垂直轴风力机叶片翼型结冰的数值计算

为研究寒冷气候条件对直线翼垂直轴风力机叶片表面结冰的影响,对该种风力机叶片常用的NACA0015翼型进行了翼型结冰的数值模拟计算.计算基于二维定常不可压缩流体的N-S方程,并引入离散相模型DPM.参照实际风力机野外工作环境参数,通过改变风速和空气中水滴流量等条件,计算了在8种典型攻角下的翼型表面结冰分布情况.结果表明:气流中所含的过冷水滴量和风速是影响风力机翼型表面结冰的关键因素;风速较低时,水滴流量的影响占主导作用;翼型攻角不同,其表面结冰的厚度、面积和生长趋势不同.在一定攻角范围内,翼型表面的结冰面积随翼型迎风面积、风速和空气中水滴流量的增加而增大.在一定条件下,结冰面积可达到翼型面积的30%以上.     

Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland

Ice on wind turbine blades reduces efficiency and causes financial loss to energy companies. Thus, it is important to know the possible risk of icing already in the planning phase of a wind park. This paper presents a new Finnish Icing Atlas and the methodology behind it and is prepared by applying the mesoscale numerical weather prediction model AROME with 2.5km horizontal resolution and an ice growth model based on ISO 12494. The same meteorological dataset is used as was used in the Finnish Wind Atlas (published in 2009), and thus is fully compatible with and comparable with existing climatological wind resource estimations. Representation of the selected time period is evaluated from an icing point of view. Comparing reanalysed temperature and humidity datasets for both the past 20 years and the wind atlas period, we conclude that the used time period represents large‐scale atmospheric conditions favourable for icing. We perform a series of sensitivity tests to evaluate how sensitive this ice model is to input from the weather model. The new atlas presents climatological distributions of active and passive icing periods and wind power production loss in map form for three different heights (50, 100 and 200m) over all of Finland. The results show that the risk for active icing is much greater in coastal areas, while the risk of passive icing is larger inland. © 2016 The Authors. Wind Energy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Identifying and characterizing the impact of turbine icing on wind farm power generation

Wind park power production in cold climate regions is significantly impacted by ice growth on turbine blades. This can lead to significant errors in power forecasts and in the estimation of expected power production during turbine siting. A modeling system is presented that uses a statistical modeling approach to estimate the power loss due to icing, using inputs from both a physical icing and a numerical weather prediction model. The physical icing model is that of Davis et al., 1 with updates to the simulation of ice ablation. A new approach for identifying periods of turbine blade icing from power observations was developed and used to calculate the observed power loss caused by icing. The observed icing power loss for 2years at six wind parks was used to validate the modeling system performance. Production estimates using the final production loss model reduce the root mean squared error when compared with the empirical wind park power curve (without icing influence) at five of the six wind parks while reducing the mean bias at all six wind parks. In addition to performing well when fit to each wind park, the production loss model was shown to improve the estimate of power when fit using all six wind parks, suggesting it may also be useful for wind parks where production data are not available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of icing roughness on wind turbine power production

The objective of this work is a quantitative analysis of power loss of a representative 1.5‐MW wind turbine subject to various icing conditions. Aerodynamic performance data are measured using a combination of ice accretion experiments and wind tunnel tests. Atmospheric icing conditions varying in static temperature, droplet diameter and liquid water content are generated in an icing facility to simulate a 45‐min icing event on a DU 93‐W‐210 airfoil at flow conditions pertinent to 80% blade span on a 1.5‐MW wind turbine. Iced airfoil shapes are molded for preservation and casted for subsequent wind tunnel testing. In general, ice shapes are similar in 2D profile, but vary in 3D surface roughness elements and in the ice impingement length. Both roughness heights and roughness impingement zones are measured. A 16% loss of airfoil lift at operational angle of attack is observed for freezing fog conditions. Airfoil drag increases by 190% at temperatures near 0° C, 145% near 10° C and 80% near 20° C. For a freezing drizzle icing condition, lift loss and drag rise are more severe at 25% and 220%, respectively. An analysis of the wind turbine aerodynamic loads in Region II leads to power losses ranging from 16% to 22% for freezing fog conditions and 26% for a freezing drizzle condition. Differences in power loss between icing conditions are correlated to variance in temperature, ice surface roughness and ice impingement length. Some potential control strategies are discussed for wind turbine operators attempting to minimize revenue loss in cold‐climate regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

