特低渗砂岩油藏CO2-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油机理研究

目的 特低渗油藏储层物性差、层间非均质性强,造成CO₂驱易发生气窜,提高采收率效果欠佳,其中,CO₂水气交替驱作为结合CO₂驱和水驱优势的方法,具有较高的适用性。为进一步改善CO₂-水交替驱的开发效果,开展了CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油研究。方法 通过界面张力和润湿性能测试评价低界面张力黏弹流体基本性能,并利用微观可视化驱油实验及岩心驱油实验等,探究了不同驱替方式的驱油效果和CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油过程中二者之间的“协同作用”机理。结果 低界面张力黏弹流体具备良好的界面活性和改变岩石表面润湿性能力,水驱后开展CO₂驱、低界面张力黏弹流体驱、CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体交替协同驱,采收率可在水驱基础上分别提高0.91%、10.66%、16.25%,其提高采收率机理包括降低界面张力、改善流度比、改变岩石表面润湿性及乳化作用的协同效应等。结论 CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱既可有效...     

气水交替改善CO2驱油效果的适应界限*

针对低渗特低渗透油藏CO2驱油效果差、气窜现象严重等特点,开展了CO2驱气水交替注入(WAG)方式改善CO2驱油效果研究,评价了岩心渗透率及其非均质性对气水交替驱油效果的影响;选取天然露头和人造非均质岩心,对气水交替的注入速率、注入参数及注入量进行优选,进行了WAG驱的适应性评价。研究表明,对于0.5×10^-3、1×10^-3和5×10^-3μm^2的低渗特低渗均质岩心,气水交替驱能够实现良好的流度控制作用,延长CO2的窜逸时间,且渗透率越低,气窜时间越晚;渗透率级差为5、10和50的非均质性岩心,渗透率级差越小,气水比越高,提高采收率效果越好。渗透率级差大于10时,气窜时间明显提前,特别是当级差大于50时,气水段塞无法有效启动低渗基质中的剩余油,快速气窜而无经济效益。利用气水交替在适应界限范围内可显著降低CO2流度,延长CO2窜逸时间,启动基质中的剩余油,提高剩余油采收率。图16表2参20。     

CO2 miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties

Miscible CO₂ injection process has become widely used technique for the enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs. Core flooding experiments and field test of CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties was studied. The results showed that CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs can enhance oil recovery both in laboratory study and field test. The permeability of sandstone reservoirs decreased during CO₂ miscible flooding due to the precipitation of asphaltene of crude oil. The precipitation of asphaltene lead to a reduction of asphaltene content and the apparent viscosity of crude oil. A further study on inhibitors and removers for asphaltene deposits from crude oil should be investigated to prevent and remove asphaltene deposits in low permeability sandstone reservoirs.     

氢监测技术在含硫输气管线上的应用

采用腐蚀挂片、缓蚀剂残余浓度分析以及氢监测技术,在含硫输气管线上研究了缓蚀剂应用效果,确定了缓蚀剂的有效保护时间。结果表明,氢监测技术能够无损、实时、全周相地监测含硫输气管线腐蚀状况,缓蚀剂残余浓度分析及氢监测结果显示缓蚀剂有效保护时间达到1个月以上。     

特低渗非均质油藏CO2 驱注气速度对采出程度的影响

特低渗非均质油气藏具有低孔、低渗、低饱和度和低产等特征,利用常规水驱开发难度大,采收率低,而CO2 驱油能显著提高特低渗非均质油藏的采出程度。根据特低渗非均质油藏的地质和储层特征,利用双层非均质岩心模拟油藏非均质性, 设计完成了5 种不同注气速度下（1、2、4、8、10 mL/min）的驱替实验,系统分析了CO2 驱油速度对原油采收率的影响。结果表明, CO2 驱提高采收率幅度最大段在CO2 窜流之前,随着注气速度的变大,推进速度变快,突破时间逐渐前移;合理的驱替速度使得CO2 气体与岩心孔隙中水及原油的接触时间变长,采收率提高,从而提高特低渗非均质油藏开发的经济效益。     

