Simulation of VGT control based on charge oxygen concentration

A turbocharged diesel engine model was built with the GT-Power software,and experimentally verified.Then two different control variables for the control of the variable geometry turbocharger（VGT）were described,and their distinct effects on engine performance,i.e.NOxand soot emissions and fuel consumption,were simulated and compared on the basis of this model.The results showed that NOxemissions decreased obviously with the increase of exhaust gas recirculation（EGR）rate at constant boost pressure condition,but soot emissions and fuel consumption considerably increased.It was a good way to reduce NOxemissions without increasing fuel consumption and soot emissions when VGT was controlled to maintain the excess oxygen ratio unchanged as EGR rate increases.     

Experimental study of effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine

Effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine are investigated by experiment. The intake oxygen concentration is controlled by adjusting CO₂. The results show that very low levels of both soot and NO _x emissions can be achieved by modulating the injection pressure, timing, and boost pressure at the low levels of oxygen concentration. However, both CO and HC emissions and fuel consumption distinctly increase at the low levels of oxygen concentration. The results also indicate that NO _x emissions strongly depend on oxygen concentration, while soot emissions strongly depend on injection pressure. Decreasing oxygen concentration is the most effective method to control NO _x emissions. High injection pressure is necessary to reduce smoke emissions. High injection pressure can also decrease the CO and HC emissions and improve engine efficiency. With the increase of intake pressure, both NO _x and smoke emissions decrease. However, it is necessary to use the appropriate intake pressure in order to get the low HC and CO emissions with high efficiency. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50636040, 50676066)     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Rate-Shaped Main Injection on Combustion and Emission in an OPOC Two-Stroke Diesel Engine

The effects of various split injection strategies on the opposed-piston opposed-cylinder (OPOC)diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics have been studied numerically using AVL-Fire CFD tools. The five rate-shaped main injections were used in split injection strategies. The results show that ignition delay from a rectangular injection rate is the shortest. Maximum pressure of the trapezoid injection rate is the largest. And the NO_x emission of the rectangular injection rate is the largest. Meanwhile, the soot emission of the trapezoid injection rate is the least among the five injection rates.     

柴油机燃烧过程模拟分析

为了解柴油机燃烧的微观情况,利用商用计算软件STAR-CD对增压中冷柴油机进行了燃烧模拟分析。在试验台架上调整供油提前角,针对烟度及NOx排放性能进行了试验,为模拟计算获取了温度、压力等初始条件。对试验工况进行了燃烧模拟,结果表明,喷油过程会形成喷注头部,在喷油后期喷注尾部又从喷注整体上脱落;未来得及燃烧的燃油撞壁后,其小部分向上运动逐渐进入余隙狭缝之中,大部分向下沿ω形壁面形成滚流运动;着火首先发生在油束外缘区域,并且随着燃烧的进行,高温区一直出现在燃油蒸汽的外层。     

燃料十六烷值对小型柴油机排放特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统,试验研究了燃料着火性对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下排放特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:在稳态工况下,随着燃料十六烷值的增大,滞燃期缩短,HC、NOx排放降低,消光烟度增加;在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况,随着十六烷值的增大,烟度排放恶化,NOx排放降低。综合考虑消光烟度和NOx排放,存在一个最佳十六烷值。对于排气烟度,燃料十六烷值存在2个界限,当十六烷值小于50或大于60时,对消光烟度影响明显加剧。     

Review: Investigation of Partially Pre-mixed Charge Ignitions (PPCI) Engine Mode

This paper embraces the key points of unpolluted internally combusted engine emissions. Core objective is focused on the recent effort to improve compression ignition(CI) and spark ignition(SI) engine to have fuel-efficient and minimized pollutant emissions. There are many advanced internal combustion engines to overcome the challenges of conventional compression ignition engines of the high level of particulate matter(PM) and oxides of nitrogen emission. One of the latest options on which many ...     

Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission of Chinese Small Agricultural Diesel Engine Fuelled with Methanol/Biodiesel/DTBP

中国小型农用柴油机燃用甲醇/生物柴油/DTBP的性能与排放试验研究

李瑞娜^1,2,3,张亮¹,朱佳隆¹,华琰¹,王忠¹

（1、江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院,江苏 镇江212013;

2. 汽车测控与安全四川省重点实验室,成都 610039;

3. 四川省新能源汽车智能控制与仿真测试技术工程研究中心,成都 610039）

摘 要：

为了研究甲醇和生物柴油对小型农用柴油机性能、经济性和排放的影响,分析了甲醇和生物柴油的物理化学性质（十六烷值、低热值、粘度等）。甲醇和生物柴油的性质在一定程度上表现出良好的互补性。当在生物柴油中加入大量甲醇时,甲醇/生物柴油混合物的十六烷值将大幅度降低。由于混合燃料的十六烷值对柴油机的燃烧过程有很大影响,在对甲醇/生物柴油的混合比进行试验后,分别用5%（BM5）、10%（BM10）、15%（BM15）的甲醇添加到生物柴油中制备了混合燃料。选择过氧化二叔丁基（DTBP）作为十六烷值改进剂添加到甲醇/生物柴油混合物中。在BM15中分别加入0.25%、0.50%、0.75%的DTBP。在186FA柴油机上进行台架试验,研究了甲醇和DTBP对发动机性能和排放的影响。结果表明,在额定工况下,与生物柴油相比,BM5、BM10和BM15的NOx浓度分别降低了5.02%、33.85%和21.24%,烟度分别降低了5.56%、22.22%和55.56%,发动机功率降低了5.77%、14.23%和25.41%,比能耗提高了3.31%,7.78%和6.37%。在甲醇/生物柴油中添加DTBP可以将发动机功率恢复到柴油的水平。DTBP对降低比能耗、降低NOx、CO、HC浓度有较好的效果,但排气烟度略有增加。

关键词：甲醇、生物柴油、农用柴油机、燃烧、性能、排放

     

NOx emission characteristics of hydrogen internal combustion engine

In order to investigate the NOxemission of hydrogen internal combustion engines.A test system for four-cylinder intake port-fuel-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine(H2ICE)is established to study the effect of fuel-air equivalence ratio,ignition advance angle,engine speed and exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission.Experimental results show that the fuel-air equivalence ratio is the key factor to NOxemission,NOxemission concentration is always higher than 8 000×10-6 when the fuel-air equivalence ratio is larger than 0.8and lower than 500×10-6 when the fuel-air equivalence ratio is smaller than 0.5.The ignition advance angle and engine speed also play important roles on NOxemission formation.EGR is an useful method to reduce NOx emission concentration at large fuel-air equivalence ratio especially when engine speed is low and EGR ratio is high.     

燃料特性对小型压燃式发动机增负荷工况燃烧及HC排放的影响

应用自行开发的瞬态工况控制系统及排气采集装置,研究了具有不同理化特性的燃料对小型压燃式发动机冷态突增负荷工况下燃烧及 HC排放特性的影响;利用气相色谱仪分析了HC的排放成分。研究结果表明:对于普通柴油燃料,在突增负荷工况下,燃油开始增加后,总碳氢HCt 排放浓度急剧增加,最大值达到稳态工况的 100 倍左右。随循环数的增加,滞燃期缩短,HC排放逐渐降低。采用具有相同十六烷值、挥发性好的燃料,可有效改善冷态增负荷工况下的燃烧,降低HC排放。与燃烧柴油相比,采用挥发性好的正庚烷和 GTL燃料,HCt排放降低约80%。     

天然气制油/柴油混合燃料对小型柴油机燃烧特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统,研究了GTL(Gas to liquid)添加比例对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下燃烧特性的影响规律。结果表明:在稳态和恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,GTL添加比例对燃烧参数的影响具有基本相同的规律,随着GTL燃料添加比例的增加,着火始点提前,滞燃期缩短,预混合燃烧期和预混合燃烧量减小,缸内压力峰值、放热率峰值、燃烧温度有所降低,有利于降低NOx的排放量和燃烧噪声。当添加少量GTL燃料时,燃烧持续期延长,随着GTL添加比例的增加,燃烧持续期有所缩短。100%GTL燃料的燃烧持续期与柴油相当。     

