Bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have similar high antioxidant capacity,in vitro inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase while diverse phenolic composition and concentration

Common beans are a good source of essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals; they also contain phenolic compounds and other phytochemicals. Phenolic compounds exhibit high antioxidant capacity that promotes health benefits by reducing oxidative stress. The objective was to compare the composition and quantity of anthocyanins and other non-colored phenolic compounds in fifteen improved bean cultivars from Mexico and Brazil and their relation to antioxidant capacity and enzymes related to type-2 diabetes. Samples were analyzed for total phenolic compounds (TP), flavonoids, antioxidant capacity (AC), tannins and total anthocyanins. Type and quantity were evaluated by HPLC-ESI-MS. Delphinidin glucoside (0.9–129.0 mg/100 g dry coat), petunidin glucoside (0.7–115.0 mg/100 g dry coat) and malvidin glucoside (0.14–52.0 mg/100 g dry coat). Anthocyanidins were positively correlated when quantified by HPLC and colorimetric analysis (R = 0.99). Cultivar Negro-Otomi presented the highest concentration of anthocyanins (250 mg/100 g dry coat). Seventeen non-colored phenolic compounds were identified among cultivars; catechin, myricetin 3-O-arabinoside, epicatechin, vanillic acid, syringic acid and o-coumaric acid, presented the highest concentrations among identified phenolic compounds. The AC of all fifteen bean cultivars did not show significant differences (p > 0.05) ranging from 185.2 (FM-67) to 233.9 (FM-199) mmol TE/g coat. Compounds in the coat extracts of pinto and black cultivars were the most efficient to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Studied cultivars differed in composition and concentration of phenolics including anthocyanins; however, there was no effect on AC as measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Black beans contained delphinidin and ferulic acid, compounds commonly used as ingredients in functional foods due to their associated health benefits.     

Determination of Glyphosate and Its Metabolite AMPA (Aminomethylphosphonic Acid) in Cereals After Derivatization by Isotope Dilution and UPLC-MS/MS”

A straightforward analytical method has been developed for the determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), its major metabolite in cereals. This method entails a rapid extraction and derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate followed by separation with a conventional reversed-phase rapid chromatography used in daily routine analysis and detection by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. To overcome matrix effects and compensate for any analyte losses during sample treatment, an isotopic dilution approach was used. Since 2010, the monitoring of cereals for the widely used herbicide glyphosate is obligatory to all European Union (EU)-member states, laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1213/2008. Hence, there is definitively a need for a reliable and easy-to-handle analytical method for monitoring of this compound. The proposed method can be run without having to make time-consuming changes on the equipment used for daily routine analysis. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated according to SANCO/10684/2009 criteria and demonstrated that this method is rugged and cost-effective, therefore suitable for monitoring purposes as well as legislative enforcements within the EU. The apparent recoveries of both analytes were between 97% and 113% with relative standard deviations less than 20%. The limits of quantification of glyphosate and AMPA were 0.02 mg/kg in cereal matrices. Finally, the accuracy of the method was assessed by analyzing a proficiency test material which was available from a previous round (EUPT-C4).     

Quantification of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in coconut water by LC–MS

An analytical technique has been developed to detect trace amounts of both (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in the coconut water extract. Both (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in the coconut water were found for the first time by the solid-phase extraction, and they were further analysed using liquid chromatography (LC)–ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) equipped with positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation interface on multiple reaction monitoring mode. The limit of detection and quantification for (+)-catechin were 7.8 and 15.6 μg/ml, respectively, while those for (−)-epicatechin were 3.9 and 7.8 μg/ml, respectively. The average concentration of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in the coconut water was 0.344 and 0.242 μg/ml, respectively. The LC–MS/MS analysis accelerated the quantitative analysis of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in the coconut water extract with high accuracy, precision and recovery. Results obtained in this study will serve as quality control and useful reference for drug development.     

Rapid Quantification of Soyasaponins I and βg in Italian Lentils by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS)

In this work, an innovative and fast analytical method for the quantification of soyasaponins I and βg in lentils has been developed. Samples were extracted using 70 % aqueous ethanol at room temperature and then injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry system. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves of the analyzed compounds were ≥0.9997. The recoveries obtained by spiking the lentil samples with a standard mixture of soyasaponins I and βg at 50 and 100 mg l^?1 were in the range of 96–101 and 98–103 %, respectively. The validated method was applied to the analysis of 30 lentil samples from central Italy. Soyasaponins I and βg were present in these lentils in concentrations that ranged from 54 to 226 mg kg^?1 and from 436 to 1,272 mg kg^?1, respectively. Our data indicated that lentils cultivated in fields at intermediate altitudes (1,142–1,387 m) showed the highest levels of soyasaponins, a finding confirmed by principal component analysis.     