深水浊积岩油藏提高采收率方法研究

深水浊积岩油藏储层非均质性强,平面矛盾突出,注水开发过程中易出现油水前缘不稳定,形成窜流。气为明确气水交替驱与氮气泡沫驱在平面非均质油藏的适用性及其提高采收率机制,结合油藏地质资料,设计制作了不同渗透率级差的岩心模型,开展了气水交替驱和氮气泡沫驱试验,分析了2种提高采收率方法的驱油效果,结合数值模拟研究,探索了驱替过程中不同渗透率条带的流体波及规律。研究结果表明,当岩心模型渗透率级差较小时,气水交替驱可表现出良好的提高波及系数及降低出口端含水率的能力,但当岩心模型渗透率级差较大时,该方法控制气体流度能力降低,提高采收率效果变差。氮气泡沫驱在岩心模型渗透率级差较大时,仍可发挥泡沫堵大不堵小、堵水不堵油以及表面活性剂洗油的多重特性,有效抑制高渗条带中的流体窜逸,使氮气泡沫在低渗条带呈现活塞式驱替,从而实现深部调驱、大幅度提高采收率的目的。因此,氮气泡沫驱可有效提高深水浊积岩油藏采收率,为该类油藏的经济高效开发提供技术支持。      

低渗透油藏水驱转空气泡沫驱提高采收率物理模拟实验

为进一步提高镇泾油田低渗透油藏原油采收率,利用室内驱油物理模拟技术,开展了水驱转空气泡沫驱提高采收率实验研究,探讨了空气泡沫驱对低渗透油藏水驱开发效果的影响。实验结果表明,在模拟地层条件下,初始水驱阶段的平均采收率为29.06%,水驱转空气泡沫驱后,采收率得到明显提高,增量均在10%以上;再次水驱后,最终采收率平均可达到45.42%。随着空气泡沫注入速度的增加,采收率呈上升趋势,但增幅逐渐减小。注入速度越大,气体突破时间越早,不过实验过程中并未发生明显的因气窜而导致采收率降低的现象;在相同条件下,空气泡沫注入总量为1倍孔隙体积时的采收率比0.6倍孔隙体积时的高5%。研究认为,通过交替注入起泡剂溶液与空气实现空气泡沫驱对于注水开发的低渗透油藏进一步提高原油采收率是可行的。     

延长油田致密砂岩油藏CO2驱油机理研究

CO_2驱是提高低渗透油田产量、缓解温室效应的有效途径。针对鄂尔多斯盆地油藏压力系数低、原油轻质组分含量高的特点,通过PVT和最小混相压力等测试分析方法,揭示了低压、低孔、低渗油藏CO_2驱提高采收率主要机理。开展了CO_2注入储层与无机、有机物作用后的沉淀研究,表明CO_2在无机盐溶液中不会形成沉淀堵塞孔隙,CO_2与有机质作用后沉积点高于油藏压力,且注入压力越高,CO_2在地层原油中的溶解能力越强,目标区块CO_2注入后不易形成沥青质沉淀。物模驱替实验结果表明,均质岩心的采出程度明显高于非均质岩心,且随着岩心非均质性的增加,水驱采出程度、气驱采出程度及最终采出程度均明显下降。     

潜山油藏微球-天然气驱实验评价

裂缝型潜山油藏储集层非均质性强,油藏开发过程中驱替流体指进和窜流频发,封堵裂缝、大孔道等高渗流通道是提高原油采收率的有效措施。通过岩心流动实验,评价了微球对B1潜山油藏储集层岩心裂缝及大孔道的封堵效果,探究了采用微球-天然气驱提高剩余油动用的有效性。结果表明,单一水驱或天然气驱的驱油效率不显著,采用微球驱,微球进入岩心后的膨胀和封堵作用使得阻力系数、注入压力等显著增大;微球粒径直接影响封堵性能,若粒径太小,达不到封堵的效果,若粒径太大,不易注入;微球注入岩心后的膨胀、封堵、解堵、变形后再封堵及天然气溶解的协同作用,对裂缝型潜山油藏开发过程中的驱替流体指进及窜流有明显抑制作用,微球-天然气驱可大幅提高剩余油采出程度。     

