电力电子和未来的航海电气系统(上)

明天的航海电气系统将同今天的系统有极大的不同。电力电子给予船舶上包括推进、电力分配、备用电源、声纳和雷达等在内的各种系统的进展以重要的影响。刚刚出现的新材料、新器件和新的系统概念(诸如宽带半导体材料、碳化硅基的电力半导体器件、电力电子模组(PEBB),以及集成功率系统)正在使、并将持续地使未来的航海系统有别于今天的系统,如同内燃船舶有别于蒸汽船舶。但是,这些正在实现的技术和有关概念还未被大家所周知,而且还有难于理解的地方。本文就将介绍这些新概念和新技术,指出潜在的影响力,并揭示新的设计方法,以推动航海电气系统的发展。     

电力电子技术在电力系统中的作用分析

当今社会科技进步飞速,电子技术的应用遍及社会的各个角落,电力电子技术也在不断地创新与进步之中,呈现出各种新的材料及零件促进电力系统的完善。文章就电力电子技术在电力系统各个环节中的作用进行了分析。     

航行器具中的电力电子

当前,电力电子技术正在航行器具中迅速推广应用。继在火车(航陆)上成功应用后,全电系统船舶(航海)和全电系统飞机(航空)的研制开发已提到议事日程。本文点评一篇发表在《IEEE工业应用汇刊》2006年第1期上的综述论文——“电力电子和未来的航海电气系统”,并把它摘译于后,以此来说明电力电子发展的又一个新领域。本文指出航行器具采用以电力电子技术应用为突破口的全电系统的一系列好处、它所包含的内容,以及所点评文章的主要思路和作者简介。     

New marine harmonic standards

To address concerns associated with electrical power system harmonic distortion on ships and offshore oil rigs and platforms, marine regulating bodies have introduced strict new harmonic standards. These standards define the acceptable level of harmonic voltage distortion allowed on the vessels they certify. High-harmonic distortion levels are appearing as a result of the increased use of power-electronic drive converters for electric propulsion, drilling and pumping applications, and many other uses of variable speed-drive (VSD) systems. To meet these new standards, methods to control harmonics must be adopted. This article will discuss some of these methods and present an application where a unique wide-spectrum passive harmonic filter was used to meet harmonic limits on a cable-laying ship that previously required the use of rented generators to allow operation of VSDs.     

分布式发电技术及其对电力系统的影响

随着公平竞争的电力市场逐步建立,分布式发电将凭借其投资省、发电方式灵活、与环境兼容等优点拥有越来越大的市场份额。大量分布式发电系统接入电网,将对传统电力系统产生巨大的影响。首先介绍了分布式发电技术的基本概念以及其相对于集中发电方式的显著优点,并对现在比较热门的几种分布式发电技术做了介绍,然后分析了分布式发电对现有电力系统的影响,指出当大量分布式电源接入系统后,它对系统的影响不再局限于配电网,而将对整个电力系统的动态性能产生巨大的影响。     

Technologies for Energy Saving in Industrial Field

This paper summarizes practical and developed techniques and technologies for energy saving in the industrial field. Newly developed high‐efficiency electrical equipment or combined technologies, which are about ‘power electronics’, ‘microcomputers’ and ‘motion control’ in addition to the progress of sensing devices and monitoring systems, bring both energy saving and high productivity in the factory. The technology trend of new factory facilities is concerned about changing power sources from pneumatic (compressed air) or hydraulic power (oil system) to electrical direct‐driven servomotor systems, which have the technical characteristics of fine‐grained and regenerative control. These technologies are able to reduce and recover idling (standby) power consumption during the holding period at the production stage in the factory. The items in this paper were published as Technical Report No. 988 in January 11, 2004 by IEEJ, and that report is reviewed and updated in this paper. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Power Conversion System Strategies for Fuel Cell Vehicles

PowerConversionSystemStrategiesforFuelCellVehiclesKaushikRajashekara(FellowIEEE;DelphiCorporation,MailCodeERC12 D35,P.O.Box9005,Kokomo,IN46904 9005,USA)Abstract:Powerelectronicsisanenablingtechnologyforthedevelopmentofenvironmentalfriendlyfuelcellvehicles…     

