Background noise in optical communication systems

The origin and magnitude of the several kinds of background noise that perturb optical communication receivers are discussed, including background radiation sources viewed directly, radiation reflected from background objects, and radiation scattered by the atmosphere into the receiver field of view. An extensive bibliography on this topic is presented.     

抑制频谱分割WDM系统强度噪声的方法研究

在频谱分割WDM系统中,非相干光源引入过剩强度噪声远远大于其它噪声源,是系统的主要噪声分量,因此很大程度上限制了频谱分割WDM系统的性能.简要分析了频谱分割WDM系统的强度噪声,详细研究了目前在频谱分割WDM系统中采用的几种强度噪声抑制的方法,并指出了其各自的优缺点.     

Permuted M-matrices for the reduction of phase-induced intensity noise in optical CDMA network

Two codeword families and the corresponding encoder/decoder schemes are present for spatial/frequency optical code-division multiple-access communications. These 2-D codewords have multiple weights per row and can be encoded/decoded via compact hardware. With the proposed decoding mechanism, the intended user will reject interfering users and multiple-access interference is fully eliminated. In addition, the power of the same wavelength contributed by all interfering codewords is split and detected by distinct photodiodes in the decoder. Thus the performance degradation due to the beat noise arising in the photodetecting process is improved, as compared with the traditional 1-D coding scheme, and a larger number of active users is supported under a given bit-error rate.     

Nonlinear distortions and noise in optical communication systems due to fiber connectors

The transmission characteristics of optical fiber connectors are analyzed in detail in order to calculate nonlinear distortions and noise due to instable speckle patterns. The fluctuation amplitude of the transmission loss and its sensitivity, with respect to a wavelength shift of the laser source, are determined for coherent and partially coherent laser sources. Nonlinear distortions due to fiber connectors yield a second-order harmonic distortion of typically -36 dB for a single-longitudinal mode injection laser, and typically -65 dB for a multimode laser. The noise performance has also been estimated for both low frequency and high frequency fluctuations.     

Thermal noise in optical fibers and its influence on long-distancecoherent communication systems

The theory of phase noise caused by thermal fluctuations in an optical fiber is revised, accounting for both longitudinal and transverse phonons, and for the anisotropy of the elastooptic effect. A realistic optical mode field is accounted for. The theory is applied to calculations of bit error rates in DPSK coherent fiber-optic communication systems. Numerical results show that the thermal phase fluctuations are unimportant for transmission distances below 10000 km     

Phase noise in coherent analog AM-WIRNA optical links

Coherent analog amplitude modulated-wideband rectifier narrowband (AM-WIRNA) systems have been the focus of many recent studies because of their high performance and relative immunity to phase noise compared to angle modulated systems. Despite their natural advantages over angle modulated systems, AM-WIRNA receivers are still vulnerable to phase noise because of distortion of their phase broadened signals in a finite bandwidth system. We present the first numerical analysis of the effects of this distortion on the performance of AM-WIRNA systems. The analysis accurately models the power spectral density of the phase-to-intensity noise with a root-mean-square deviation from the averaged experimental noise spectrum of 1.2 dB and a maximum deviation of 3.8 dB in the modulation range of <2 GHz. The accuracy of the analysis is limited primarily by nonidealities in the AM-WIRNA receiver and the accuracy of the analytical intermediate frequency (IF) filter model. Optimal link designs are presented which minimize the impact of phase-to-distortion noise in AM-WIRNA systems. We present experimental data from AM-WIRNA links which use both external cavity and distributed feedback lasers for the signal and local oscillator sources. The numerical analysis predicts the link signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for different signal laser powers to within 1.4 dB of experiment. We find that systems requiring high SNR such as phased array antennas and AM-CATV are significantly affected by this noise     

Crosstalk penalities due to coherent Rayleigh noise inbidirectional optical communication systems

