仙人掌山楂复合饮料加工工艺的研究

研究了仙人掌山楂复合饮料的生产工艺流程，探讨了仙人掌、山楂的取汁方法和影响仙人掌山楂复合饮料稳定性的因素及加工工艺对其营养价值的影响，最终确定出仙人掌山楂复合饮料的最佳加工工艺。     

仙人掌果脯的加工工艺

研究了仙人掌果脯的加工工艺,结果表明:采用0.8%的食盐溶液在85～90℃烫漂仙人掌3min,用0.35%的NaOH溶液在85～90℃下浸泡仙人掌40min脱皮,用0.005%的醋酸铜 0.01%醋酸锌 0.2%Vc溶液在室温下浸泡2h护色,以0.9%的氯化钙在室温下浸泡1d硬化,上述工艺较适合仙人掌果脯的加工。     

仙人掌高蛋白饮品的研制

以仙人掌、大豆为原料,配以相应辅料制成粉状即溶饮品,并探讨了仙人掌高蛋白饮品的加工工艺及配方。     

果蔬类加工

百合生姜乳酸发酵菜的研制，苦菜的生产与加工，蒲公英和荠菜的护色研究，食用仙人掌罐头的制作工艺，仙人掌食品的加工技术……     

仙人掌豆粉饮品的研制

以仙人掌、大豆为原料,配以相应辅料制成粉状即溶饮品,并探讨了仙人掌豆粉饮品的加工工艺及配方。     

仙人掌清汁饮料的研制

研究了仙人掌清汁饮料的西方和工艺流程，主要解决仙人掌汁饮料的澄清问题，结果表明，使用0.05%高效饮料澄清剂澄清15%仙人掌饮料，效果显著，工艺简单，成本低廉，澄清后经过调配加工，可制成具有较好保健作用和凉爽感的仙人掌清汁饮料。     

仙人掌橙汁复合饮料加工工艺的研究

以"米邦塔"仙人掌茎和橙汁为试材,进行淀粉酶和果胶酶处理提高仙人掌出汁率、仙人掌草腥味掩盖、仙人掌橙汁复合饮料稳定性和杀菌实验,探讨仙人掌橙汁复合饮料的加工工艺.结果表明:淀粉酶和果胶酶处理对混浊仙人掌汁出汁率的影响不明显;β-环状糊精对仙人掌的草腥味的掩盖无效果,而添加2倍于仙人掌汁的橙汁可以掩盖大部分的仙人掌草腥味;仙人掌橙汁复合饮料的稳定剂组合为0.20%CMC 0.20%海藻酸钠时其稳定性和口感最好;90℃维持2min杀菌,趁热灌装,常温下保质期达6个月以上.     

仙人掌罐头的加工

食用仙人掌是越来越被人们青睐的保健蔬菜。而食用仙人掌制威的罐头等食品更是深受人们的喜爱,有着十分广阔的消费市场.现将仙人掌罐头的加工技术介绍如下:1选料 选择新鲜可食仙人掌的嫩茎为原料,要求茎肉饱满,无虫蛀、虫斑、无霉烂变质。用清水洗干净,然后     

保健型仙人掌混浊汁饮料的研制

以米邦塔仙人掌为主要原料,开发研制出质量稳定、口感优良、风味独特的天然保健型饮料,着重解决了饮料的色泽、稳定性和口感等问题,通过正交实验确定仙人掌混浊汁饮料的最佳工艺条件和最佳配方,为米邦塔仙人掌的加工食用提供了新的途径。     

仙人掌保健罐头的研制

主要对仙人掌保健罐头的加工工艺与配方进行了探讨。     

提取仙人掌抑菌物质三种方法的比较

目的比较3种实验室提取仙人掌抑菌物质方法的优缺点。方法以米邦塔食用仙人掌为原料,采用水浴浸提、超声波辅助提取、超临界提取3种方法提取其中的抑菌活性成分,并检测抑菌物质的抑菌性能。结果与结论超临界提取法得到的活性物质抑菌效果最佳,超声波辅助提取次之,水浴提取法效果最差。     

提取仙人掌抑菌物质三种方法的比较

目的 比较3种实验室提取仙人掌抑菌物质方法的优缺点.方法 以米邦塔食用仙人掌为原料,采用水浴浸提、超声波辅助提取、超临界提取3种方法提取其中的抑菌活性成分,并检测抑菌物质的抑菌性能.结果与结论 超临界提取法得到的活性物质抑菌效果最佳,超声波辅助提取次之,水浴提取法效果最差.     

