基于决策树与朴素贝叶斯分类的入侵检测模型

入侵检测要求系统能够快速准确地找出网络中的入侵行为,因此对检测算法的效率有较高的要求。针对入侵检测系统效率和准确率偏低,系统的误报率和漏报率偏高的问题,在充分分析C4.5算法和朴素贝叶斯(NB)算法后,提出一种二者相结合的H-C4.5-NB入侵检测模型。该模型以概率的形式来描述决策类别的分布,并由C4.5和NB概率加权和的形式给出最终的决策结果,最后使用KDD 99数据集测试模型性能。实验结果表明,与传统的C4.5、NB和NBTree方法相比,在H-C4.5-NB中对拒绝服务(DoS)攻击的分类准确率提高了约9%,对U2R和R2L攻击的准确率提高约20%~30%。     

结合邻域相关影像与最大相关性最小冗余性特征选择的面向对象变化检测

摘 要：本文针对两期高分辨率遥感影像提出一种结合邻域相关影像（NCI）和最大相关性最小冗余性特征选择(mRMR)的面向对象变化检测方法。为了验证该方法的有效性,本研究设计了3组对比实验：（1）比较只使用mRMR特征选择与未使用mRMR特征选择的效果;（2）比较使用NCI与mRMR特征选择相结合与只使用NCI的效果;（3）比较使用NCI与mRMR特征选择相结合与只使用mRMR特征选择的效果。实验结果表明,使用NCI与mRMR特征选择相结合的变化检测效果要优于只使用NCI或是只使用mRMR特征选择的效果,更优于两者都不使用的效果。 关键字：遥感影像,高分辨率,面向对象,变化检测,邻域相关影像,特征选择     

Naked image detection based on adaptive and extensible skin color model

The paper presents a new naked image detection algorithm. A learning-based chromatic distribution-matching scheme is proposed to determine the image's skin chroma distribution online such that it can tolerate the chromatic deviation coming from special lighting without increasing false alarm. The texture feature, namely coarseness, is used to acquire accurate skin segmentation. The low-level but reliable geometrical constraints and the mug shot exclusion procedure are employed to further examine the skin regions. Experimental results show our method can achieve satisfactory performance for detecting naked images under special lighting conditions.     

基于决策树和模糊SVM的图像情感分类研究

将二叉决策机制融入到模糊支持向量机分类系统中,对图像进行情感语义层面的分类。其难点在于建立从图像的低阶特征到高层情感语义之间的映射关系,以及合理的参数选择问题。采用与决策树方法相结合,实现了多类分类。实验结果表明,本系统在图像情感分类中具有简单、快速、高效等特点。     

基于尺度空域相关性的图像边缘检测

根据小波分析多尺度空间的相关性,在模极大值边缘检测的基础上提出一种新的图像边缘检测方法.该方法不需要对图像进行预处理就能较精确的检测出图像的边缘.取相邻尺度的小波系数相乘进行相关计算,在抑制噪声的同时提高边缘的定位精度.方法快捷,算法简便,克服了直接对图像进行模极大值边缘检测造成的误差.实验结果表明,该方法得到了满意的效果.     

Bayesian change detection based on spatial sampling and Gaussian mixture model

A Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and Bayesian inferencing based unsupervised change detection algorithm is proposed to achieve change detection on the difference image computed from satellite images of the same scene acquired at different time instances. Each pixel of the difference image is represented by a feature vector constructed from the difference image values of the neighbouring pixels to consider the contextual information. The feature vectors of the difference image are modelled as a GMM. The conditional posterior probabilities of changed and unchanged pixel classes are automatically estimated by partitioning GMM into two distributions by minimizing an objective function. Bayesian inferencing is then employed to segment the difference image into changed and unchanged classes by using the conditional posterior probability of each class. Change detection results are shown on real datasets.     

基于小波系数相关性的图像篡改盲检测及定位

分析了小波变换模极大值与信号突变点之间存在的联系,以及图像信息相关性的强弱,实现对图像的篡改部分进行检测。由于对图像进行篡改操作之后,通常会在两幅图像的结合处出现突变点（或者奇异点）,形成强边缘。因此,利用小波变换的多分辨率分析,求得模极大值进行多项式曲线拟合的结果,根据拟合误差的大小对图像的强边缘进行检测定位,再通过图像分块之间相关性的强弱,对篡改区域进行更准确的篡改检测和定位分析。实验结果证明,该方法能够检测到篡改信息,并且可对图像中的篡改部分进行准确定位。     

On change detection and displacement vector estimation in image sequences

Recent developments in the areas of displacement vector estimation as well as dissimilarity grading by a maximum likelihood ratio can be related to each other quantitatively in such a way that dissimilarity grading is reduced to interframe displacement estimation.     