Identification of yeast and acetic acid bacteria isolated from the fermentation and acetification of persimmon (Diospyros kaki)

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is a seasonal fruit with important health benefits. In this study, persimmon use in wine and condiment production was investigated using molecular methods to identify the yeast and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) isolated from the alcoholic fermentation and acetification of the fruit. Alcoholic fermentation was allowed to occur either spontaneously, or by inoculation with a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain, while acetification was always spontaneous; all these processes were performed in triplicates. Non-Saccharomyces yeast species were particularly abundant during the initial and mid-alcoholic fermentation stages, but S. cerevisiae became dominant toward the end of these processes. During spontaneous fermentation, S. cerevisiae Sc1 was the predominant strain isolated throughout, while the commercial strain of S. cerevisiae was the most common strain isolated from the inoculated fermentations. The main non-Saccharomyces strains isolated included Pichia guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Zygosaccharomyces florentinus and Cryptococcus sp. A distinct succession of AAB was observed during the acetification process. Acetobacter malorun was abundant during the initial and mid-stages, while Gluconacetobacter saccharivorans was the main species during the final stages of these acetifications. Four additional AAB species, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter syzygii, Gluconacetobacter intermedius and Gluconacetobacter europaeus, were also detected. We observed 28 different AAB genotypes, though only 6 of these were present in high numbers (between 25%–60%), resulting in a high biodiversity index.     

Identification and quantification of constituents of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi) by HPLC-DAD–ESI–MS

A simple, rapid and specific HPLC method was carried out for the analysis of characteristic constituents in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi), namely iridoids, caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives and crocins. The separation was successfully obtained using a C₁₈ column by gradient elution with mixtures of methanol and water as mobile phases; detection wavelength was set at 240 nm for iridoid glycosides, 315 nm for quinic acid derivatives and 438 nm for crocins.     

Identification and differentiation of brewery isolates of Pectinatus sp. by Matrix-Assisted-Laser Desorption–Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)

Members of the genus Pectinatus (P.) are feared contaminants in the brewing industry as their growth in beer results in the production of metabolites, which cause serious off-flavors such as hydrogen sulfide. Thus, identification and differentiation of the species P. cerevisiiphilus, P. frisingensis and P. haikarae is of vital interest. Nineteen isolates of Pectinatus were analyzed by matrix-assisted-laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Reference spectra were recorded for four isolates representing the three species P. cerevisiiphilus, P. frisingensis and P. haikarae, which enabled reliable identification of the remaining fifteen isolates as P. frisingensis. All isolates were further examined to investigate MALDI-TOF MS’s potential to differentiate between various isolates of Pectinatus species. Upon generation of reference database spectra, sixteen out of nineteen isolates could be distinguished based on differences in their MALDI-TOF MS fingerprint. Two out of three misidentifications occurred between highly similar isolates originating from the same brewery. As MALDI-TOF MS spectra were reliably assigned to the corresponding isolate in more than 80 % of all cases, the application of MALDI-TOF MS could help to track contaminants in the production system and to monitor efforts to eliminate them.     

Detection of Vibrio vulnificus Before and After γ-irradiation in Quahog Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) Tissue Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

The effects of γ?–irradiation on the destruction of Vibrio vulnificus in quahog clam tissue (Mercenaria mercenaria) by real-time PCR (Rti-PCR) were studied. The Rti-PCR methodology used in this study employed four sets of V. vulnificus specific primers, which were utilized to amplify 1000, 700, 300, and 70-bp sequences of the vvhA to determine the percent detection of V. vulnificus genomic targets after γ?–irradiation. Tissue homogenates seeded with V. vulnificus were irradiated to gradually reduce the viable CFU by accumulating dosage. The use of these four pairs of primers to amplify DNA target sequences of varying length in seeded tissue exposed to 1.4 KGy failed to discriminate between irradiated and nonirradiated cells. In contrast, with doses of 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 KGy, the amplification of 700, 300, and 70-bp sequences resulted in higher Ct values, respectively, and lower levels of amplification with each primer pair, reflecting increased DNA fracture with increasing dose. When varying numbers of CFU in tissue homogenates (1.0 × 10³ to 1.0 × 10⁶ per gram of tissue) were exposed to 3.0 KGy of γ-irradiation, DNA amplicons of 1000 and 700-bp derived from 1 × 10⁵ CFU/g and below failed to be detected in contrast to 300 and 70-bp amplicons, which were detected with CFU levels of 1.0 × 10⁵/g. This study showed that with increasing dose, the larger amplicons (100 and 700-bp) failed to be detected, which corresponded to zero percent survival of CFU.     

