Influence of kinematic operating parameters on kerf geometry in abrasive waterjet machining of silicon carbide ceramics

Silicon carbide (SiC) is extensively used for manufacturing of highly engineered parts due to its high hardness, low coefficient of friction, wear resistance and high decomposition temperature. However, generating 3D surfaces (e.g. pockets) in such structural ceramics by conventional machining is a difficult task. In this context, abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining, with its capability to cut any material with low specific cutting forces, seems to be the “ideal” processing technique for such materials; nevertheless machining 3D shapes by AWJ milling is still in its infancy. 3D shapes can be generated by “enveloping” them with successions of jet footprints (kerf geometries) generated by varying the process operating parameters. To enable this, the present work investigates the influence of key kinematic operating parameters (i.e. α-jet impingement angle and v-jet feed rate) on the kerf geometry and its dimensional characteristics. Furthermore, the kerf generation mechanism under multi-pass jet erosion was analysed to get control over erosion depth in multi-pass machining. It was found that by varying α (90°–40°), the symmetric/asymmetric kerf geometry is intimately dependent on the variation of standoff distance (SOD), abrasive particle velocity distributions and their local impact angles accounted across the jet footprint. Variation in v influences the exposure time of material to jet and enhances the erosion capability of abrasives impacting at shallow angle that results in different erosion rates along the kerf profile; this combined effect leads to departure of kerf geometry from simple cosine profile approximation to more elliptical type with the decrease of feed speed. Further, at lower jet feed rates, the depth of erosion increased and the low energy abrasive particles along trailing edge of jet plume get enough time to erode the material that results in variation of slope of kerf walls and hence, overall geometry. Based on these observations, the multi-pass trials showed that the successive passes have to account for both the local impact angles of abrasive particles as well as the actual SOD (SOD+initial kerf depth). In this way, by understanding the influence of key kinematic operating parameters (α and v) on the kerf geometry and its dimensional characteristics, the paper establishes a good basis for developing strategies for controlled 3D AWJ machining of complex shapes.     

Identification of a grinding wheel wear equation of the abrasive cut-off by the modified GMDH

A grinding wheel wear equation is identified by the GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling) algorithm with successive determination of polynomial trends containing interactive terms, considering chemical compositions and mechanical properties of work materials, abrasive grain, grain size, grade, wheel speed and feed. The established model enables the grinding to be predicted for all combinations of work materials, grinding wheels and grinding conditions, and serves as an aid in the optimization of the grinding process.     

On the mechanics of the grinding process, Part III—thermal analysis of the abrasive cut-off operation

This is Part III of a 3 part series on the Mechanics of the Grinding Process. Part I deals with the stochastic nature of the grinding process, Part II deals with the thermal analysis of the fine grinding process and this paper (Part III) deals with the thermal analysis of the cut-off operation. Heat generated in the abrasive cut-off operation can affect the life of resin bonded grinding wheels and cause thermal damage to the workpiece. Thermal analysis of the abrasive cut-off operation can, therefore, provide guidelines for proper selection of the grinding conditions and optimization of the process parameters for improved wheel life and minimal thermal damage to the workpiece. In this investigation, a new thermal model of the abrasive cut-off operation is presented based on statistical distribution of the abrasive grains on the surface of the wheel. Both cutting and ploughing/rubbing that take place between the abrasive grains and the work material are considered, depending on the depth of indentation of the abrasives into the work material. In contrast to the previous models, where the apparent contact area between the wheel and the workpiece was taken as the heat source, this model considers the real area of contact, namely, the cumulative area of actual contacting grains present at the interface as the heat source. It may be noted that this is only a small fraction of the total contact area as only a small percentage of the abrasive grains present on the surface of the cut-off wheel are in actual contact with the workpiece at any given time and even a smaller fraction of them are actual cutting grains taking part in the cut-off operation. Since, the Peclet number, N_Pe in the case of cut-off grinding is rather high (a few hundred), the heat flow between the work and the contacting abrasive grains can be considered to be nearly one-dimensional. In this paper, we consider the interaction between an abrasive grain and the workpiece at the contact interface. Consequently, the heat source relative to the grain is stationary and relative to the workpiece is fast moving. The interface heat source on the grain side as well as on the workpiece side is equivalent to an infinitely large plane heat source with the same heat liberation intensity as the circular disc heat source. However, it will be shown in the paper that the contacting times are different. For example, the abrasive grain contacts the heat source, as it moves over the wheel-work interface, for a longer period of time ( milliseconds) whereas the workpiece contacts the heat source for shorter period of time ( a few microseconds). The temperature in the grinding zone is taken as the sum of the background temperature due to the distributed action of the previous active grains operating in the grinding zone (global thermal analysis) and the localized temperature spikes experienced at the current abrasive grain tip-workpiece interfaces (local thermal analysis), similar to the work reported in the literature [Proc Roy Soc (London) A 453 (1997) 1083]. The equivalent thermal model developed in the present investigation is simple and represents the process more realistically, especially the heat partition. The model developed provides a better appreciation of the cut-off operation; a realistic estimation of the heat partition between the wheel, the workpiece, and the chip; thermal gradients in the workpiece due to abrasive cut-off operation, and an insight into the wear of the cut-off wheels.     