Extracting urban vegetation characteristics using spectral mixture analysis and decision tree classifications

Urban vegetation cover is a critical component in urban systems modeling and recent advances in remote sensing technologies can provide detailed estimates of vegetation characteristics. In the present study we classify urban vegetation characteristics, including species and condition, using an approach based on spectral unmixing and statistically developed decision trees. This technique involves modeling the location and separability of vegetation characteristics within the spectral mixing space derived from high spatial resolution Quickbird imagery for the City of Vancouver, Canada. Abundance images, field based land cover observations and shadow estimates derived from a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) surface model are applied to develop decision tree classifications to extract several urban vegetation characteristics. Our results indicate that along the vegetation-dark mixing line, tree and vegetated ground cover classes can be accurately separated (80% and 94% of variance explained respectively) and more detailed vegetation characteristics including manicured and mixed grasses and deciduous and evergreen trees can be extracted as second order hierarchical categories with variance explained ranging between 67% and 100%. Our results also suggest that the leaf-off condition of deciduous trees produce pixels with higher dark fractions resulting from branches and soils dominating the reflectance values. This research has important implications for understanding fine scale biophysical and social processes within urban environments.     

自适应PCNN和改进C-V结合的遥感图像变化检测

为获取保留图像信息较完好的差异图并得到更好的变化检测结果,提出一种基于自适应脉冲耦合神经网络（PC‐NN）和改进Chan‐Vese （C‐V）模型的非监督的不同时相遥感图像的变化检测算法。用差值法、比值法对两幅遥感图像进行差异图获取;用自适应PCNN图像融合算法对两幅差异图进行融合,获取保留图像信息较好的差异图;用基于改进C‐V模型的分割算法对融合后的差异图进行分割,得到变化检测结果图。实验结果表明,该算法具有很好的变化检测效果,总检测精度较高。     

Synergistic use of QuickBird multispectral imagery and LIDAR data for object-based forest species classification

This study evaluated the synergistic use of high spatial resolution multispectral imagery (i.e., QuickBird, 2.4 m) and low-posting-density LIDAR data (3 m) for forest species classification using an object-based approach. The integration of QuickBird multispectral imagery and LIDAR data was considered during image segmentation and the subsequent object-based classification. Three segmentation schemes were examined: (1) segmentation based solely on the spectral image layers; (2) segmentation based solely on LIDAR-derived layers; and (3) segmentation based on both the spectral and LIDAR-derived layers. For each segmentation scheme, objects were generated at twelve different scales in order to determine optimal scale parameters. Six categories of classification metrics were generated for each object based on spectral data alone, LIDAR data alone and the combination of both data sources. Machine learning decision trees were used to build classification rule sets. Quantitative segmentation quality assessment and classification accuracy results showed the integration of spectral and LIDAR data, in both image segmentation and object-based classification, improved the forest classification compared to using either data source independently. Better segmentation quality led to higher classification accuracy. The highest classification accuracy (Kappa = 91.6%) was acquired when using both spectral- and LIDAR-derived metrics based on objects segmented from both spectral and LIDAR layers at scale parameter 250, where best segmentation quality was achieved. Optimal scales were analyzed for each segmentation-classification scheme. Statistical analysis of classification accuracies at different scales revealed that there was a range of optimal scales that provided statistically similar accuracy.     

一种基于关联和代理的分布式入侵检测模型

提出了一种分布式IDS系统模型,其采集单元基于已有集中式IDS,仅增加后台信息转换组件,将其告警信息转换为标准的IDMEF格式;数据分析单元基于各种已有关联算法,对各集中式IDS上报的IDMEF信息进行关联和汇聚;采集单元和分析单元采用自治Agent实现;节点间信息的传递基于订阅的模式。使用该模型能较为迅速并经济地搭建一个性能良好的分布式IDS系统。     

基于决策树的焊缝缺陷类型识别研究

自动对射线底片图像进行分析和缺陷类型识别是无损探伤研究领域的一个热点。在对焊缝射线底片进行图像去噪和图像增强的基础上,对焊缝底片图像进行二值化处理,进而提取焊缝缺陷图像及其特征,再采用决策树方法建立焊缝缺陷特征的分类规则,并用这些规则对二值化后的焊缝缺陷图像进行分类识别。实验结果表明,基于决策树方法对焊缝缺陷图像识别的准确率高,而且所表达的知识易于理解。     