中国石化东部老油田提高采收率技术进展及攻关方向

针对中国石化东部老油田的油藏特点和开发矛盾,介绍了水驱、化学驱、稠油热采、CO2驱等不同开发方式下提高采收率技术的主要进展和矿场应用效果.水驱调整以局部注-采关系完善为主,配套工艺采取智能分注分采技术,特低渗油藏开展了压驱注水试验;化学驱形成了无碱二元复合驱和非均相复合驱技术并已工业化推广应用,研发了耐温、耐盐、抗钙镁...     

CO2响应性增强泡沫体系室内试验研究

为解决低渗透油藏CO₂驱气体窜流影响开发效果的问题,以泡沫综合值为评价指标,通过搅拌法优选发泡剂,建立了CO₂响应性增强泡沫体系,配方为0.1%发泡剂AOS+4.0％小分子胺+水。该体系在接触CO₂前黏度与水接近,与CO₂作用后黏度可升高18倍以上。性能评价结果显示:CO₂响应性增强泡沫体系的泡沫综合值可达到常规泡沫体系的11倍以上;具有明显的剪切稀释特性,流变方程符合幂律流体流变模式;比常规泡沫体系具有更强的黏弹性,可以封堵优势渗流通道,抑制非均质低渗透油藏CO₂驱气体窜流,提高低渗透油藏CO₂驱的采收率。研究结果表明,CO₂响应性增强泡沫体系可以解决低渗透油藏CO₂气体窜流问题,提高CO₂驱的开发效果。      

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-triggered gelation for mobility control and channeling blocking during CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> flooding processes

CO₂ flooding is regarded as an important method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and greenhouse gas control. However, the heterogeneity prevalently distributed in reservoirs inhibits the performance of this technology. The sweep efficiency can be significantly reduced especially in the presence of “thief zones”. Hence, gas channeling blocking and mobility control are important technical issues for the success of CO₂ injection. Normally, crosslinked gels have the potential to block gas channels, but the gelation time control poses challenges to this method. In this study, a new method for selectively blocking CO₂ channeling is proposed, which is based on a type of CO₂-sensitive gel system (modified polyacrylamide-methenamine-resorcinol gel system) to form gel in situ. A CO₂-sensitive gel system is when gelation or solidification will be triggered by CO₂ in the reservoir to block gas channels. The CO₂-sensitivity of the gel system was demonstrated in parallel bottle tests of gel in N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres. Sand pack flow experiments were conducted to investigate the shutoff capacity of the gel system under different conditions. The injectivity of the gel system was studied via viscosity measurements. The results indicate that this gel system was sensitive to CO₂ and had good performance of channeling blocking in porous media. Advantageous viscosity-temperature characteristics were achieved in this work. The effectiveness for EOR in heterogeneous formations based on this gel system was demonstrated using displacement tests conducted in double sand packs. The experimental results can provide guidelines for the deployment of the CO₂-sensitive gel system for field applications.     

低渗透油藏CO2驱中后期提效方法研究

为了解决低渗透油藏CO₂开发中后期因方向性气窜造成的开井时率低、整体开发效果差及存在安全隐患等问题,通过采用数值模拟和室内实验研究相结合的方法,对防控气窜、保障油井生产时率等技术方法展开了深入研究。结果表明：相对于周期注气、轮注轮采、连续注气等方式,水气交替方式CO₂气体波及较均匀,提高采收率效果更佳;月度CO₂注采比为1.7～1.8时,能同时兼顾保持混相能力和防止气窜,提高降水增油效果;针对油井的气窜特征,制定不同的流压控制标准,可最大程度地发挥CO₂驱的作用;通过周期采油方式来调整压力场变化,既可增加油气接触频率而促进混相,又可扩大CO₂波及体积,且一类见气井的周期采油效果要好于三类见气井的周期采油效果以及连续采油方式的采油效果;通过调整注采比控制合理生产压差,安装井口控套阀和设置井口单井罐定期泄压等措施,有效地保障了安全生产。研究结果可为吉林油田及国内其他同类地区开展CO₂驱试验与推广提供参考。     