固结磨料研磨石英玻璃的工艺参数优化

以石英玻璃的材料去除率和表面粗糙度为评价指标,以转速(A)、压力(B)和研磨液种类(C)为影响因素,进行石英玻璃固结磨料研磨正交试验,对其试验结果进行回归分析并建立3因素下石英玻璃材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响规律模型。结果表明:影响石英玻璃材料去除率的显著性因素顺序为B>C>A,影响其表面粗糙度的显著性因素顺序为A>B>C。材料去除率最佳的研磨工艺参数组合为转速100 r/min,压力27.580 kPa,三乙醇胺研磨液;表面粗糙度最佳的工艺参数组合为转速100 r/min,压力27.580 kPa,乙二胺研磨液。同时,材料去除率与转速的关系为二次函数形式,材料去除率与压力的关系为指数函数形式;而表面粗糙度与转速及压力的关系均为幂函数形式。以材料去除率为优先考虑目标时可选择三乙醇胺研磨液,以表面质量为优先考虑目标时则可选择乙二胺研磨液。      

The effects of system and geometric parameters on abrasive water jet nozzle wear

Nozzle wear dependence on abrasive water jet system parameters and nozzle geometry is experimentally investigated. Experimental procedures for evaluating long term and accelerated nozzle wear are discussed. Accelerated wear tests are conducted to study the effects of nozzle length, inlet angle, diameter, orifice diameter, abrasive flow rate, and water pressure on wear. An empirical model for nozzle weight loss rate is developed and is shown to correlate well with experimental measurements.     

金属/金刚石复合磨料在树脂磨具中的应用

为改善砂轮磨削钢轨的性能,通过热压烧结再固化的方法制备超硬复合磨料树脂磨具试验样条,考察不同种类的复合磨料对样条抗弯强度、抗冲击强度及磨具磨耗比的影响,并用电镜观察磨削后磨具及钢轨对磨件的形貌,表征磨削表面质量.结果显示:超硬磨料与金属结合剂造粒后,抗弯强度、抗冲击强度、磨耗比均得到明显提高,最大分别提高50％、近2倍...     

Optimum process parameters to produce green ceramic complex parts

The fragility of green ceramic compacts introduces considerable difficulties during green or bisque machining. This paper demonstrates methods developed to manufacture thin wall-thin floor, complex green ceramic parts to close tolerance. Hybrid finite element (FE)/mechanistic models were utilized in the development of the green machining process. An FE model was used to define cutting edge geometry and machining parameters that would reliably produce crack free parts. Mechanistic model was used to direct cutter path generation of a 5-axis milling machine having a large axial depth of cut, and to prevent edge chipping. The optimized cutter path eliminated any need for hand work before densifying the machined part.     

大方坯用四孔浸入式水口操作参数的优化

以现场大方坯连铸机结晶器为原型,采用1:1的比例建立起一套水模型研究系统,并结合数值模拟,进行了水模拟的实验研究与分析,得出了四孔浸入式水口的最优操作参数.     

短路过渡气体保护焊参数优化

在单片机控制逆变电源平台上,开发了短路过渡控制系统,设计了合适的电流波形控制方式.采用正交试验法进行方差分析,研究了不同波形控制参数对短路过渡的影响规律.结果表明,短路电流初始上升速度和燃弧电流下降速度对短路过渡的稳定性影响较大.短路电流后期的上升速度对平均燃弧时间的影响较大,但对短路过渡周期的稳定性影响较小.在正交试验的基础上,对波形控制参数进行了优化,实现了高度稳定的短路过渡,取得了较好的焊接效果.     

Optimization of the operating parameters of gas-heated endothermic generators for saving fuel

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - Equations of heat and material balances are used for determining the optimum operating parameters of gas-heated endothermic generators for saving natural gas.     

砂带磨削Q235钢工艺参数对去除率的影响

采用盘圆砂钢机对Q235钢进行了砂带磨削试验研究,对磨削后工件的材料去除率进行了分析,讨论了其最佳工艺参数组合。结果表明:在盘圆砂钢机砂带磨削Q235钢过程中,线材速度对材料去除率的影响最为显著,其次为工作台转速、砂带粒度,砂带张紧力的影响最小。仅考虑对材料去除率的影响时,最佳工艺参数组合为:砂带张紧力200 N,工作台转速500r/min,砂带粒度120#,线材速度为50m/min。此时得到的材料去除率为6.860 2g/s。     

Fe-C-Mo-V堆焊合金的滚动三体磨粒磨损行为研究

通过熔化极气体保护焊技术制备了Fe-C-Mo-V堆焊合金磨损试样,基于滚动三体磨粒环境下进行了干砂橡胶轮磨损试验,利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析、维氏硬度计等显微分析和性能测试方法,对Fe-C-Mo-V堆焊合金熔敷金属的磨损失重和磨痕形貌进行检测与表征,研究了不同法向载荷条件下该熔敷金属的磨损行为变化规律.结果表明:随法...     