基于通道间相关性的图像重着色检测

图像重着色是一种新兴的图像编辑技术,通过篡改像素值达到改变图像颜色风格的目的。随着社交网络和图像编辑技术的快速发展,重着色图像已经严重阻碍了信息传达的真实性。然而,专门为重着色而设计的工作少之又少,现有的重着色检测方法在传统重着色场景下仍有很大提升空间,在应对手工重着色图像时效果不佳。为此,提出了一种基于通道间相关性的重着色图像检测方法,该方法适用于重着色任务中的传统重着色和手工重着色场景。基于相机成像和重着色图像生成方式之间存在显著差异这一现象,提出重着色操作或许会破坏自然图像的通道间相关性这一假设。通过数值分析说明,通道间相关性差异可作为区分重着色图像和自然图像的重要鉴别度量。基于上述先验知识,所提方法通过提取差分图像的一阶微分残差的通道共生矩阵,获得图像的通道间相关性特征集。此外,根据实际情况,假设了3种检测场景,包括训练-测试数据之间匹配、不匹配以及手工重着色场景。实验结果表明,所提方法能够准确识别重着色图像,在假设的3种场景下均优于现有方法,取得了较高的检测精度。除此之外,所提方法对训练数据量的依赖性较小,在训练数据有限的情况下,能实现相当精确的预测结果。     

基于加权多随机决策树的入侵检测模型

传统的决策树分类方法(如ID3和C4.5)对于相对小的数据集是很有效的。但是,当这些算法用于入侵检测这样的非常大的数据时,其有效性就显得不足。采用了一种基于随机模型的决策树算法, 在保证分类准确率的基础上,减少了对系统资源的占用,并设计了基于此算法的分布式入侵检测模型。最后通过对比试验表明该模型在对计算机入侵数据的分类上有着出色的表现。     

Land cover change detection at coarse spatial scales based on iterative estimation and previous state information

This study focuses on the use of coarse spatial resolution (CR, pixel size about 1 km²) remote sensing data for land cover change detection and qualification. Assuming the linear mixing model for CR pixels, the problem is that both the multitemporal class features and the pixel composition in terms of classes are unknown. The proposed algorithm is then based on the iterative alternate estimation of each unknown variable. At each iteration, the class features are estimated, thanks to the knowledge of the composition of some pixels, and then the pixel composition is re-estimated knowing the class features. The subset of known composition pixels is the subset of pixels where no change has occurred, i.e. the previous land cover map is still valid. It is derived automatically by removing at each iteration the pixels where the new composition estimation disagrees with the former one. Finally, for the final estimation of the pixel composition, a Markovian chain model is used to guide the solution, i.e. the previous land cover map is used as a ‘reminder’ or ‘memory’ term.This approach has been first validated using simulated data with different spatial resolution ratios. Then, the detection of forest change with SPOT/VGT-S10 has been considered as an actual application case. Finally, the method has been applied to change detection on the Val de Saône watershed between the 1980s and 2000. The results obtained from three coarse resolution series, NOAA/AVHRR, SPOT/VGT-S10 and SPOT/VGT-P, have been compared.     

Error Analysis of Change Detection based on Land Cover in High Resolution Remote Sensing Images in Urban Areas

Land use/land cover change detection using high spatial resolution remote sensing image is an important content in land monitoring.However,the problems of shadow,image registration,threshold selection,detection method selection and image post-processing are more prominent in high-resolution images compared with that in medium and low resolution images,which result in more difficulties and uncertainties.Change detection of land cover was carried out base on aerial color images between 2009 and 2012 in Xianlin District of Nanjing,and the errors were analyzed in terms of intra-class and inter-class.The results show that the inter-class error accounted for 97.6% in the omission error,and the intra-class error accounted for 87.1% in the commission error.According to the error sources,72.6% of the false negative pixels are derived from the detection method,43.6% of the false positive pixels are come from detection method while 39.7% from radiation inconsistent.The analysis results in the paper provided reference for the development of new change detection algorithm.     

利用概率主题模型的遥感影像半监督分类

土地覆盖是自然环境与人类活动相互作用的中心,而土地覆盖信息主要是通过遥感影像分类来获取,因此影像分类是遥感影像分析的最基本问题之一。在参考基于概率主题模型的高分辨率遥感影像聚类分析的基础上,通过半监督学习最典型的生成模型方法引出了基于概率主题模型的半监督分类（SS-LDA）算法。借鉴SS-LDA模型在文本识别应用的流程,构建了基于SS-LDA算法的高分辨率遥感影像分类的基本流程。通过实验证明,相对于传统的非监督分类与监督分类算法,SS-LDA算法能够获取较高精度的影像分类结果。     

基于空域相关滤波和总变分模型的图像去噪

针对总变分（TV）模型对图像的细节不敏感以及去噪的同时易造成边缘模糊的缺陷,提出了一种图像去噪的新算法。根据图像经过小波分解以后,细节主要集中在高频部分,而取相邻尺度的小波系数进行相关计算,可以提高边缘的定位精度。利用小波高频系数的相关计算来控制TV模型的扩散,在去噪的同时保护了边缘细节。仿真实验采用三种典型的离散方法,结果显示该算法处理的去噪图像视觉效果有所改善,且信噪比也有很大提高。