Modular energy cost optimization for buildings with integrated microgrid

Buildings are becoming suitable for application of sophisticated energy management approaches to increase their energy efficiency and possibly turn them into active energy market participants.The paper proposes a modular coordination mechanism between building zones comfort control and building microgrid energy flows control based on model predictive control. The approach opens possibilities to modularly coordinate technologically heterogeneous building subsystems for economically-optimal operation under user comfort constraints. The imposed modularity is based on a simple interface for exchanging building consumption and microgrid energyprice profiles. This is a key element for technology separation,replication and up-scaling towards the levels of smart grids and smart cities where buildings play active roles in energy management. The proposed coordination mechanism is presented in a comprehensive realistic case study of maintaining comfort in an office building with integrated microgrid. The approach stands out with significant performance improvements compared to various non-coordinated predictive control schemes and baseline controllers. Results give detailed information about yearly cost-effectiveness of the considered configurations,which are suitable for deployment as short-and long-term zero-energy building investments.     

光伏光热建筑一体化对建筑节能影响的理论研究

对光伏光热建筑一体化(BIPV／T)的两种主要模式建立了理论模型,采用香港地区典型年的气象数据对两种BIPV／T模式的热性能进行了计算分析。与常规建筑相比,光伏光热建筑减少了墙体得热,改善了室内空调负荷状况,提高了建筑节能效果。     

英国公共建筑能耗情况初探

概况英国的国家统计部门（Office for National Statistics．ONS）每年就英国的能源消耗状况颁布《英国能源消耗》（Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom）。ONS仅负责统计数据的汇总,而涉及到能源的统计数据目前由商贸工业部（Department for Tradeand Industry,DTI）负责收集．整理和分析;2007年6月英国成立了新部门BERR（Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform）负责原DTI的能源相关的职责。目前,除了每年的能耗数据．逐月和逐季度的数据也在BERR网站上会及时发布。     

Towards an integrated data base

A project steered by the US Building Research Board has demonstrated a prototype integrated data base which would be usable at all phases of a building's life‐cycle, from design concept through to building operation and maintenance; the computer hardware and software employed is mixed, not a ‘closed’ system. But there are substantial problems in developing such an elegant concept, as discussed here. Peter Smeallie is Senior Programs Officer at BRB; Richard Zitzmann is the project consultant.     

Simulation-based assessment of the energy savings benefits of integrated control in office buildings

The purpose of this study is to use existing simulation tools to quantify the energy savings benefits of integrated control in office buildings. An EnergyPlus medium office benchmark simulation model (V1.0_3.0) developed by the Department of Energy (DOE) was used as a baseline model for this study. The baseline model was modified to examine the energy savings benefits of three possible control strategies compared to a benchmark case across 16 DOE climate zones. Two controllable subsystems were examined: (1) dimming of electric lighting, and (2) controllable window transmission. Simulation cases were run in EnergyPlus V3.0.0 for building window-to-wall ratios (WWR) of 33% and 66%. All three strategies employed electric lighting dimming resulting in lighting energy savings in building perimeter zones ranging from 64% to 84%. Integrated control of electric lighting and window transmission resulted in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy savings ranging from −1% to 40%. Control of electric lighting and window transmission with HVAC integration (seasonal schedule of window transmission control) resulted in HVAC energy savings ranging from 3% to 43%. HVAC energy savings decreased moving from warm climates to cold climates and increased when moving from humid, to dry, to marine climates.     

Benchmarking the energy efficiency of government buildings with data envelopment analysis

Constructing an indicator to measure the effectiveness of energy management is important for energy agencies and authorities. This paper uses multiple linear regression method and data envelopment analysis to examine the effectiveness of energy management. First, the regression method using environmental factors is used to calculate the predicted energy usage intensity of each evaluated building. Data envelopment analysis is then employed to calculate overall energy efficiency, using the predicted energy usage intensity as output and the observed energy usage intensity as input. Data envelopment analysis can be further applied to measure the overall energy efficiency in details by examining environmental factors and management factors. Finally, the energy consumption of buildings can be measured to evaluate the effectiveness of energy management. Buildings examined as a case study in this paper are government office buildings in Taiwan. The results show that most of the buildings evaluated to report a higher predicted energy usage intensity have successfully used efficient energy management methods in energy saving.     