The statistical properties, i.e. power spectral densities and probability density functions, of the noise due to Rayleigh backscattered light and due to interference of backscattered and reflected light are derived from the autocorrelation function of the optical source field. The crosstalk penalties due to Rayleigh backscattering in single- and double-source bidirectional systems are calculated. It is shown that it is possible to realize a bidirectional system with commercially available connectors in which Rayleigh backscattering is the dominant crosstalk contribution. The measured crosstalk penalties and bit-error probabilities in a double-source bidirectional system confirm the theoretical results     

Relative intensity noise in semiconductor optical amplifiers

The spontaneous noise spectrum of high-gain semiconductor optical amplifiers is normally assumed to be dominated by spontaneous-spontaneous and signal-spontaneous beat noise, which is white over the frequency range important to fiber-optic systems. Recent measurements have shown that a strong resonance peak in the spontaneous noise spectrum appears well below the threshold current, indicating the existence of relative intensity noise. This noise term has important implications for system design, and its effect on several transmission systems is described. Relative intensity noise in semiconductor optical amplifiers is compared to the similar relative intensity noise found in semiconductor lasers     

相对相位噪声对相干光通信系统性能影响

在使用前向抽运喇曼放大器的相干光正交频分复用传输系统中,由于喇曼抽运的强度噪声和交叉相位调制之间相互作用产生相对相位噪声,导致系统性能大幅下降。为了研究此问题,采用数值分析方法进行了理论分析与实验验证,分析了不同的调制格式下,相对相位噪声对相干光正交频分复用系统的影响,并且比较了正交频分复用多载波系统与单载波系统在相同条件下的系统性能,取得了由相对相位噪声所导致的系统损伤程度数据。结果表明,抽运和信号之间相对较大的离散系数有助于抑制相对相位噪声引起的损伤,高阶调制信号比低阶信号对相对相位噪声耐受性低;频谱相同效率时,正交幅度调制格式比相移键控耐受性更好。     

Calculating the performance of optical communication systems withmodal noise by saddlepoint method

Modal noise disturbs the received power of optical receivers. It arises in multimode fiber systems and can be modeled by a gamma distribution. In our system, the number of secondary electrons is amplified by an avalanche photodiode (APD) and further corrupted by the thermal noise of the subsequent linear amplifier. The degradation to the system caused by modal noises is considered along with the signal dependent shot noise and the circuit generated thermal noise. The error probabilities are computed by using the saddlepoint method under the influence of various degrees of modal noise. Methods for searching for the threshold and the optimum APD gain are also presented     

相干光OFDM通信系统中的IQ补偿和相位估计

文章首先研究了相干光OFDM(正交频分复用)通信系统中的线性损耗,包括IQ(同相/正交相)不平衡以及线性相位噪声;提出了一种DA(基于决策)的不需要周期性地插入训练数据的方法。计算机仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可以有效估计并补偿这两类线性损耗;在此基础上,提出了一种在考虑信道色散噪声的情况下,联合补偿IQ不平衡和线性相位噪声的新算法。     

Deterministic channel modeling and performance simulation of microcellular wide-band communication systems

To evaluate the performance of future microcellular IMT-2000 modems, simple physical models are required, so that a number of system characteristics, such as the signal bandwidth, the antenna beamwidth, or the base station height can be accounted for at a limited computational cost. This paper describes a deterministic three-dimensional electromagnetic model, which allows simulation of the radiowave propagation for microcellular wide-band communication systems in urban areas. The model is based on a UTD ray-tracing tool and makes use of an improved mirror method. Simulated power-delay profiles are plotted against measured power-delay profiles recorded at 1.87 GHz in a street of Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, by means of an 80-MHz channel sounder. Despite several discrepancies, a satisfying matching is found considering three orders of reflection and single diffraction. Predictions of rms delay-spread accounting for the sounder limited bandwidth are presented. Finally, simulated and measured channels are also compared through the resulting performance of a typical IMT-2000 service in the presence of multiple access interference.     