Cactaceae mucilage composition

Determination of the main structural features of the mucilages from Opuntia monacantha, Opuntia nopalea-coccinillifera, Cereus peruvianus and Wigginsia erinacea by hydrolysis and methylation indicated that these polysaccharides have some similarity to both pectic polysaccharides and gum exudates, and, consequently, may provide an alternative source of industrial raw materials. The chemical composition of the mucilages is consistent with a role in the storage of moisture in Cactaceae and may be used to provide a useful method of taxonomy within the family.     

Antiradical activity,nutritional potential and flavonoids of the cladodes of Opuntia monacantha (Cactaceae)

This work reports the nutritional potential and the antiradical activity of the cladodes of the Brazilian Opuntia monacantha Haw. (Cactaceae), as well the isolation of kaempferol and isorhamnetin through activity-guided fractionation from its active MeOH extract. TLC, HPLC-DAD and NMR techniques were used to detect and identify the compounds. The water (91.1%), ash, protein, fibre and lipid contents (15.0, 5.4, 18.5 and 1.4 g/100 g, respectively) were shown to be quite similar to the mean values of other Opuntia spp., some widely used as food and forage. The antioxidant activity of their MeOH extract and of its n-hexane, EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions was assessed by measuring the ability of the fractions to scavenge DPPH radical, showing an activity enhancement for the fractions in comparison to the crude MeOH extract. The well-known free-radical scavenging activity of the isolated flavonoids reinforces the contribution of these compounds to the presented activity of the O. monacantha cladodes.     

Nutritional components and anti-oxidant capacity of ten cultivars and lines of cactus pear fruit (Opuntia spp.)

Cactus pear fruit (Opuntia) are harvested from various species of the genus Opuntia of the cactus family (Cactaceae), and are produced and consumed in several countries. We have characterized the nutritional content and antioxidant capacity (AC) of the fruit of ten cultivars/lines of distinct pulp colors. ‘Camuesa’ had the highest betalains, total carotenoids, ß-carotene, ascorbic acid, and was one of the highest in total phenolic compounds, but its AC did not demonstrate outstanding differences with some other cultivars/lines that were not as rich in these compounds. ‘Roja Pelota’ had high AC when measured with the DPPH assay, but had low total carotenoids, ß-carotene and total phenolic content. ‘Reyna’ had slightly low AC as measured by the FRAP assay, practically no betalains, and low vitamin C, tocopherols, ß-carotene, and total phenolic content.     

Antioxidant activity and characterization of constituents in copao fruits (Eulychnia acida Phil., Cactaceae) by HPLC–DAD–MS/MSn

Copao (Eulychnia acida Phil., Cactaceae) is an endemic species occurring in arid areas of northern Chile. The fruits are commercialized by peasants within the Elqui and Limari valleys and are appreciated for its acidic and refreshing taste. We now report the total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) content, antioxidant activity, phenolic composition and main phenolic distribution in pulp and epicarp of copao fruits from different harvesting places from both valleys. The ascorbic acid content was determined in fresh fruit pulp, epicarp and juice. The phenolic-enriched extract was analyzed for antioxidant effect and composition. Ferulic acid, 9,10-dihydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one hexoside, isorhamnetin and quercetin glycosides were identified by HPLC–DAD–MS/MS analysis. The main compounds were isolated and fully characterized by NMR techniques. The main phenolic in the samples was isorhamnetin-3-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside]. The HPLC pattern of the phenolic-enriched extracts of the fruits allows a differentiation of samples from the Elqui and Limari valleys. All fruit extracts and Amberlite-retained fraction from the methanolic extract were devoid of toxicity against human gastric AGS cells and human lung fibroblasts, with IC₅₀ values > 400 μg/mL for AGS and 344 to > 400 μg/mL for fibroblasts, respectively. The compound identification, associated with the antioxidant activity and insignificant cell toxicity, adds relevant information for the possible development of this native fruit into a new crop.     

Nutraceutical properties and toxicity studies of fruits from four Cactaceae species grown in Argentine Northwestern