Effect of γ-irradiation on structural,functional and antioxidant properties of β-glucan extracted from button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

In this study, β-d-glucan extracted from mushroom Agaricus bisporus were irradiated at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 kGy. The samples were characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and quantitative estimation by Megazyme β-d-glucan assay kit. The average molecular weight of non-irradiated β-d-glucan was 181 kDa that decreased to 31.1 kDa at 50 kGy. The functional properties like swelling power and viscosity decreased while fat binding capacity, emulsifying properties, foaming properties, and bile acid binding capacity showed increased trend with the increase in irradiation doses. The antioxidant properties of irradiated β-d-glucan were carried out using six different assays like DPPH, reducing power, inhibition of lipid per oxidation, chelating ability on ferrous ion, FRAP and ABTS assay that also showed increased activity. In conclusion, the present study signifies the importance of irradiated β-d-glucan in various fields of food processing and pharmacy.Industrial RelevanceIn today's scenario, people are having a sedentary life style with increased risk factors of various diseases like hypercholestromia, cancers, obesity, etc. So they are looking for such type of food that has profound health benefits i.e., functional food. β-Glucan is one of the polysaccharide that can be incorporated into the food formulations and make it functional. However its high viscous nature and low solubility pose several restrictions to being applied widely in food industries. Gamma irradiation is one of the useful techniques that can be commercialized to overcome this problem and use irradiated β-glucan in various food formulations as an ingredient with enhanced antioxidant and functional properties.     

Purification and identification of ACE inhibitory peptides from Haruan (Channa striatus) myofibrillar protein hydrolysate using HPLC–ESI-TOF MS/MS

Haruan myofibrillar protein was hydrolysed with proteinase K and thermolysin to isolate Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. The thermolysin hydrolysate of myofibrillar protein with the highest ACE inhibition activity (IC₅₀ = 0.033 mg/ml) was fractionated by ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography to three fractions. Fraction F2 with higher ACE inhibitory activity was separated into five fractions (A–E) using reversed-phased high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Fraction C showed 81% inhibition activity and was subjected to HPLC coupled to electrospray ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF MS/MS). Two peptide sequences for the most abundant fragments were identified as VPAAPPK (IC₅₀ = 0.45 μM) at 791.155 m/z and NGTWFEPP (IC₅₀ = 0.63 μM) at 1085.841 m/z. The presence of two proline residues at the C-terminal sequence is responsible for the high ACE inhibitory activity of these peptides. The results suggest that Haruan meat protein hydrolysate is a potent ACE inhibitor and may be used to decrease blood pressure.     

Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel,mesocarp, aril and differently produced juices by HPLC-DAD–ESI/MS

Phenolic compounds were extracted from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel, mesocarp and arils. Extracts and juices were characterised by HPLC-DAD–ESI/MSⁿ. In total, 48 compounds were detected, among which 9 anthocyanins, 2 gallotannins, 22 ellagitannins, 2 gallagyl esters, 4 hydroxybenzoic acids, 7 hydroxycinnamic acids and 1 dihydroflavonol were identified based on their UV spectra and fragmentation patterns in collision-induced dissociation experiments. To the best of our knowledge, cyanidin–pentoside–hexoside, valoneic acid bilactone, brevifolin carboxylic acid, vanillic acid 4-glucoside and dihydrokaempferol-hexoside are reported for the first time in pomegranate fruits. Furthermore, punicalagin and pedunculagin I were isolated by preparative HPLC and used for quantification purposes. The ellagitannins were found to be the predominant phenolics in all samples investigated, among them punicalagin ranging from 11 to 20 g per kilogram dry matter of mesocarp and peel as well as 4–565 mg/L in the juices. The isolated compounds, extracts and juices were also assessed by the TEAC, FRAP and Folin–Ciocalteu assays revealing high correlation (R² = 0.9995) of the TEAC and FRAP values, but also with total phenolic contents as determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and by HPLC. Selection of raw materials, i.e. co-extraction of arils and peel, and pressure, respectively, markedly affected the profiles and contents of phenolics in the pomegranate juices, underlining the necessity to optimise these parameters for obtaining products with well-defined functional properties.     