扇形覆冰导线舞动的力学模型分析与仿真模拟

针对扇形覆冰导线的舞动问题,以中山口某输电线路覆冰导线舞动为例,应用龙格－库塔法在Matlab仿真软件中对扇形覆冰导线舞动模型进行了非线性数值求解和数值模拟分析,并假设输电线路的档间舞动为驻波,分析了气动力与导线扭转振动速度的耦合,提出了扇形覆冰导线舞动的三自由度舞动方程。结果表明,当扇形覆冰导线的扭转频率与横风向频率接近时扭转舞动激发横风向舞动,符合Nigol舞动机理,相同条件下扇形覆冰导线的舞动幅度比新月形覆冰导线大,数值模拟舞动振幅与实测结果相符,为扇形覆冰导线舞动机理的研究提供了参考。     

大跨越输电塔线体系覆冰断线数值模拟

为模拟大跨越输电塔—线体系覆冰断线,以1 000kV晋东南—南阳—荆门特高压输电线路工程黄河大跨越处一个耐张段(五塔四线)为例,利用ANSYS软件对该工程建立有限元模型,采用显式动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟分析了塔—线体系在无覆冰、10mm覆冰两种断线工况下的冲击过程,提取出输电塔相应位置处的轴力及位移响应。结果表明,覆冰断线产生的冲击作用对输电塔横担端、地线支架、曲臂等位置的影响较大,并计算了在导线覆冰断线情况下上述位置的冲击系数。     

两种结冰方式影响蓄冷速率的数值分析

环状结冰和形成均匀冰水混合物成核相变结冰是冰蓄冷空调水结冰过程的两种主要方式。由于完全冻结时间是影响冰蓄冷空调的主要因素之一，因此，为了研究这两种结冰方式所需要完全冻结时间的差别．对蓄冰球内水的环状结冰方式和形成均匀冰水混合物成核相变结冰方式建立了理论模型，并对两种方式的完全冻结时间进行了数值计算，其计算结果与实验结果基本一致。结果表明，环状结冰方式要比均匀冰水混合物成核相变结冰方式的完全冻结时间长很多，所以后者是冰蓄冷空调工程中理想的结冰方式。     

A review on ice detection technology and ice elimination technology for wind turbine

Blade icing can affect wind turbines to generate electricity. In severe cases, 30% of power generation is lost in a year, and safety problems in the vicinity of wind power plants are also caused. Researchers have designed anti‐icing and de‐icing technologies to reduce these effects, and excellent ice‐detecting devices are a prerequisite for using anti‐icing and de‐icing technologies. Ultrasonic attenuation technology can effectively and reliably detect the presence of ice without affecting the aerodynamic performance of the blade, providing a reliable guarantee for anti‐icing and de‐icing systems. Deicing and anti‐icing systems are divided into active and passive, active heating blades are still the most effective anti‐icing and de‐icing methods, but their energy consumption is too high. Although there are many existing de‐icing methods, there are not many practical uses. This article introduces them separately and lists their advantages and disadvantages. The use of ultrasonic anti‐icing and de‐icing is an economical and reliable means that has been proven to be used for anti‐icing and de‐icing of blades. However, under normal circumstances, a single anti‐icing de‐icing system cannot completely solve the problem of icing of the blades. This paper suggests using both ultrasonic and hydrophobic coatings to cope with more icing conditions.     

Quantitative detection method for icing of horizontal‐axis wind turbines

Icing seriously endangers the operational safety of wind turbines, and there has been a lack of research on the quantitative detection and early warning of the icing distribution on a blade. In order to address the present state and specific engineering problems of wind turbines, a method based on external sensor installation is proposed for quantitatively monitoring the icing distribution on a blade through numerical simulation and sensor detection technology. Field tests were performed on 1.5 and 2.0 MW wind turbines in icy weather. The detected distribution and thickness of the blade icing showed good agreement with the field results, which verifies the effectiveness of the detection method. The error between the detected and real ice thicknesses was approximately 20%, which breaks through the limitations of previous qualitative monitoring, and the error for specific ice formations on the blade was within the acceptable range. This new monitoring method can provide a reference for wind turbine icing detection and technical support for the efficient design and effective operation of icing protection facilities.     

基于输电线路垂直档距变化特征的等值覆冰厚度模型研究

针对电网防冰抗冰各业务的具体需求及现有覆冰监测终端受环境的影响使得多个测量值不够准确,从而增加架空线覆冰厚度观测值误差的问题,利用覆冰监测终端历史拉力值、气象因子测量数据,经过对历史拉力值数据合理的质量控制,采用相对值方法并结合实际测量技术手段,建立了考虑线路设计冰厚、垂直档距实时变化特征的更加精确的输电线路等值覆冰厚度计算模型,用于模拟两个冰期内线路等值覆冰厚度,并与实际观测结果进行对比。结果表明,AB相、地线垂直档距随覆冰厚度均呈非线性变化趋势,总体呈现出随覆冰厚度的增加而逐渐减小的变化趋势,且地线变化幅度大于AB相线;线路等值覆冰厚度与监测终端拉力值呈正相关性关系,计算出的线路等值覆冰厚度与同期的气象因子覆冰条件相一致,且模拟结果与实际观测结果误差较小。     