Fruits are known as good sources of phytochemicals, essential to prevent degenerative diseases like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. They contain a variety of antioxidants, which are useful to scavenge radical oxygen species (ROS). Considering the importance of natural products as a functional food, comparative studies between the antioxidant activity (AOA) and antimutagenic properties as well as phytochemical profile of Cactaceae fruits (Lepismium lorentzianum, Lepismium lumbricoides, Rhipsalis floccosa, and Pfeiffera ianthothele) from Argentinean Yungas, were performed. Different assays were applied: ABTS radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation using ??-carotene-linoleate model system and mutagenicity/antimutagenicity by Ames test. A pigment like betalain was detected in fruits of both Lepismium species; L. lorentzianum aqueous extracts showed a higher pigment content (60.6 mg BE/100 g FM) than L. lumbricoides (9.2 mg BE/100 g FM). Fruit preparations of L. lorentzianum (aqueous and ethanolic extractions) showed significantly higher total phenolic compound and pigments content than the other berries. In all preparations, high antioxidant activity was demonstrated. Lepismium species were more active than Rhipsalis and Pfeiffera (SC_50ABTS values between 1.3 and 4.5 ??g/ml and IC_{50 ??-carotene-linoleate} values between 9 and 45.8 ??g/ml). A significant correlation between pigment and phenolic compounds content and AOA was observed. The preparations showed no sign of mutagenicity at tested concentrations (until 50 ??g/plate). A significant antimutagenic effect was observed for L. lumbricoides, and a weak effect was shown for P. ianthothele and R. floccosa. Because of the diversity and abundance of bioactive phytochemicals found in these species, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications could be proposed.     

Pilosocereus arrabidae (Byles & Rowley) of the Grumari sandbank,RJ, Brazil: Physical,chemical characterizations and antioxidant activities correlated to detection of flavonoids

The fruits of Pilosocereus arrabidae (Cactaceae) is found in the Grumari shoal, located in the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil and, several studies have already highlighted the importance of consuming its fruits. This work aims to investigate the physical, mineral and physicochemical properties of its fruits as well as to establish the knowledge about their chemical constituents and antioxidant properties. The peel (Pe) and pulp (Pu) extracts were obtained by maceration with the following solvents: hexane (HX), dichloromethane (DCL), ethyl acetate (EAC) and ethanol 70% (ET). The extracts were analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and, by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC–DAD and HPLC–MS) for its chemical investigation. For the antioxidant activity investigations the ORAC, DPPH and ferrous ion chelating capacity (FICC) tests were performed. As results, we found higher yields for peels (72%) compared to pulps (28%). By the physical–chemical analyses we point out the fruits as a good source of fiber (pulp: 6.01 mg/100 g; peel: 8.02 mg/100 g). The minerals were analyzed by the method of issuing flames and indicated high levels of selenium (DRI for pulp and peel: 147%) and manganese (DRI pulp: 97.69% and DRI peel: 269.56%). The total flavonoid contents of the fruits performed by HPLC–DAD presented 0.45 μg equiv. in quercetin/mL of peel EAC extract and 0.25 μg equiv. in rutin/mL of pulp EAC extract. The antioxidant activities by the ORAC, FICC and DPPH methods indicated that the ET extracts showed antioxidant activities above the standards adopted for the tests. Among these, we highlight the ET extract of the pulp with EC₅₀ of 17.57 ± 0.27 μg/mL, lower than Ginkgo biloba EGB761® (23.40 ± 0.04 mg/mL). By the FICC test the EAC extract of the peel and pulp showed 70.0% and 53.4% activity, respectively, at 500 mg/mL, higher than the standard quercetin (50.0%). By the HPLC–DAD and HPLC–MS methods there were detected, for the first time on this species, the presence of the following flavonoids on the EAC extracts: quercetin, rutin, catechin, dihydrokaempferol, quercetin 3 or 4′-O-glucoside, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. By the GC–MS analysis there were detected on the DCL extracts saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) and, on the HX extracts, methylated sugars (peel) and menthol (pulp). To sum up, the fruits of P. arrabidae display antioxidant potential correlated to flavonoid presence, and, high levels of selenium, manganese and fibers, characteristics that can promote beneficial effects on human health.     

肌肉嫩度的影响因素及pH调节牛肉嫩化技术研究进展

嫩度是牛肉的重要品质指标,提高牛肉嫩度可以显著提高牛肉品质。大量研究表明,调节pH能有效改善牛肉嫩度、提高牛肉的品质,且该嫩化方法安全有效、成本较低,正在受到越来越多学者和企业的关注。本文综述了决定肌肉嫩度的主要因素、pH调节嫩化技术的机理及国内外pH调节改善牛肉嫩度的应用的研究进展,为新型牛肉嫩化技术的研究与应用提供参考。     

Relation of the lipid level of the blood plasma to the nature of the nutrition of the population

The incidence of disorders in the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and the character of nutrition were studied in a non-organized population of males aged 20-59 (n-2888). Strictly standardized methods applicable in epidemiologic investigations were used. A reliable relationship has been revealed between the excessive consumption of fats, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, saccharose, the insufficient content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch, ascorbic acid, retinol, and magnesium in the diets and the incidence of disorders in the lipid metabolism.