Identification and quantification of major phenolic compounds from mango (Mangifera indica, cv. Ataulfo) fruit by HPLC–DAD–MS/MS-ESI and their individual contribution to the antioxidant activity during ripening

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an economically important fruit throughout the world. ‘Ataulfo’ mango, a leading cultivar in Mexico, has the highest content of phenolic compounds among several commercial varieties of mango. However, the individual identification and antioxidant contribution of these phenols during ripening of mango fruit is unknown. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major phenolic compounds found in ‘Ataulfo’ mango fruit pulp was conducted in four stages of ripeness, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antioxidant contribution of each of the major phenolic compounds was calculated. The major compounds identified were chlorogenic acid (28–301 mg/100 g DW), gallic acid (94.6–98.7 mg/100 g DW), vanillic acid (16.9–24.4 mg/100 g DW), and protocatechuic acid (0.48–1.1 mg/100 g DW). The antioxidant contribution of the four phenolic acids increased during ripening. Gallic acid accounted for the highest contribution (39% maximum value), followed by chlorogenic acid (21% maximum value). This could indicate that these phenolic compounds may have an important role in the antioxidant metabolism in ‘Ataulfo’ mango fruit during ripening, and promoting health benefits to consumers.     

Identification and quantification by LC–MS/MS of a new precursor of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) using stable isotope dilution assay: Elements for understanding the 3MH production in wine

The isotopically labelled S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione d₂/d₃ (G3MHd₂/d₃) was synthesized with a strategy based on acid-labile protecting groups. The natural analogue of this compound could be a precursor of 3-mercaptohexanol, a varietal thiol reminiscent of grape fruit, released during alcoholic fermentation. In a first time, deuterated glutathione conjugate was used to perform identification and quantification by stable isotope dilution assay of G3MH in musts from several varieties: Sauvignon, Riesling and Gewurztraminer.     

A Gas Chromatographic Method with Electron-Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for Simultaneous Determination of Fenpropathrin, λ-Cyhalothrin, and Deltamethrin Residues in Tomato and Its Applications to Kinetic Studies After Field Treatment

In this study, simultaneous determination of fenpropathrin, ??-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin in tomato fruit (Lycopesicon esculentum) grown in Khartoum, Sudan, was carried out using gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD).The method was linear in the range of 0.001?C0.01, 0.001?C0.01 and 0.001?C0.02?mg/ml for fenpropathrin, ??-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.0012 and 0.0041, 0.0013 and 0.0041 and 0.0026 and 0.0087?mg/ml for fenpropathrin, ??-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin, respectively. The recoveries of fenpropathrin, ??-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin at three concentration levels spiked to tomato were found to be in range 85.77?±?1.52?C95.61?±?3.65%, 91.77?±?4.34?C98.59?±?2.46% and 92.61?±?2.46?C98.04?±?2.93%, respectively. The kinetic study of the degradation of all pesticides was performed and the ultimate evaluation of the kinetic data revealed a pseudo first order kinetics pattern for fenpropathrin, ??-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin.     

Discrimination of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) varieties based on feature extraction and selection from aromatic profiles analysed by HS-SPME/GC–MS

This study aimed to develop an objective and accurate analytical method to discriminate oolong tea varieties that easily causing adulteration by potential volatile compounds. A total of 75 oolong tea samples of five similar varieties (Tieguanyin, Benshan, Maoxie, Huangjingui and Jinguanyin) were analysed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The relative content of 26 major volatile compounds varied significantly according to variety, combined with the results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), indicating that the varietal differences of aromatic profile remain significant for tea cultivars with very close origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the aromatic profiles showed that the feature of variety dominated over the other features (like producing region and quality). By stepwise linear discriminant analysis (S-LDA), 18 volatiles with the best discriminating capacity were selected, and 4 discriminant functions (DFs) enabled simultaneously discrimination of the five oolong varieties with 100% correct rate.     

Comparative Analysis of the Volatile Profiles from Wild,Cultivated, and Commercial Roots of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gentiana lutea</Emphasis> L. by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS–SPME) Coupled to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

The root of Gentiana lutea L. is famous for its bitter properties and often used in alcoholic bitter beverages, food products, and traditional medicine to stimulate the appetite and improve digestion. This study presents the first report of an accurate, simple, fast, and reliable headspace solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME) method coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for the analysis of the volatile profile of G. lutea roots. The developed method proved to be reliable to perform comparative analysis of the volatiles constituents from different populations of cultivated, wild, and commercial roots of G. lutea. HS–SPME/GC–MS analysis of 22 samples led to identification of 154 compounds belonging to terpenoids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alkanes, fatty acid derivatives, benzene derivatives, and others. The results proved that the composition of the volatile fraction of cultivated G. lutea is mostly similar to that of the wild samples but quite different with respect to commercial roots, and this was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA).