温度传感器动态校准研究

介绍了传感器动态校准的现状,包括概念、特点、数据处理方法等.特别是针对温度传感器动态校准的方法进行了研究,给出了校准装置的选择和校准结果的一些评定方法.     

一种平板玻璃表面缺陷检测方法

目的 针对平板玻璃缺陷检测中灰尘干扰划痕、亮点检测的问题,提出一种基于全反射?掠入射组合照明的平板玻璃表面缺陷检测方法。方法 通过控制全反射光源和掠入射光源的发光时序,在相应发光时序内采集玻璃图像,根据缺陷在不同照明下的灰度纹理差异计算灰度、几何特征等一系列相对偏差特征,开发BP神经网络算法,实现玻璃表面灰尘和表面缺陷的检测。结果 BP神经网络在测试集上各类别预测的查准率、查全率均在90%以上,整体准确率达到97.2%。结论 全反射–掠入射组合照明成像系统结构简单,降低了玻璃图像中灰尘和内部点缺陷分类难度,有效减少灰尘和内部缺陷的误判。     

曝光台校正透镜修正效果的检测

检验曝光台校正透镜的修正效果 ,通常是通过在生产线上实际制管来进行。这种方法费时费力 ,并且存在各制作工序误差的积累。本文研制了一种装置 ,通过检测透镜修正前后光落点在荧光屏内表面的落点位移 ,直接检测修正效果 ,并且测量精度能达到 3～ 5 μm。     

单屏蔽式温度传感器动态建模及补偿技术研究

单屏蔽式温度传感器一般用来测量发动机高速气流总温,本文依据其动态校准试验数据,采用系统辨识方法建立了它的动态试验数学模型.根据辨识的数学模型,采用一种快速的动态补偿算法,得出了传感器动态补偿器的传递函数,为下一步在硬件上设计实用的温度传感器动态补偿器打下了坚实的基础.     

Tribological Evaluation of Plasma Sprayed Coatings for High Temperature Sliding Surface Against Cordierite

A study has been carried out to develop a high temperature sliding seal for the ceramic gas turbine engine's (CGT) regenerator. The solid-lubricant coatings, which consisted of the following combinations: NiO, Ni/Cr, Cr₃ Cr₂,/NiCr, ZrO₂,/ CaO, CaF₂, BaF₂, Ag₂O and graphite, were synthesized by low pressure plasma spraying. Friction and wear characteristics were evaluated at temperatures from 50 to 1000^°C by rubbing the coatings against a cordierite disk. After the sliding tests, the worn surfaces were analyzed by SEM-EDX and XRD. The analytical results showed that the tribological properties of coatings were significantly related to the surface layers. Formation of a CaF₂/BaF rich layer led to a low friction and a low wear property. On the other hand, formation of solid-state reaction product (Mg_0.4Ni_0.6O) between the coating and the cordierite increased the friction coefficients, and the transfer of the cordierite debris caused a seizure and/or a severe wear. Among the sprayed coatings, the Cr₃Cr₂/NiCr based coating containing CaF₂/BaF₂ and Ag₂O showed excellent tribological properties, which should satisfy the specifications for the basic design of a CGT engine.     

A CFD Study on a Calibration System for Contact Temperature Probes

Surface-temperature measurements by means of contact probes require a detailed investigation of the probe-surface interaction. For an accurate calibration of such probes, the heat transfer processes involved in contact measurements must be well known and the impact of any influence parameters must be taken into account. At present, contact probes are generally calibrated by means of a temperature-controlled hot plate. A calibration system for contact surface-temperature probes, based on such a hot plate, was developed at INRIM. It covers the temperature range from ambient to 350 °C. The reference temperature is available on the upper surface of a metal block and is determined by linear extrapolation of the readings of three calibrated thermometers embedded into the block at different depths. However, the actual temperature of the reference surface largely depends on the sensor-to-surface interaction. The contact thermal resistance, the thermal conductivity of the block, the geometry of the probe, and the temperature of the surrounding fluid are just some of the parameters that affect a calibration and that may cause measurement errors if they are not properly taken into account and corrected for. Better insight into the interaction between the surface and the probe is therefore required. Since the experimental evaluation of measurement errors is not straightforward, mathematical modeling could represent a crucial tool to better understand the interactions between the probe and the calibration system. In this paper, a finite-element numerical model of the INRIM calibration system was developed in order to investigate the temperature field across the reference block as well as on its surface during a calibration. The thermal load introduced by a commercial contact probe during a calibration was also included in the simulation and its effect on the temperature field was studied. In order to obtain a detailed mathematical model, the surrounding air was also included in the simulation, avoiding the imposition of boundary conditions at the interface between solid parts and fluid. The proposed model was validated by comparing the results obtained with the available experimental data.     