Using intelligent data analysis to detect abnormal energy consumption in buildings

This paper describes a novel method for detecting abnormal energy consumption in buildings based on daily readings of energy consumption and peak energy consumption. The method uses outlier detection to determine if the energy consumption for a particular day is significantly different than previous energy consumption. For buildings with abnormal energy consumption, the amount of variation from normal is determined using robust estimates of the mean and standard deviation. This new data analysis method will reduce operating costs by detecting problems that previously would have gone unnoticed. Also, operators should save time by not having to manually detect faults or diagnose false alarms. The new data analysis method has successfully detected high-energy consumption in many buildings. This paper presents field test results for buildings that had the following problems: (1) chiller failure and a poor control strategy, (2) poor design of ventilating and air-conditioning equipment, and (3) improper operation of equipment following a change in the electrical panel.     

铁路客运站站房建筑节能设计

本文以铁路客站站房建筑为例,提出了将被动式节能技术与主动式节能技术相结合运用到铁路客站建筑节能设计中的设计方法。从被动式节能的角度阐述了如何进行站房建筑规划节能设计与建筑前期方案设计,从主动式节能的角度分析了如何进行建筑节能技术及构造设计。     

瑞典建筑节能现场测试与数据分析方法

本文较详细地介绍技术先进的瑞典建筑节能测试技术及其设备 ,其中有关测试数据评估与归纳分析原则有着重要参考价值。     

密肋复合墙节能技术研究与应用

密肋复合墙节能结构住宅体系具有生态节能、分灾减震、施工简便、造价低廉等显著优点,适用于多层和中高层建筑。本文结合实际工程,对密肋复合墙结构的综合建筑节能技术进行了技术及经济分析,工程实践表目月．密肋复合墙结构节能住宅体系是通过建筑本体主动式节能与多项节能技术集成的一种良好的住宅结构体系。     

我国绿色建筑常用节能技术后评估比较研究

根据后评估(POE)的方法,对我国不同气候区的11栋绿色建筑及示范建筑的实际能耗情况及节能技术进行了调研和分析研究,包括围护结构、暖通空调系统、生活热水系统及可再生能源系统等,对系统的设计参数、运行效果、实际能耗、室内环境质量和使用满意度进行了分析,总结了设计、运行中的常见问题和优化策略。研究发现,自然通风和自然采光等低成本被动式技术实际运行效果良好,值得重视和推广;人员的行为模式和使用模式对能耗影响较大,应成为节能运行管理中的要点;绿色办公建筑在引进建筑节能技术和应用可再生能源系统时,需考虑技术的经济性。在中国现有建设水平下,应发展低能耗、低投入成本、低空间成本、高运行效率的示范技术。     

An approach to evaluate the energy performance of buildings based on incomplete monthly data

The energy performance of buildings has become increasingly important in the general strive to reduce the overall energy use, which is manifested in the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive launched by the European Union. An important first step is of course to identify and address buildings that have an energy saving potential. In order to achieve this, robust methods for evaluation as well as reliable energy key figures are needed.     

上海市大型公共建筑分项能耗参考值的分析与探讨

通过对上海市30栋综合性大型公共建筑进行详细的能源审计和分析,提出了综合性大型公共建筑各分项能耗的参考值,包括制冷机能耗、冷水泵能耗、冷却水泵能耗、制冷设备能耗、照明能耗、室内设备能耗、服务设备能耗等,以期为大型公共建筑的节能改造提供参考.     

面向资源环境数据的网络服务总体设计研究

在分析资源环境数据管理研究现状的基础上,提出了基于WebGIS技术的资源环境数据管理方案,详细论述了资源环境数据的网络体系结构设计、功能设计等内容,对环境研究过程中海量影像数据的使用及管理方法进行了积极探索。     

Assessing energy-saving measures in buildings through an intelligent decision support model

Indeed, in the recent years, important efforts in applying energy management processes have been focused on the building sector, which demonstrates the increasing energy intensity and energy consumption indexes. The role of the building energy management systems (BEMS) is known and significant in this respect, for the management of the daily energy operations of a typical building. Effective energy management however requires the use of tools and methodologies that support the strategic decision making process of selecting energy saving measures, which are viable and environmental friendly. The aim of this paper is the presentation of an innovative intelligent decision support model for the identification of the need for intervention and further evaluation of energy saving measures in a typical existing building, based on the systematic incorporation of BEMS data (loads, demands and user requirements). The operation of the model is supportive to the decision makers authorized with the energy-efficient performance of the building and responsible for its management (energy auditors and building administration). In addition, the corresponding computerized decision support system and the appraisal of its pilot application to a typical existing office building in Athens, Greece, are presented and discussed.     

