二次喷油过程对稀燃汽油机性能影响的试验研究

利用气道内燃油二次喷射技术可以在气缸内形成准均质稀混合气，改善汽油机稀薄燃烧过程。在一台4缸16气门发动机上，利用自主开发的电控系统，固定两次喷油总量，改变两次喷油比例和二次喷油时刻等参数，可以实现对二次喷油过程的优化，改善混合气形成，从而改善燃烧过程，扩大稀燃极限。采用不同喷油比例，在不同空燃比时实现的节油率为7．7％～19．2％。空燃比越大，二次喷油比例对燃油经济性的改善越明显。选择合适的二次喷油时刻，在气流运动的作用下，有助于对火花塞附近区域混合气进行有效加浓。     

五气门汽油机气道内二次燃油喷射技术的研究

在汽油机低压供油的前提下,提出了“气道内二次燃油喷射”的概念,用于优化缸内混合气的分布,消除传统单次喷油分层燃烧所存在的弊端。在发动机的一个工作循环内,第１次喷射的燃油在缸内形成均质稀混合气,第２次喷射的燃油将火花塞周围适当加浓。在自行设计的五气门汽油机上所进行的初步试验证明：与普通稀燃单次喷油方式相比,这种新喷油方式能够提高发动机稀燃能力２个空燃比单位,具有显降低燃油消耗的作用。     

电控汽油喷射对发动机排放影响的试验研究

研究了电控单点汽油喷射发动机中空燃比、点火正时、喷油间隔、喷油定时、进气系统和发动机的负荷对排放的影响。试验结果表明：上述因素对发动机排放都具有明显的影响，但在均质混合气燃烧过程中，空燃比和点大提前角是影响发动机排放的最主要因素，而其它因素则是通过影响空燃比或点火提前角来间接地影响发动机的排放。     

稀燃汽油机混合气分层优化技术

采用“气道内二交燃油喷射”技术以实现汽油机稀混合气燃烧。将每循环所需燃油量分两部分喷射,一部分燃油为缸内提供均质稀混合气,另一部分燃油借助地气流动和适时喷射使混合气形成“局部分层”。在一台五气门汽油上实验证实,这种新喷油方式能够节油17%,比传统稀燃方式提高稀燃能力2个空燃比单位,并进一步降低HC和NOx排放浓度30%-50%,调节两部分喷油的分配比例,可自由控制火花塞周围混合气浓度及其它区域混合气的浓度。     

二次喷油对点燃式可变滚流进气发动机稀燃影响的研究

利用二次喷油稀燃实验系统研究了二次喷油对可变滚流进气发动机稀燃特性的影响情况。首先，采用纯滚流可变滚流进气系统时，采用较大比例的二次喷油量可以获得更好的稀燃经济性。第二，最低油耗点所对应的喷油正时按照T1、T2和T3顺序依次提前；负荷较大时，对应的最低油耗点喷油正时也相应提前。第三，在可变滚流结构中，二次喷油可能造成局部混合气过浓．导致CO排放增加：同时．在稀燃情况下．增大滚流比可以降低发动机HC和NOχ排放。第四，增大滚流比可以改善发动机低速工况条件下的性能，但应避免机构对燃油喷注的阻隔作用。     

缸内直喷汽油机燃烧控制策略及实现

本介绍了基于两次燃油喷射的缸内直喷汽油机的开发，着重介绍其中的喷油电控系统。两次燃油喷射技术被用来控制混合气形成和燃烧，以降低燃烧系统设计的复杂程度。设计开发了控制两次喷油的时间及喷油量的电控系统，可以精确控制高压旋流喷嘴的喷雾。进行了改变喷油参数对发动机性能影响的试验，结果表明：第二次喷油时刻及一、二次喷油量分配比例对发动机性能影响较为显；在空燃比接近18时，发动机燃油经济性较好。     

电控汽油喷射4气门发动机稀燃的试验研究

介绍了利用电控燃油喷射技术、多气门技术和涡流控制阀技术在汽油机上组织稀薄燃烧的方法,对两种稀燃方案——涡流轴向分层稀燃和滚流分区分层稀燃进行了试验研究,结果表明：两种方案分别能在空燃比大于２３、２７时稳定工作,并且能显著提高燃料经济性。在高负荷时采用均质混合气滚流快速燃烧方案,以弥补一般稀燃发动机最大功率有损失的不足     

稀薄燃烧在TJ376QE二气门汽油机上的实现

对二气门结构的TJ376QE汽油机进气系统进行了改造，提高了涡流和滚流比．强化空气运动的结果有利于组织燃料在缸内的浓度分布，从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀薄燃烧打下基础；在原发动机的气道内电控燃油喷射系统的基础上，采用了二次燃油喷射技术．通过对二次喷油时刻和喷油量的分别调节，在缸内形成精细分层的混合气即所谓准均质混合气，从而优化了油耗和排放指标，成功地在二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

稀烯发动机的空燃比控制技术

稀烯发动机具有排气污染少，油耗省的特点，但其对空燃比控制的要求较高。本文所介绍的发动机全工况空燃比反馈控制方案，利用宽域空燃比测量技术实时测量发动机的空燃比，在发动机物理模型的基础上，对空燃比进行反馈进行。该方案可显著提高空燃比控制精度，以满足稀烯发动机对空燃比控制精度的要求。     

汽油喷射稀薄混合气的燃烧

本文研究了汽油喷射发动机稀薄混合气燃烧具有重要意义的空燃比、涡流强度、点火时刻、排气再循环和喷油定时等参数对油耗率和循环波动率的影响，并与化油器供油的发动机作对比分析。结果表明，汽油喷射可燃用更稀薄的混合气，指出在影响汽油喷射燃烧的三个主要因素中，以涡流的影响最大，空燃比次之，喷油定时在上止点前５０°ＣＡ到后１０°ＣＡ之间时对燃烧的影响相对较小。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.