Black Oil and Compositional Reservoir Simulation for Increasing the Recovery Performance of an Iranian Fractured Carbonate Reservoir

Abstract

Naturally fractured reservoirs contain a significant amount of world oil reserves. Accurate and efficient reservoir simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs is one of the most important, challenging, and computationally intensive problems in reservoir engineering. Black oil and compositional reservoir simulators have been used to determine the reservoir management and production strategies to increase the oil recovery from a low-porosity, low-permeability fractured carbonate reservoir, with an average matrix permeability of 0.8 md, average fracture permeability of 500 md, and an average matrix porosity of 10%. This reservoir is a candidate for an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process, because the reservoir production rate has been declined due to increasing the water cut as a result of rising the water oil contact. The injection techniques that have been considered in this study for black oil model include (a) gas injection, (b) water injection, and (c) simultaneous water alternating gas injection and for the compositional model include (a) dry gas injection, (b) CO₂ injection, and (c) N₂ injection. Simulation results show that CO₂ injection has the maximum oil recovery between the EOR scenarios.     

低渗透油藏空气驱原油氧化机理实验

为深入探究低渗透油藏空气驱开发过程中原油的氧化特征及其影响因素,评价其驱油效果,以新疆油田低渗透油藏为研究对象,开展原油组分分析、原油氧化特征、空气驱及空气泡沫驱等实验,系统研究了不同条件下原油氧化特征及规律。实验结果表明:相同条件下,油砂比纯油样静态氧化反应速率大,反应充分,且反应速率与反应压力、温度、作用时间呈正相关;油藏温度下,原油经历氧化反应后轻重比减小,主峰碳增加;反应温度对空气驱原油动态氧化特征有较大影响,温度越高耗氧量越大,反应越充分;空气驱具有较好驱油效果,但易发生气窜;泡沫驱可有效封堵气窜通道,扩大空气波及体积,改善空气驱效果。研究成果对空气驱理论研究及应用具有借鉴意义。     

Flow Properties of CO2/Crude Oil in Miscible Phase Flooding

Abstract

The high-temperature and high-pressure three-dimensional (3D) device is used to study miscible flooding of CO₂ and crude oil. The experiment model is a real sand plate. In oil reservoir condition, there is a large difference between production and injection volume. The complex flowing characteristics of CO₂ flooding in pore media are observed in recovery, water cut, and gas–oil ratio curves. By analyzing the water saturation contour plot measured by a saturation probe, CO₂ and oil can be miscible. The viscosity of miscible liquid and flowing pressure decreases. This is the important mechanism of enhanced oil recovery. When the viscosity of miscible liquid and flowing pressure decreases, miscible CO₂ and oil contacted with water can make a similar three phase. This is the important mechanism of enhanced oil recovery. Based on the conclusion, the main reason for the production and injection difference is that high-density CO₂ would flow into pore media in which water and oil cannot flow.     

低渗透油藏CO2混相驱注采耦合波及特征及气窜阶段定量划分方法

针对CO₂混相驱注采耦合波及特征认识不清,气窜阶段无法定量识别的问题,运用数值模拟方法,分析CO₂混相驱注采耦合波及特征,明确气窜程度表征指标和划分标准。结果表明:与CO₂连续气驱相比,注采耦合开发通过增压储能、放压释能过程,地下渗流场不断变化,扩大气驱波及面积,延迟气窜时间,提高油藏最终采出程度;新方法计算的气窜阶段划分结果与矿场监测数据吻合,可作为矿场气窜阶段识别的依据;储层孔隙度越大,注采耦合开发无气采油阶段变长,气窜发育阶段推迟;生产井离注气井越近,气体突破时间越早,反九点法井网、排状井网、五点法井网进入完全气窜时间分别为3 148、4 120、5 610 d。研究成果可为低渗透油藏CO₂混相驱注采耦合开发提高采收率提供理论指导。     