平板式制动台制动力测量不确定度评定

采用标准测力仪对平板式制动台制动力进行测量,分析和评定测量不确定度.     

An Interlaboratory Comparison of Relative Humidity and Temperature Probes Using Diverse Generation Techniques

An interlaboratory comparison using relative-humidity (RH) and temperature probes at three national measurement institutes and two accredited laboratories has been carried out. The work had three purposes: firstly, to establish the instruments’ level of reproducibility and suitability for use as transfer standards within their specified range of operation; secondly, to show the agreement of a method of RH generation utilizing certified non-saturated salt RH standards when compared with a method of RH calibration using a chilled-mirror reference and platinum-resistance thermometers; and finally, from the results obtained it is possible to establish the equivalence between the participating laboratories, to the level of uncertainty achievable with the transfer standards used. A total of six RH probes were tested in two groups. The instruments of the first group were calibrated in the range from 10 %rh to 90 %rh at a temperature of 23 °C. The second group of instruments was measured in the same RH range, but at the temperatures of 5 °C, 23 °C, and 50 °C. The objective of the tests on the second group of instruments was to determine the effect of a wider operating temperature range on performance. This article presents and discusses the results of the comparison in the context of an international collaboration that provides confidence in the measurements performed by the participants within their respective accredited scopes and the ILAC or the CIPM mutual recognition arrangements.     

表面温度传感器自动检定系统

介绍了一种用于表面温度传感器检定的数据采集、处理系统,此系统具有操作简单,使用方便,运行可靠等特点。     

平行平晶平面度测量结果的不确定度评定

本文依据JJG29-2000《平晶检定规程》,使用平面等厚干涉仪,对平行平晶平面度的不确定度进行了分析,给出了完整的不确定度评定过程,为平行平晶平面度校准提供了完善的不确定度评定方法。     

Estimating Surface Temperature of a Calibration Apparatus for Contact Surface Thermometers from Its Internal Temperature Profile

A calibration apparatus for contact surface thermometers was developed. Temperature of the upper surface of a copper cube of the calibration apparatus was used as reference surface temperature, which was estimated at around \(50\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\), \(100\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\), and \(150\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\) by not only two conventional industrial platinum resistance thermometers (IPRTs) but also five small-sized platinum resistance thermometers (SSPRTs) calibrated based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). These thermometers were inserted horizontally into the copper cube and aligned along the center axis of the copper cube. In the case of a no-load state without anything on the upper surface, the temperature profile inside the copper cube linearly decreased from the lower part to the upper surface, which suggests that the heat conduction inside the copper cube can be regarded as a one-dimensional steady state. On the other hand, in the case of a transient state just after the contact surface thermometer was applied to the upper surface, the temperature profile became a round shape. We obtained good agreement between the curvature of the temperature profiles and the results estimated by using an error function used for a one-dimensional transient heat conduction problem. The temperature difference between the estimated temperature by linear extrapolation using two IPRTs and that by extrapolation using the error function was within \(0.2\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\) in the transient state at around \(150\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\). Over 10 min after the contact surface thermometer was applied, the temperature profile showed a linear shape again, which indicated that linear extrapolation using two IPRTs was well for the estimation of the reference surface temperature because the heat conduction state inside the copper cube came back to the one-dimensional steady state. Difference between the surface temperature and temperature detected by the contact surface thermometer was also observed after the contact surface thermometer touched on the upper surface. The difference was over \(0.1\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\) at several minutes after the contact surface thermometer touching on the reference surface and was suppressed with passing time in the transient state and became negligible over 10 min.     