燃料着火性对增压中冷柴油机瞬态工况排放的影响

应用自行开发的瞬态工况控制系统及排气采集装置,试验研究了不同着火性的燃料对车用增压中冷柴油机瞬态工况下排放特性的影响。研究结果表明,适当提高燃料十六烷值可有效降低HC和NOx排放。在稳态工况下,十六烷值由40增加到66时,在1800 r/min低负荷工况下HC排放降低62%;对于CO排放及消光烟度,十六烷值存在一个最佳值。瞬态工况排放与稳态工况存在明显差异,在恒转速增负荷工况下,随着负荷的增加,HC和CO排放及烟度迅速上升,然后降低趋于一稳定值,且随着瞬变率的增大,CO排放和消光烟度峰值上升;增加燃料十六烷值,可明显降低中等转速增负荷工况下的CO和HC排放及消光烟度;在高速增负荷工况下,十六烷值为66和55,燃料的排气烟度基本相近。     

柴油机低温燃烧数值模拟研究

运用KIVA软件模拟分析了不同EGR率和喷油提前角对柴油机低温燃烧性能的影响,结果表明,增大EGR（exhaust gas recycling ）率能够有效降低缸内燃烧温度,使NOx 的排放降低,但随着EGR率的增大,柴油机Soot的排放会有一定的升高。晚喷能够更好地实现柴油机低温燃烧方式,使柴油机NOx 和Soot排放同时降低,但喷油时刻过晚,NOx 和Soot的排放会有一定的回升。     

Effects of mixture inhomogeneity and combustion temperature on soot surface activity and soot formation in diesel engines

The soot surface growth plays significant role on the soot mass accumulation,which starts with H(hydrogen)atom abstraction forming activated soot surface sites,and is followed by the acetylene addition process.In this study,the effect of the mixture inhomogeneity and combustion temperature on the soot surface activity and soot formation was investigated by developing a new multi-step phenomenological(MSP)soot model of diesel engines.A new detailed soot surface growth mechanism was proposed by correlation analysis of combustion parameters with soot formation.The inhomogeneity coefficient of soot surface activityαCH and the specific rate of soot surface growth R CH were derived to highlight the effect of inhomogeneity of mixture and combustion temperature on soot formation.The predicted diesel engine-out soot agreed well with experimental findings in wide ranges of combustion conditions.In the case of lower engine load with single fuel injection and higher EGR(exhaust gas recirculation)rate,it had quiet homogeneous mixtures before ignition when the combustion temperature dominated the soot surface activity.At medium engine load with multi-pulse fuel injections,it got mixture slightly stratified before ignition and revealed that the mixture inhomogeneity became more dominated on soot surface activity than the combustion temperature.An increased soot surface activity led to increased soot emission.Under the full engine loads with single fuel injection but quite high boost pressure over 0.4 MPa,it led to the combustion conditions of higher mixture density and higher mixture heat capacity,which benefits the mixture homogeneity.The decay rate of soot surface activity became lower due to the decreased combustion temperature and the soot surface activity decreased due to improved mixture homogeneity.In addition,the lowered intake oxygen concentration due to usage of EGR played a role to lower the specific rate of soot surface growth R CH,but to increase the soot surface activityαCH.     

Experimental study on the effects of HP and LP EGR on thermal efficiency and emissions of a two-stage turbocharged diesel engine

An experimental study was performed to compare the effects of high- and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation loops (HP and LP EGR loops) on thermal efficiency and emissions of a diesel engine. Tests were conducted on a 12-L six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine under various operating conditions. We found that at a low speed of 1100 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the LP EGR loop could achieve higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions than the HP EGR. This is because the lower enthalpy available at the turbine inlet of the HP EGR loop increased the fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio. For the HP EGR, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was reduced by 1%, but pumping losses were only reduced by 0.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. At a higher speed of 1600 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the HP EGR loop attained a higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions because of the relatively sufficient flow through the turbocharger. For the HP EGR loop, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was only reduced by 0.5% and pumping losses were reduced by 1.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. Lower fuel consumption and a longer ignition delay made the distribution of fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio more homogeneous, leading to lower emissions. Our data also showed that at the high speed of 1600 r/min, 0.55 MPa BMEP, the brake thermal efficiency of the HP EGR loop first increased, then decreased as the EGR rate increased. Therefore, under all conditions, a reasonable match of both EGR loops could achieve a good balance between fuel consumption and emissions of NO _x and soot.     