A post-coding scheme for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in intensity modulated optical OFDM systems

An efficient post-coding strategy is proposed in this letter to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio （PAPR） of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） signals for optical intensity modulated direct detection （IM/DD） systems. The post-coding scheme based on discrete cgsine transform （DCT） is employed after the inverse fast Fourier transform （IFFT） in the transmitter to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals. This method is different from the conventional pre-coding scheme which is employed before IFFT operation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the new DCT post-coding strategy can significantly reduce the PAPR than the conventional pre-coding scheme. Meantime, the bit error rate （BER） performance of the proposed post-coding system can be improved compared with the conventional pre-coding scheme.     

Effect of optical amplifier noise on laser linewidth requirementsin long haul optical fiber communication systems with Costas PLLreceivers

The impact of optical amplifier noise is analyzed in investigating the performance of optical long-haul PSK homodyne communication systems with Costas phase locked loop (PLL) receivers. The laser linewidth requirement for an optically amplified system becomes relaxed in comparison with the system with no optical amplifier, owing to the fact that the effect of incomplete phase tracking becomes less important as a larger signal power is demanded to maintain a fixed bit-error rate. Also, it is found that the power splitting ratio regarding the power distributions for the I-arm and the Q-arm of a Costas loop can vary in a wide range without having much influence on the performance of an optically amplified system. As a matter of fact, the power penalty induced by incomplete phase tracking for a system with a large number of cascaded optical amplifiers is mainly due to the finite phase error and not due to the power splitting ratio, and this may fail a previously-reported method for finding the required laser linewidth by assigning a certain amount of power penalty that is due to the power splitting ratio     

Digital adaptive phase noise reduction in coherent optical links

Coherent optical links enable high-density constellations and, consequently, a higher throughput. However, the phase noise associated with the transmitter and the receiver lasers is a challenging issue in coherent lightwave systems. The authors present an approach that relies on using digital signal processing techniques to compensate for the laser phase-noise effects. The proposed approach exploits the digital processing power to address the problems arising from optical imperfections. The authors present an adaptive filtering scheme that reduces the effect of the laser phase noise and, consequently, relaxes the laser linewidth requirement. The proposed approach shows how the signal processing techniques can be exploited to compensate for the optical impairments by utilizing the continuing scale down in size and power in very large scale integration (VLSI) technology.     

Spectral synchronization in chaotic optical communication systems

The ability of chaotic carriers to synchronize in optical chaotic communication systems is studied experimentally under a spectral domain analysis. Synchronization of high-frequency components up to tens of gigahertz of the chaotic carriers can thus be evaluated. On the contrary, the traditional method of measuring the synchronization through chaotic carrier time-traces is constrained by the limited bandwidth of the real-time oscilloscopes used for such measurements, excluding the contribution of the high-frequency components of the chaotic carriers to the synchronization characterization of the system.     

模拟信号光纤传输系统的噪声系数分析

在对模拟信号光纤传输系统性能参数分析的基础上,提出了一种用于模拟信号光纤传输系统设计方案,分析了影响系统噪声系数的相关因素,对方案的设计要点、改进系统噪声系数方法及实现方式进行了论述.     

Source-induced noise in optical systems driven by low-coherencesources

High-power quasimonochromatic light sources may deliver enough power into optical and fiber-optic systems to make the source noise dominant at the system output. With an RMS value proportional to light intensity, this noise limits the system sensitivity and dynamic range to levels which cannot be improved by injecting more light into the system. Source-related noise may originate not only from the source intensity fluctuations, but also from a phase-to-intensity conversion process which is characteristic of many single-spatial-mode multiple-path optical systems. The shape of the power spectral density of the source-induced noise, being critically dependent on the physical structure of the system, is analyzed for a self-homodyne Mach-Zehnder structure and for a recirculating delay line. For single-path communication systems, it is shown that source-originated noise exceeds both shot and thermal noise for a received optical power of only a few tens of microwatts     

光通信系统中色散容限的分析

文章通过非线性薛定谔方程和主偏振态(PSP)模型.对单模光纤中色散引起的脉冲展宽进行了研究.通过详细计算,对光通信系统中的色度色散和偏振模色散(PMD)做出了合理的估计,并分析了色散容限对系统传输的影响.这些分析对实际系统设计具有一定参考意义.