海洋放线菌BM-2菌株产生抑菌物质的发酵条件

海洋放线菌BM-2菌株在不同配方的培养基和不同的发酵条件对进行液体发酵,以植物病原真菌禾谷镰刀菌为指示菌,采用打孔法测定发酵液的抑菌活性,研究其产生抑菌物质的发酵条件.结果认为:海洋放线菌BM-2菌株产生抑菌物质的最佳培养基为可溶性淀粉14 g、乳糖16 g、黄豆粉16 g、磷酸氢二钾3 g、碳酸钙4 g、氯化钾0.4 g,海水1000 mL,初始pH值7.5;发酵条件为接种量7%(体积分数)、温度28 ℃、装瓶量80 mL(250 mL)、转速190 r/min、培养时间5 d.     

根围细菌次生代谢物的生物活性筛选

从全国7个地区采集的植物根围土壤样品中分离得到1700余株植物根嗣细菌.采用室内离体筛选的试验方法,以5种植物病原细菌作为靶标,筛选研究得到有生物活性的菌株840株.其中10%的菌株对5种植物病原细菌都具有拮抗活性,其余菌株则仅对1种或几种病原细菌具有拈抗活性.从中进一步筛选得到对小麦白粉病也具有防治效果的菌株,其防治效果最高可达60%.将最终获得的同时对病原细菌有拮抗效果和真菌病害有防治效果的根围细菌作为以后深入研究的对象.     

一株链霉菌发酵液的抗菌谱及稳定性

从土壤中分离得到一株放线菌菌株,杯碟法测定该菌株发酵液对14种植物病原真菌和两种植物病原细菌均有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中对烟草黑胫病菌和黄瓜菌核病菌的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径达56．36mm和56．26mm。枯斑抑制法测定发酵液对TMV的抑制作用表明,发酵液对TMV有很好的钝化作用,发酵液与病毒汁液混合10min后接种,枯斑抑制率为93．88％,接种前24h处理和接种后24h处理的枯斑抑制率分别为87．93％和42．21％。通过对发酵液稳定性的初步研究,表明发酵液中的抗菌物质对温度、光照以及pH值变化都比较稳定。     

放线菌TL05-22菌株发酵液的抑菌谱及稳定性

[目的]研究放线菌TL05-22发酵液的抑菌谱及稳定性。以16种植物病原真菌和6种细菌为供试菌,采用菌丝生长速率法、杯碟法测定拮抗放线菌TL05-22发酵液的抑菌谱;以苜蓿尖镰孢根腐病菌为指示菌,杯碟法测定发酵液的传代稳定性、热稳定性、酸碱稳定性及紫外线稳定性。[结果]放线菌TL05-22发酵液对16种植物病原真菌和6种细菌均具有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中供试真菌以对苜蓿尖镰孢根腐病菌的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径达33.68 mm;供试细菌中以对大白菜软腐病菌的抑菌效果最强,抑菌圈直径达29.12 mm。将发酵液于60~100℃处理30、60 min,抑菌活性没有明显变化;发酵液在pH值6~14时抑菌活性未发生明显变化,但在pH<6条件下抑菌活性明显下降;连续培养10代,发酵液抑菌活性无明显变化。[结论]放线菌TL05-22的代谢产物具有广谱抑菌活性和较强的稳定性,具有一定开发价值。     

9种药用植物内生或附生真菌的分离及其杀虫、抑菌活性

从9种药用植物的根、茎、叶、花中分离得到358株内生或附生真菌,其中9株真菌的发酵液对白纹伊蚊3龄幼虫的毒杀活性较强,24 h死亡率均达到80%以上;15株真菌的发酵液对至少1种供试病原真菌的菌丝生长抑制率超过50%;4株真菌的发酵液对5种供试细菌均有明显的抑菌活性.     

细菌Sh34的鉴定及其对几种植物病原真菌的拮抗作用测定

从黄瓜田土壤中分离得到拮抗细菌Sh34,根据其形态特征和生理生化特性及其细菌的16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。经平皿测试表明,菌株Sh34及其无菌滤液对黄瓜蔓枯病菌(Ascochyta cucumis)、黄瓜枯萎菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、黄瓜菌核((Sclerotinia scleotiorum)、瓜果腐霉菌(Pythium aphanidermatum)、立枯丝核菌(Rhixoctonia solani)等多种植物病原真菌均有良好稳定的抑制作用。其无菌滤液能使黄瓜枯萎菌菌丝老化,原生质浓缩。     