选择性激光烧结工艺参数对影响铸造砂型精度的优化设计

阐述了选择性激光烧结(SLS)的成型原理,并将此成型方式运用于直接砂型制作。通过用自主研制的快速成型机进行烧结试验,采用正交试验和方差分析,对影响铸造砂型精度的工艺参数进行了优化设计,得到激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距及铺粉厚度工艺参数的最佳组合,可为基于选择性激光烧结铸造砂型的制造提供指导和参考。     

镁合金磁控TIG焊工艺参数的优化设计

在AZ31镁合金的TIG焊过程中施加交流纵向磁场,通过调节磁场参数和焊接参数进行施焊.为了研究磁场参数与焊接工艺参数联合作用下镁合金焊接接头组织性能的变化规律,简化试验步骤,采用正交试验对磁场参数和焊接工艺参数进行设计,并对不同参数下焊接接头的显微组织、硬度和拉伸性能进行分析,确定最佳参数匹配.结果表明,当焊接电流为80 A,磁场电流为2 A,磁场频率为20 Hz时,镁合金焊接接头的力学性能达到最佳值.     

Deformation work in abrasive cutting

In order to investigate the complicated behavior of material beneath the groove formed by abrasive grain cutting, and single grit cutting test was performed with a modified cutting tool which was determined statistically. In the experiment a conical tool having an apex angle of 90° –160° was used. To observe the deformed zone beneath the groove, the cross section of the work material beneath the groove was obtained by using a micro-cutter.Then the hardness of the deformed zone was measured in three directions, i.e. at the surface, at the cross section along the cutting direction and at the cross section perpendicular to the cutting direction.Besides, a compression test was performed and taking the relations between stress-strain and strain-hardness into consideration, the deformation work beneath the groove was obtained. Then the deformation work was compared with the total work necessary to form a groove which was calculated from cutting force.As a result it was found that there were two types of deformed zone, i.e. cutting type and compression type as well as in the case of indentation test. The ratio of deformation work to the total work expended in forming a groove with conical tool depends on the apex angle of the tool and the ratio reaches 0.2–0.7 in this experiment.     

Sonic analysis in cut-off grinding of concrete

The machining of concrete with diamond cutting discs is nowadays often done with all-purpose tools and unadjusted machine parameters due to unknown material properties. The inhomogeneous structure of concrete ideally requires continuous process monitoring and real time adjustment of machine parameters. A joined research project of the Institute of Production Engineering and Machine Tools (IFW) and the Institute of Mineralogy (IM) is aimed at enabling process monitoring by means of using acoustic emission (AE) and airborne sound generated by the grinding tools. This paper presents the applied methods and first results. AE and airborne sound measurements show a correlation between the signal intensity and the aggregates present in the concrete. It is shown here that spectral analysis of measured signals can give information about the process and the workpiece structure being cut. The investigations presented in this paper are kindly supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the project “Method for characterization of the machinability of brittle-hard compound material”.     

Sustainability of abrasive processes

This paper presents an overview of research on sustainability of abrasive processes. It incorporates results from a round robin study on “energy-efficiency of abrasive processes” which has been carried out within the scientific technical committee “abrasive processes” (STC G) of CIRP, the content of technical presentations in STC G, and the results of a comprehensive literature study. The approach to sustainability includes environmental, social, and economic sustainability in accordance with the definition proposed in the Brundtland Report of the United Nations [156]. The main focus is on environmental and social sustainability. Economic sustainability will be considered as manufacturing productivity.     

Effects of mixed abrasive grits in slurries on free abrasive machining (FAM) processes

Effects of mixed abrasive grits in slurries on free abrasive machining (FAM) processes are studied using a single-sided lapping machine. Impacts of mixing abrasives on various parameters such as amount of material removed, material removal rate, surface roughness, particle size distribution and relative angular velocity are studied. The material removed is monitored as a function of time. The experimental results suggest that (i) mixing abrasive grits can increase the amount of material removed, (ii) smaller abrasives can directly or indirectly affect the material removal process, (iii) slurries undergo severe grain size transition during lapping, and (iv) the surface roughness did not change significantly under different loading. The results of this study may have profound implication on the FAM processes that practitioners use today because the mixed abrasive grits increase material removal rate and reduce the grain size transition, while rendering similar surface roughness.