淋雨量对绝缘子串雨凇覆冰的影响

计算了在不同条件下过冷却雨滴的冻结时间γ及不同淋雨量下过冷却水滴碰撞同一区域的时间间隔△γ.在人工气候室内模拟了不同喷水量对绝缘子串覆冰的影响.在温度、雨滴直径、覆冰水电导率、风速等参数不变的情况下,通过控制喷头的喷水量达到模拟自然环境中不间降雨强度下绝缘子串覆冰的目的.通过计算及观察实验现象和分析实验结果知:如果γ<△γ,则覆冰为"干增长";如果γ>△γ,则覆冰为"湿增长":在相同的覆冰时间内,当淋雨量为20 mm/h时,绝缘子串覆冰为干增长;当淋雨量为40 mm/h时,绝缘子片间及伞裙间有大量冰凌桥接;当淋雨量为86.4 mm/h时,绝缘子串上覆冰柔软,在整个覆冰过程中一直有均匀水膜的存在,冰凌较少且短.     

输电塔线体系脱冰跳跃动力响应分析

针对输电塔线体系脱冰跳跃动力响应的问题,基于ANSYS软件建立了输电塔线体系模型,利用集中荷载的方法对覆冰进行模拟,分析了塔线体系下考虑覆冰厚度、脱冰率等不同工况下脱冰跳跃的动力响应,确定了覆冰厚度、脱冰率对导线竖向位移、最大水平张力及到达时间的影响。结果表明,随覆冰厚度增加导线竖向最大位移、最大水平张力增加,但增长率不同;脱冰率增加对导线竖向位移影响不大,但对最大水平张力有一定影响,且到达时间延长。     

Predictions of ice formations on wind turbine blades and power production losses due to icing

Prediction of ice shapes on a wind turbine blade makes it possible to estimate the power production losses due to icing. Ice accretion on wind turbine blades is responsible for a significant increase in aerodynamic drag and decrease in aerodynamic lift and may even cause premature flow separation. All these events create power losses and the amount of power loss depends on the severity of icing and the turbine blade profile. The role of critical parameters such as wind speed, temperature, liquid water content on the ice shape, and size is analyzed using an ice accretion prediction methodology coupled with a blade element momentum tool. The predicted ice shapes on various airfoil profiles are validated against the available experimental and numerical data in the literature. The error in predicted rime and glime ice volumes and the maximum ice thicknesses varies between 3% and 25% in comparison with the experimental data depending on the ice type. The current study presents an efficient and accurate numerical methodology to perform an investigation for ice‐induced power losses under various icing conditions on horizontal axis wind turbines. The novelty of the present work resides in a unified and coupled approach that deals with the ice accretion prediction and performance analysis of iced wind turbines. Sectional ice profiles are first predicted along the blade span, where the concurrence of both rime and glaze ice formations may be observed. The power loss is then evaluated under the varying ice profiles along the blade. It is shown that the tool developed may effectively be used in the prediction of power production losses of wind turbines at representative atmospheric icing conditions.     

覆冰导线舞动作用下杆塔结构破坏过程数值模拟

为考察输电杆塔在覆冰舞动工况条件下破坏过程及倒塌机理,以110 kV肖湖432线输电杆塔为例,基于有限元软件MIDAS建立杆塔结构模型,利用Matlab模拟出导线覆冰舞动荷载波形,在MIDAS中建立时程荷载函数,对杆塔结构施加导线舞动荷载进行动力时程分析,并对杆塔结构的破坏机理、破坏形态及塔材变形的发展情况进行了模拟分析。结果表明,杆塔的破坏是由于部分交叉斜撑发生较大变形,使主材侧向约束显著弱化,随着时间的推移在杆塔的薄弱位置发生破坏,并最终导致倒塔;数值模拟结果与杆塔结构实际的破坏形式相符,验证了该方法的正确性。     

Performance losses due to ice accretion for a 5 MW wind turbine

A numerical study of power performance losses due to ice accretion on a large horizontal axis wind turbine blade has been carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and blade element momentum (BEM) calculations for rime ice conditions. The computed aerodynamic coefficients for the normal and iced blades from the CFD calculations were used together with the BEM method to calculate the torque, power and curves of the wind turbine for both normal and icing conditions. The results are compared with the published data. It is shown that icing results in a reduced power production from the turbine and that changing the turbine controller could improve the power production with iced blades. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