精准温控技术对蟠桃冷藏和常温货架品质的影响

目的 将精准温控技术应用于蟠桃冷藏和常温货架中,以研究其保鲜效果.方法 以北京平谷蟠桃为材料,设立对照组和3个精准温控组,将蟠桃装入普通泡沫箱,记为CK(Control Kheck)组,普通泡沫箱+蓄冷剂记为冰温1组,精准温控保鲜箱记为冰温2组,精准温控保鲜箱+蓄冷剂记为相温组.每10 d测量1次,并进行3 d常温货架实验,分析其呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率、果肉色泽、营养物质(Vc、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物)、相对电导率的变化.结果 精准温控技术可使温度波动范围更小,其中相温组的温度波动最小,在整个冷藏期间,CK组、冰温1组、冰温2组和相温组的箱内温度分别为(0.06±0.30),-(0.14±0.16),-(0.09±0.14),-(0.21±0.06)℃,在冷藏期和常温货架期内,腐烂指数和褐变指数呈上升趋势,CK组最先出现腐烂和褐变现象,且腐烂指数和褐变指数均大于冰温组和相温组,相温组感官品质最优,与CK组相比较,其他3组处理均可以降低果实呼吸强度,抑制乙烯生成速率,维持果实营养物质在较高水平,通过SPSS分析,综合得分依次为CK组<冰温1组<冰温2组<相温组,其中相温组的保鲜效果最好.结论 精准温控技术有利于蟠桃的冷藏和常温货架保鲜,其中相温组的贮藏效果更好.     

平晶检定时干涉条纹的快速调整方法与平面度计算

在平面等厚干涉仪上检定平晶工作面平面度时,需要在被检区域调整出3到5条干涉条纹,依据测量原理和计算公式求出被检平晶工作面的平面度.文章重点分析干涉条纹的快速调整方法与标准平晶平面度的正确引用方法.     

Measurement of Local Surface Friction with Flat Total-Pressure Tubes with a Rectangular Input

Six flat total-pressure tubes with a slot receiving aperture are calibrated for use when measuring surface friction. The readings of the tubes as a function of the relative width of the receiving cross section are established.     

滞止式温度传感器动态理论建模研究

根据滞止式温度传感器的换热原理建立了动态理论传热模型,采用数值计算方法对模型方程进行了求解,并对计算结果进行了分析.     

雨雾环境下温度传感器动态特性测试方法

针对雨雾环境下温度传感器的动态特性测试,对常规测试装置进行了改进,研究了雨雾环境的产生和控制方法,并提出了雨雾环境下传感器动态特性的试验方法,在此基础上对某传感器进行了试验,得到了其常规环境和雨雾环境下的动态特性试验结果,试验结果表明雨雾环境下传感器的动态特性会大幅提高;最后,对试验结果和试验中存在的问题进行了分析,明确了试验方法的改进方向.     

换热器翅片表面空气流动热力过程的三维数值模拟

本文利用软件FLUENT模拟了发生在双排(叉排)波纹翅片表面空气流动和传热过程,获得了有代表性的翅片表面温度分布、换热系数等值线图,表面气流速度矢量图和相关计算结果.分析了翅片入口风速对翅片表面的温度、气流流动、换热系数、换热量的影响.     

浅析环境温度对检定平晶平面度的影响

本文针对检定平晶工作面平面度的时候,由于环境温度变化对平晶平面度测量的影响,对其进行了分析,并同时通过相关实验得出结论,即在检定温度范围内,温度的变化会影响平面度的量值大小,旨在为从事相关工作的技术人员提供参考依据。     

低温控温开关动作温度检测值的不确定度评定

根据相关标准规定的检测方法对低温控温开关动作温度进行检测,评定测量值的不确定度。     

航空发动机热端表面温度场测量

航空发动机热端温度场的测量和监视对延长发动机的使用寿命具有重要意义.文章简要介绍了目前采用的各种温度测量方式,如热电偶、光电高温计、红外热像仪和示温漆,并详细介绍了多波长温度测量和谱色温度测量两种新型的温度测量方法.两种方法大大降低了温度测量对被测物体表面发射率的依赖性,适用于1000～3000℃温度范围内高温物体表面温度的测量.