Voyage to safety

The power requirements on modern marine vessels are increasing. Many of the loads are changing from mechanical to electrical, and the propulsion systems are becoming all electric. Traditional low-voltage (LV) 480-V systems do not have the ratings to handle these large power requirements. Power will have to be generated at higher voltages, typically 4,160 V, 6,600 V, or above. These voltages must have medium-voltage (MV)-rated switchgear. Presently, commercial marine standards call for off-the-shelf-type switchgear. MV switchgear is not common in today's marine industry. The isolation of being in open waters demands that the personnel on board perform some maintenance and repair to the switchgear to keep the vessel operating. The inexperience of the personnel on such equipment can be life threatening if the proper safety devices are not provided. Focus must be placed on the operation, repair, and maintenance of MV marine switchboards and the variables that differentiate it from land-based applications. This article reviews effective apparatuses that would enhance safe operation and maintenance if installed in commercial off-the-shelf MV switchgear. Some of the apparatuses to be considered are remote controls, arc-resistant switchgear, glow tubes, earthing switches, ground-and-test (G&T) devices, and remote electric racking.     

Unleash the military super power

Power systems for military aircraft must tolerate extreme conditions: temperatures as low as -40/spl deg/C or as high as 70/spl deg/C, as well as short-term fluctuations from -55/spl deg/C to 180/spl deg/C; relative humidity as high as 100%; impacts reaching 60G. Difficult conditions can be tackled by using suitable materials and enclosure designs, but a system or unit's weight, size and shape are often governed by its location. These challenges are just the beginning. System reliability and availability are paramount as failures must be minimised at all times. To provide a reliable and safe power system for today's military aviators, many design teams are needed to tackle the architectural, electrical, mechanical and chemical parameters of power units. Exploiting emerging technical innovations, such as high-performance FETs, can only make life easier for designers of the future.     

Applying power electronics to residential HVAC-the issues

Several of the market and application issues bearing on the economics of residential variable speed air conditioners and heat pumps are outlined. Technical details of capacity modulated systems are avoided, along with design issues involving power semiconductors, motor torque and speed control strategies, and integration in silicon for these applications. The author intends to provoke the development of creative improvements in the economics and application of variable speed electronics technology. He identifies the more important issues to aid the development of marketing strategies that will exploit the potential of air conditioning products containing power electronics, enabling them to penetrate the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) market and compete successfully against conventional systems     

电力电子前沿技术与应用专辑主编评述

随着宽禁带半导体器件和无线电能传输等新技术的快速发展,以及基于电力电子技术的新型设备在电力系统中的大规模应用,电力电子技术作为高效电能转换和传输的关键支撑技术,得到国内外研究人员广泛关注,近年来涌现了众多前沿热点技术与新型应用。比如变流器的拓扑设计、老化监测与稳定性控制等等。基于电力电子众多前沿技术与应用的最新研究进展,《电源学报》特别邀请中国电源学会青年工作委员会推出“电力电子前沿技术与应用”专辑,以期推进电力电子前沿技术与应用难点和热点问题的探讨。     

Transmision capability enhancement using power electronics technologies for the future power system in Japan

Many power system stabilization measures realized by the upgrading transmission lines, generator controls, and power system controls and protections have been developed and utilized toward increasing transmission capability of power systems in Japan. With restriction of transmission routes and power system deregulation, it is now inevitable that transmission capability will be increased to sustain such power system reliability. Various remarkable power electronic technologies such as self-commutated SVC are being introduced toward improving power system stability. It is expected that these will also be employed in power flow control to avoid faults from cascading throughout the entire power system. This paper describes the present researches related to the application of power electronics to power systems in CRIEPI, including the recent results of the research carried out in cooperation with ten Electric Power Companies subsidized by MITI. Specifically: (1) analytical studies in power system enhancement by self-commutated SVC, thyrister controlled series capacitance (TCSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC); (2) analytical studies on transmission capability increase of the interconnected power system applying the HVDC system with self-commutated converters; and (3) experimental studies of the self-commutated converter for continuous operation of converters at AC system faults.     

Teaching utility applications of power electronics in a first course on power systems

Power electronics applications in utility systems are growing very rapidly and promise to change the landscape of future power systems in terms of generation, operation, and control. This paper attempts to justify the importance of introducing undergraduates to these applications in the first course in power systems, so they become familiar with current and future practices and technologies. It presents a roadmap of doing so, taking a top-down approach where first various utility applications of power electronics are briefly described along with the role of power electronics as an interface, and then the power electronics systems are discussed in appropriate detail to fulfill these roles.     