GTL/柴油混合燃料发动机瞬态工况下微粒排放粒度分布特征

研究了高压共轨增压中冷柴油机燃用天然气转化制成的合成油（Gas to liquid,GTL）不同添加比例的混合燃料在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下的微粒排放粒度分布特征,分析了工况瞬变率及GTL添加比例对于微粒排放粒度分布的影响。研究结果表明,随着恒转速增转矩工况瞬变率的减小,各种试验燃料的微粒排放总量及其随时间变化的增长率均...     

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads

Achieving simultaneous reduction of NO _x , CO and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research. The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel (diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads. The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads. However, it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency, resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NO _x emissions. CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%, respectively. The NO _x emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.     

近后喷对高压共轨柴油机燃烧过程影响的数值计算

应用CFD模拟软件FIRE针对车用增压共轨柴油机在高负荷工况下采用近后喷策略的缸内工作过程进行了数值计算。分析了后喷量和主/后间隔角对燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明,随着后喷量和主/后间隔角度的增加,缸内燃烧压力、放热规律及缸内温度曲线的峰值降低,燃烧重心推迟,燃烧噪音和NOx生成量减少,但经济性有所恶化。同时,增大后喷量一方面可使后喷燃油的贯穿距增大,在壁面附近高温缺氧区域内形成的燃油蒸汽增多,增加了后喷燃油的Soot的生成量,另一方面增强了对缸内流场的扰动效果,使得更多的氧气进入燃烧产物区,加速了Soot的氧化,因此选取适当的后喷量可以获得较低的Soot的生成量。后喷间隔过大时,Soot排放有明显增加的趋势。     

Effects of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>/CO/CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> syngas composition variation on the NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> and CO emission characteristics in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor

This paper reports the effects of variations in the fuel composition of H₂/CO/CH₄ syngas on the characteristics of NO _x and CO emissions in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor. Combustion tests were conducted on a full range of fuel compositions by varying each component gas from 0% to 100% at heat inputs of 40 and 50 kW_th. Flame temperature, combustor liner temperature, ignition delay time, and flame structure were investigated computationally and experimentally to judge whether they are significant indicators of NO _x and CO formation. The characteristics of and reasons for NO _x and CO emissions were investigated by analyzing the emission mechanisms and relationships among fuel property, equivalence ratio, flame temperature, liner temperature, flame shape. The flame structures were investigated using the following flame visualization methods: (1) time-averaged OH* chemiluminescence and its Abel-deconvolution; (2) direct photography; and (3) instantaneous OH-PLIF. The flame structures were greatly changed by the fuel composition and heat input, and they were subjected to key affecting parameters of the temperatures of the flames and the liners. NO _x and CO emissions also largely varied according to fuel composition and heat input, showing neither linearly nor exponentially clear proportional trends toward the syngas compositions because of the singular conditions. For example, only the 100% CO flame at low load emitted lots of CO, whereas complete combustion was observed in other cases. However, the qualitative observations showed that the root causes of NO _x emission behaviors were flame temperature and flame structure, which were directly related to the residence time in the flame. Various sets of practical test results were obtained, and these results could contribute to the optimal selection of the fuel-feeding condition when fuel is changed from natural gas to syngas in order to minimize NO _x and CO emissions with stable combustion.     

增压器对车用柴油机瞬态工况下排气烟度的影响

为了改善车用柴油机瞬态工况烟度排放性能,试验研究了两种不同设计参数的增压器GT35和TBP4对柴油机排气烟度的影响。结果表明:增压器设计参数对柴油机瞬态进气响应及排气烟度有明显的影响。在低转速增转矩和大负荷增转速瞬态工况下,匹配增压器GT35可以大幅度降低柴油机的排气烟度。在其它恒转矩增转速瞬态工况下,增压器GT35所对应的排气烟度也要略好于增压器TBP4。在高转速全负荷工况下,增压器GT35所对应的空燃比、转矩和燃油消耗率等参数指标都劣于增压器TBP4。     

车用柴油机在不同增压系统下的燃烧过程

在较宽的转速范围内测录了增压柴油机的高压示功图 ,喷油系统的泵端压力、嘴端压力、针阀升程 ;利用内燃机燃烧过程的分析诊断软件计算了燃烧放热规律和喷油规律 ;应用柴油机燃烧及喷油过程特征参数的分析方法 ,对 3种不同增压系统下柴油机的燃烧过程进行了分析。