覆冰荷载下500 kV输电塔失效模式研究

以2008年初南方雪灾致输电塔倒塌为背景,利用ANSYS软件建立了某500 kV输电线路的一塔两线体系精细化有限元模型,给出了利用荷载增量最小准则法搜寻输电塔主要失效模式的过程,计算了中、重冰区高压输电塔的主要失效模式,列出各失效路径中失效杆件的位置,进而对比分析了中、重冰区下输电塔结构的可靠性。结果表明,中冰区的输电塔的失效模式大部分在塔头位置,不能满足标准要求,而重冰区的主要失效模式出现在塔头部分的偏多,部分出现于塔身位置,相比于塔头,塔身部分的能满足标准要求。     

Wind turbine performance under icing conditions

The wind energy market is in full growth in Quebec but technical difficulties due to cold climate conditions have occurred for most of the existing projects. Thus, icing simulations were carried out on a 0.2 m NACA 63 415 blade profile in the refrigerated wind tunnel of the Anti‐icing Materials International Laboratory (AMIL). The shapes and masses of the ice deposits were measured, as well as the lift and drag forces of the iced profiles. Scaling was carried out based on the 1.8 MW–Vestas V80 wind turbine technical data, for three different radial positions and two in‐fog icing conditions measured at the Murdochville wind farm in the Gaspé Peninsula. For both icing events, the mass of ice accumulated on the blade profile increased with an increase in the radial position. In wet regime testing (first icing event), glaze formed mostly near the leading edge and on the pressure side. It also accumulated by run‐off on the trailing edge of the outer half of the blade. In dry‐regime testing (second icing event), rime mostly accreted on the leading edge and formed horns. For both icing events, when glaze or rime accreted on the blade profile, lift decreased and drag increased. A load calculation using the blade element theory shows that drag force on the entire blade becomes too large compared to lift, leading to a negative torque and the stop of the wind turbine. Torque reduction is more significant on the outer third of the blade. Setting up a de‐icing system only on the outer part of the blade would enable significant decrease of heating energy costs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于WD-LSTM的风电机组叶片结冰状态评测

为有效识别叶片结冰状态,尽早采取除冰措施,提出基于小波去噪的长短期记忆神经网络（WD-LSTM）的评测方法。首先基于过采样与欠采样相结合的方法解决SCADA系统数据中的类别不平衡问题,通过对叶片结冰相关的26项指标进行分析,并从结冰机理和数据探索的角度筛选特征量,小波去噪处理后建立WD-LSTM模型,进一步完成模型的训练和测试。分别以15号和21号风电机组为例进行模型验证,通过与LSTM、概率神经网络（PNN）模型和BP神经网络模型进行对比。结果表明,WD-LSTM方法在风电机组叶片结冰评测中的准确率可达98%,优于其他方法。     

Wind turbine aerodynamic response under atmospheric icing conditions

This article deals with the atmospheric ice accumulation on wind turbine blades and its effect on the aerodynamic performance and structural response. The role of eight atmospheric and system parameters on the ice accretion profiles was estimated using the 2D ice accumulation software lewice Twenty‐four hours of icing, with time varying wind speed and atmospheric icing conditions, was simulated on a rotor. Computational fluid dynamics code, FLUENT, was used to estimate the aerodynamic coefficients of the blade after icing. The results were also validated against wind tunnel measurements performed at LM Wind Power using a NACA64618 airfoil. The effects of changes in geometry and surface roughness are considered in the simulation. A blade element momentum code WT‐Perf is then used to quantify the degradation in performance curves. The dynamic responses of the wind turbine under normal and iced conditions were simulated with the wind turbine aeroelastic code HAWC2. The results show different behaviors below and above rated wind speeds. In below rated wind speed, for a 5 MW virtual NREL wind turbine, power loss up to 35% is observed, and the rated power is shifted from wind speed of 11 to 19 m s^?1. However, the thrust of the iced rotor in below rated wind speed is smaller than the clean rotor up to 14%, but after rated wind speed, it is up to 40% bigger than the clean rotor. Finally, it is briefly indicated how the results of this paper can be used for condition monitoring and ice detection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wind-tunnel investigation of icing of an inclined cylinder

The effects of varying the angle of wind velocity and axis of a cylindrical icing object around all of the three mutually perpendicular axes are studied experimentally. The mass, shape and profile of ice accretion obtained in a horizontal icing wind tunnel are investigated as functions of cylinder inclination. The icing object is exposed to two types of aerosol cloud, which are created by different procedures: (i) injecting small droplets horizontally into cold air flow, (ii) injecting vertically falling large droplets into cold air flow; so that the resulting conditions simulate in-cloud icing and freezing rain, respectively. Observations reveal the effects of varying each angle on the mass, shape and profile of ice accreted under both conditions.