浅层油藏稠油热水/CO2驱油效率实验模拟研究

新疆油田九_6区齐古组浅层稠油油藏已进入蒸汽开采中后期,油藏开采经历了蒸汽吞吐、加密调整、蒸汽驱过程,采出程度为37%。现阶段单一蒸汽驱效果明显下降,地层亏空严重,蒸汽热利用效率低,吸汽不均,波及程度差异大,油水流度比大,采收率低。热水复合CO_2驱油充分利用热水热效应和发挥CO_2溶解降黏等作用,是提高原油采收率的有效方法。因此,针对九_6区稠油开展不同混合方式热水/CO_2驱油模拟实验,分别研究了纯热水驱、热水与CO_2混注、热水与CO_2段塞的驱油效率。结果表明,纯热水驱累积驱油效率为49.19%,热水/CO_2混注累积驱油效率最大为71.25%,段塞驱累积驱油效率高达85.96%。同时,分析了驱出原油及岩心残余油组分变化。     

Exploitation of fractured shale oil resources by cyclic CO2 injection

With shale oil reservoir pressure depletion and recovery of hydrocarbons from formations, the fracture apertures and conductivity are subject to reduction due to the interaction between stress effects and proppants. Suppose most of the proppants were concentrated in dominant fractures rather than sparsely allocated in the fracture network, the fracture conductivity would be less influenced by the induced stress effect. However, the merit of uniformly distributed proppants in the fracture network is that it increases the contact area for the injection gas with the shale matrix. In this paper, we address the question whether we should exploit or confine the fracture complexity for CO₂-EOR in shale oil reservoirs. Two proppant transport scenarios were simulated in this paper: Case 1—the proppant is uniformly distributed in the complex fracture system, propagating a partially propped or un-propped fracture network; Case 2—the proppant primarily settles in simple planar fractures. A series of sensitivity studies of the fracture conductivity were performed to investigate the conductivity requirements in order to more efficiently produce from the shale reservoirs. Our simulation results in this paper show the potential of CO₂ huff-n-puff to improve oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs. Simulation results indicate that the ultra-low permeability shales require an interconnected fracture network to maximize shale oil recovery in a reasonable time period. The well productivity of a fracture network with a conductivity of 4 mD ft achieves a better performance than that of planar fractures with an infinite conductivity. However, when the conductivity of fracture networks is inadequate, the planar fracture treatment design maybe a favorable choice. The available literature provides limited information on the relationship between fracture treatment design and the applicability of CO₂ huff-n-puff in very low permeability shale formations. Very limited field test or laboratory data are available on the investigation of conductivity requirements for cyclic CO₂ injection in shale oil reservoirs. In the context of CO₂ huff-n-puff EOR, the effect of fracture complexity on well productivity was examined by simulation approaches.     

空气泡沫调驱技术在浅层特低渗透低温油藏的适应性研究

空气泡沫调驱技术综合了空气驱和泡沫驱的优点,可提高波及系数和驱油效率,在中高温油藏中取得了很好的应用效果,但是在浅层特低渗透低温油藏中的应用较少。根据陕北油区特低渗透油藏地质特征,以甘谷驿油田唐114井区为例,通过理论研究、室内实验和现场试验研究了空气泡沫调驱技术在浅层特低渗透低温油藏的适应性。结果表明:室内实验低渗透层中的原油被明显启动,驱油效率由水驱阶段的8.33%升高到50.55%;矿场试验井组含水率由98%下降至73%,产液量由3m3/d降至0.8m3/d,平均单井产油量由0.05m3/d增至0.2m3/d。空气泡沫调驱技术在甘谷驿油田具有较强的适应性,可大幅度提高油田采收率,对同类油藏的增油控水具有一定的借鉴作用。