台湾地区办公建筑耗能特性调查研究

针对台湾地区29栋办公大楼进行了为期一年以上的耗能监测解析,探讨了办公建筑耗能结构及其影响因子.对长期监测所得到的耗电数据进行了耗能分析、耗能分项比分析以及耗能量回归分析,建立了办公建筑耗能量模型,包括单位面积耗电密度回归方程、单位面积用电需量强度回归方程,得以预测办公建筑用电需求及耗能量.研究发现使用者的能源消费行为态度对办公建筑耗能量具有显著性影响,反映在室内环境温度与照度值设定上.以往对于动力设备用电分项比例有高估之现象,且由于全球变暖的影响,使得春、秋、冬季之空调分项比居高不下.随着办公建筑智能化与办公设备日益增多,照明与插座之耗电量及分项比有增加之趋势,此部分的节能潜力不客忽视.     

An information technology enabled sustainability test-bed (ITEST) for occupancy detection through an environmental sensing network

This paper describes a large-scale wireless and wired environmental sensor network test-bed and its application to occupancy detection in an open-plan office building. Detection of occupant presence has been used extensively in built environments for applications such as demand-controlled ventilation and security; however, the ability to discern the actual number of people in a room is beyond the scope of current sensing techniques. To address this problem, a complex sensor network is deployed in the Robert L. Preger Intelligent Workplace comprising a wireless ambient-sensing system, a wired carbon dioxide sensing system, and a wired indoor air quality sensing system. A wired camera network is implemented as well for establishing true occupancy levels to be used as ground truth information for deriving algorithmic relationships with the environment conditions. To our knowledge, this extensive and diverse ambient-sensing infrastructure of the ITEST setup as well as the continuous data-collection capability is unprecedented. Final results indicate that there are significant correlations between measured environmental conditions and occupancy status. An average of 73% accuracy on the occupancy number detection was achieved by Hidden Markov Models during testing periods. This paper serves as an exploration to the research of ITEST for occupancy detection in offices. In addition, its utility extends to a wide variety of other building technology research areas such as human-centered environmental control, security, energy efficient and sustainable green buildings.     

Predicting thermal and energy performance of mixed-mode ventilation using an integrated simulation approach

Mixed-mode ventilation can effectively reduce energy consumption in buildings, as well as improve thermal comfort and productivity of occupants. This study predicts thermal and energy performance of mixed-mode ventilation by integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with energy simulation. In the simulation of change-over mixed-mode ventilation, it is critical to determine whether outdoor conditions are suitable for natural ventilation at each time step. This study uses CFD simulations to search for the outdoor temperature thresholds when natural ventilation alone is adequate for thermal comfort. The temperature thresholds for wind-driven natural ventilation are identified by a heat balance model, in which air change rate (ACH) is explicitly computed by CFD considering the influence of the surrounding buildings. In buoyancy-driven natural ventilation, the outdoor temperature thresholds are obtained directly from CFD-based parametric analysis. The integrated approach takes advantage of both the CFD algorithm and energy simulation while maintaining low levels of complexity, enabling building designers to utilize this method for early-stage decisionmaking. This paper first describes the workflow of the proposed integrated approach, followed by two case studies, which are presented using a three-floor office building in an urban context. The results are compared with those using an energy simulation program with built-in multizone modules for natural ventilation. Additionally, adaptive thermal comfort models are applied in these case studies, which shows the possibility of further reducing the electricity used for cooling.     

氨水蓄能土壤源热泵集成系统工作过程的模拟研究

提出了以浅层土壤为热源/汇的氨水蓄能热泵集成系统,建立了系统工作过程动态数学模型。以长江流域某一办公建筑为例,对该系统夏季空调工况和冬季供暖工况进行了数值模拟。与以空气为热源/汇的氨水蓄能热泵集成系统进行了比较,结果显示以土壤为热源/汇的系统工作性能优于以空气为热源/汇的系统。