壳侧换热系数随着层间距的增大而减小,随着管外径的增大而增大,随着螺旋角的增大而先增大后减小;数值模拟结果与实验结果接近,为绕管式换热器的优化设计提供了可靠依据,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。