Intelligent Diagnostic Requirements of Future All-Electric Ship Integrated Power System

Future ship integrated power systems (IPSs) will be characterized by complex topologies of advanced power electronics and other evolving components. Advanced capabilities, such as intelligent reconfiguration of system function and connectivity will be possible; however, system level knowledge of component failure will be needed for intelligent power distribution under failure mode conditions. Diagnostic and prognostic coverage for sensors, components, and subsystems will be essential for achieving reliability goals. This paper will look at some diagnostic requirements and emerging technologies available for insertion into future ship IPSs     

仿生学在电力电子系统设计中的应用

基于生物可靠性机理,系统地探讨了高可靠性电力电子系统的设计理论和方法,包括自律分散控制、冗余设计、自复制和自修复、智能化设计、自适应控制及自组织控制。利用这些仿生设计理论和方法,可提高电力电于系统的可靠性。提出了自律单元和自律分散电力电子系统等重要概念, 并指出:自律单元应具有自律可控性和自律协调性,自律分散的电力电子控制系统基于自律单元;自律分散控制系统代表了以后高可靠复杂功率变换器系统的一种极具前景的发展方向。最后,基于生物系统的自律分散控制思想,设计了一种新颖的单相逆变器。应用实例表明,仿生学在电力电子技术中,尤其在高可靠性电力电于系统设计中,有着广阔的应用前景。     

智能网络中适用的电力电子技术

介绍了智能网络系统中的主要电力电子（PE）应用技术,如：充／放电控制技术和供／用电控制技术．作为适用于智能网络的器件,包括配电用的PE器件,智能功率调节器（PCS）以及新能源组件．并分析了将这些器件应用于富士智能网络系统的情况。     

Stabilizing control of variable impedance power systems: Applications to variable series capacitor systems

In future electric power systems, it will be very important to utilize existing ac networks more effectively with the help of power electronics technology. It has become clear that various types of apparatus utilizing such power electronics technologies as variable series capacitors (VSrC) and high-speed phase shifters (HSPS) can improve transient stability and damping in one-machine, infinite-bus power systems. This paper presents a novel control scheme for variable impedance apparatus such as VSrC and HSPS devices in multi-machine power systems. First, this paper describes a comprehensive approach for control design of VSrC and HSPS apparatus. The proposed control scheme is based on the energy function of multi-machine power systems. The controllers are designed so that the time derivative of the energy function has a smaller negative value than that without controllers. In this sense, the present method assures the improvement of first-swing stability and damping. Next, the proposed control scheme is applied to VSrC apparatus. Digital simulations and eigenvalue analysis are conducted for a three-machine loop system and a five-machine radial system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results make it clear that the proposed controllers for VSrC can significantly improve both the transient stability and the steady-state stability of power systems.     

Distributed generation technologies,definitions and benefits

As a result of the application of deregulation in the electric power sector, a new identity appeared in the electric power system map known as “distributed generation” (DG). According to new technology, the electric power generation trend uses disbursed generator sized from kW to MW at load sits instead of using traditional centralized generation units sized from 100 MW to GW and located far from the loads where the natural recourses are available. This paper introduces a survey of this revolutionary approach of DGs, which will change the way electric power systems operate along with their types and operating technologies. Some important definitions of DGs and their operational constraints are discussed to help in understanding the concepts and regulations related to DGs. Furthermore, we will survey the operational and economical benefits of implementing DGs in the distribution network. Most DG literatures are based on studying the definitions, constructions or benefits of DGs separately. However, in our paper we aim to give a comprehensive survey by adding new classifications to relate the DG types, technologies and applications to each other.     

功率电子模块的构成及封装技术的发展

从应用角度评估了功率电子系统集成的重要性，简要介绍了功率电子模块PEBB、IPEM的基本含义、结构形式及主要研究内容，讨论了模块封装技术的一些新进展及其在功率电子电路系统集成中的地位和作用。     

A smart building power management concept: Smart socket applications with DC distribution

Recent developments in power electronics increase DC bus utilization in electrical distribution systems due to its numerous advantages compared to AC distribution system in term of energy efficiency, safety, electromagnetic compatibility and renewable energy integration. This study presents a power management system concept based on domestic DC distribution with smart sockets for future smart houses. Energy efficient smart buildings are possible by integrating smart meter, smart sockets, domestic renewable energy generation and energy storage systems for integrated energy management, and this integrated system supports demand side load management, distributed generation and distributed storage provisions of future smart grids. Coming era of smart grids has implications for domestic DC distribution concepts with smarts sockets. Paper describes use of smart DC sockets as an integral part of building power management automation and presents a load shedding algorithm for plug load control for buildings. Simulations show performance of the proposed system components.