放线菌AF1发酵液提取物对病原微生物的抑菌作用和稳定性分析

对放线菌菌株AFI乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌谱做了研究。抑菌活性试验表明:AF1发酵液提取物对8种植物病原真菌和10种革兰氏阳性病原菌都具有抑制活性,对4种革兰氏阴性致病菌无抑制作用。在供试的8种植物病原菌中,放线菌AF1发酵液提取物对香蕉枯萎病菌(fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)和苦瓜枯萎病菌(fusarium oxysporum f.sp.momodicae)的抑菌率达到85%以上。稳定性试验结果表明:菌种AF1发酵液对紫外线、热和酸碱较稳定,室温至80℃时稳定,90℃时活性丧失,在pH 2~10范围内稳定,耐受紫外线照射。试验表明该菌株发酵液提取物对革兰氏阳性致病菌的抑制作用较好,有较强的稳定性,具有一定的开发价值。     

生防芽孢杆菌的分离筛选与初步鉴定

从不同环境中采集7份土壤样品用于芽孢杆菌的分离纯化,通过多次平板划线分离纯化得到30个菌落形态不同的菌株。以黄瓜枯萎病菌为指示菌对得到的菌株进行抑菌活性筛选,其中的4个菌株具有明显的抑菌作用。采用对峙生长法,测定4株芽孢杆菌对其它植物病原真菌的活性,结果显示4个芽孢杆菌均具有广谱抑菌性。进一步试验表明,4株芽孢杆菌的发酵液也具有明显的抑菌作用,说明对病原真菌有抑制作用的物质水溶性较大,大部分释放到发酵液中,并且发酵液可使黄瓜枯萎等植物病原真菌菌丝膨大、褐变、末端钝圆,促进镰刀菌产生小孢子。通过菌落形态特征、系列生化测定对其进行初步鉴定,结果表明其中一株为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

利用组合抗药性突变选育秦岭霉素高产菌株

以秦岭链霉菌为出发菌株,采用链霉素和庆大霉素对其进行抗药性诱变.通过对致死率和活性最大提高率的测定,确定了链霉素和庆大霉素对出发菌株的最小抑制质量浓度(MIC),并在最小抑制质量浓度下筛选抗药性突变菌株.结合对诱变菌株的传代稳定性测定,获得了3株抗药性突变的高产菌株GS-4-04、GS-4-05和GS-4-06,其发酵液对5种细菌和4种病原真菌的抗菌活性比原始菌株显著提高.     

海洋细菌B-9987的鉴定及其对植物病原菌的抑菌试验

对分离自渤海潮间带盐生植物的细菌B-9987菌株进行了分类鉴定和抑菌活性研究.经形态、生理生化特性和分子鉴定表明B-9987为海洋芽孢杆菌(Bacillus marinus).平皿测试结果表明:该菌株有较广的抑菌谱,且对多种植物病原真菌、细菌的抑菌效果明显优于微生物农药--0.1亿cfu/g多粘类芽胞杆菌细粒剂的生防菌HY96-2.     

The Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plethodon cinereus</Emphasis>

Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant–bacteria–fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.     

Antimikrobielle Dekontamination mit Syndets

Antimicrobial Decontamination Using Syndets The term ?decontamination”? was introduced, in order to include also those microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) which need not necessarily be removed by desinfection. They include germs which are often designated as contaminants, nosoparasites or not strictly pathogenic microorganisms. Several syndets have microbiostatic or even microbicide properties. Their high surface activity enables their spreading on bacteria and fungi, thus preventing germination. Owing to the soil removal properties of the syndets, the germs are depleted from the surface of the substrates and rinsed out. This sort of decontamination is necessary for the treatment of fungal infections of the skin, in order to prevent further growth and relapse. Comparative studies in vitro and in vivo showed Dermowas® to be best suited for the removal of pathogenic and not strictly pathogenic germs in the beginning of the therapy of dermatomycosis. The chances of cure are improved and the duration of treatment is reduced.     

环境因素和培养条件对类胡萝卜素表达的影响

阐述了环境和培养条件的改变对于不同的微生物提高类胡萝卜素单位体积产量和单位细胞产量的作用,这些微生物包括微藻、真菌和细菌。可采用的条件有调节光照、改变培养温度、向培养基中添加金属离子、盐类、有机溶剂、前体和其他的化学刺激物等。     

Synthesis,interfacial properties,and antimicrobial activity of a new cationic gemini surfactant

Tetramethylene-1,4-bis(N,N-dodecylammonium bromide), cationic gemini surfactant, (12-4-12) was first synthesized with an one-step and shortened procedure and its interfacial and antimicrobial properties were compared with a conventional single-chain cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The interfacial and thermodynamic properties of both surfactants reveal that critical micelle concentration (CMC) of this novel synthetic cationic dimeric surfactant is lower than that of cationic monomeric surfactant at almost 15 times of its magnitude, which is due to the increase in hydrophobicity of the surfactant molecules by having dual hydrocarbon chains. In comparison with CTAB, the produced compound 12-4-12 yields much better interfacial and thermodynamic properties. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized gemini surfactant were tested against eight strains of bacteria, as well as two strains of fungi. The results showed that both 12-4-12 compound and CTAB exhibited higher inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi than that of Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations in molar of 12-4-12 against all tested Gram-negative bacteria were lower than those of CTAB, which is hypothetically due to the lower HLB together with smaller CMC values of our gemini surfactant.     

Systemic Lectin-Glycan Interaction of Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and host cells, such as plants and animals, have carbohydrate chains and lectins that reciprocally recognize one another. In hosts, the defense system is activated upon non-self-pattern recognition of microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These are present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Glycan-based PAMPs are bound to a class of lectins that are widely distributed among eukaryotes. The first step of bacterial infection in humans is the adhesion of the pathogen’s lectin-like proteins to the outer membrane surfaces of host cells, which are composed of glycans. Microbes and hosts binding to each other specifically is of critical importance. The adhesion factors used between pathogens and hosts remain unknown; therefore, research is needed to identify these factors to prevent intestinal infection or treat it in its early stages. This review aims to present a vision for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases by identifying the role of the host glycans in the immune response against pathogenic intestinal bacteria through studies on the lectin-glycan interaction.     

大豆根表拮抗细菌的筛选及其防病作用

从大豆根表分离出20株对植物病原真菌有拮抗作用的细菌,其中4株对供试的6种病原真菌均有抑制作用,对小麦赤霉菌、纹枯菌、黑粉菌、番茄灰霉菌、早疫菌、山芋黑疤病菌的拮抗频率分别为18．8％、18．8％、27．1％、22．9％、29．2％、22．9％。发酵液对小麦赤霉病菌、番茄灰霉菌、早疫病菌孢子萌发均有抑制作用,对上述3种病菌引起的病害田间防效良好。     

贵州水晶葡萄病原真菌分离鉴定及室内抑菌活性测试

[目的]确定引起贵州水晶葡萄采后贮藏病害的病原真菌种类及室内筛选用于该病害的主要防治杀菌剂。[方法]对病原菌进行分离纯化鉴定,通过科赫法则确定致病菌种类;筛选12种商品杀菌剂对炭疽病菌进行抑菌活性测定,筛选出有效药剂,为防治该病害提供一定的理论依据。[结果]从贵州省凯里市水晶葡萄采后贮藏病害分离鉴定出3株病原菌,为青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)、炭疽病菌(Clletotrichum gloeosporioides)和链格孢菌(Alternaria sp.),采用科赫法则,对3株病原真菌进行刺伤回接,发现3株均为水晶葡萄在贮藏过程中的主要致病菌。12种杀菌剂对水晶葡萄炭疽病菌进行室内抑菌活性测试结果表明:均具有较好的抑制活性,其中50%咯菌腈WP、50%苯菌灵WP、42%噻菌灵SC和43%戊唑醇SC对水晶葡萄炭疽病菌抑制活性最好,其EC50值分别为0.1024、0.1386、0.1624、0.1974 mg/L。[结论]凯里水晶葡萄采后病害病菌为青霉菌、炭疽病菌和链格孢菌;筛选出12种药剂针对水晶葡萄采后病害炭疽病菌的药剂,其中50%咯菌腈WP对炭疽病菌具有较好抑制效果,为水晶葡萄采后贮藏病害防治提供理论基础。     

北极海泥来源抗菌活性真菌的筛选及菌株H5的初步研究

从北极海泥中筛选抗茵活性海洋真菌,鉴定了活性菌株并对活性最高的菌株H5的代谢产物进行了初步研究。通过形态学观察、基因间隔区（ITS）序列分析对活性最高的茵株H5进行系统发育分析和菌种鉴定;通过纸片法对茵株H5的发酵液进行体外抗茵活性研究;将调至不同pH值的H5发酵液用不同极性的有机溶剂萃取,研究该活性物质的酸碱性和极性;将调至不同pH值的发酵液按不同时间温度梯度进行加热处理,研究该活性物质的稳定性;同时用大孔树脂对活性物质进行提取分离。结果表明,从北极海泥中共分离得到17株真菌,其中真菌H5、H6的代谢产物具有较好的抗茵活性;茵种鉴定表明菌株H5归属于烟曲霉属（Aspergillusfumigatus）,该菌株发酵液对苹兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性茵、真茵及耐药茵均有不同程度的抑制活性,活性产物为极性较大、热稳定性较好、耐酸不耐碱的物质;薄层层析显示活性成分在254rlm紫外光下无吸收。     

UV light resistance of biocides for PVC/wood fiber composites

Several of the biocides most commonly used in PVC compositions were exposed to UV‐A radiation for periods up to 2000 hr in order to determine the effects on their ability to protect various wood fibers from colonization by bacteria and fungi. Three species of bacteria and three fungi, all known to metabolize cellulose, were used. The ability of these species to exist by predation on their competitors also was studied. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL. 12:124–126, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers