热溶质对流对定向凝固Al-Al2Cu过共晶合金组织的影响

采用垂直向下的高梯度定向凝固装置，研究了有热溶质对流的Al-38．5％Cu（质量分数，下同）过共晶合金中定向凝固组织变化。结果表明：热溶质对流造成界面前沿的溶质成分（Cu元素）沿轴向减少。在定向凝固速率为5μm／s，合金溶质成分减少到37％Cu以下时，合金定向凝固组织中，初生θ-Al2Cu相会消失，组织变为全耦合生长的共晶组织。合金凝固的固相分数（fs）≥0．49时，组织变为全耦合生长共晶组织所对应的溶质成分的理论计算结果与实验结果相吻合。     

定向凝固恒速和跃迁加速下Cu-12.58%Mg过共晶合金的凝固组织演变

在定向凝固恒速和跃迁加速下,研究了Cu-Cu2Mg过共晶合金中Cu2Mg初生相和共晶组织的变化。结果表明,在定向凝固速率5～100μm／s下,Cu2Mgg初生相领先共晶组织生长,生长方向与定向凝固方向一致,界面形态从侧枝较少的树枝晶变为间距较小的细枝晶形态。在定向凝固速率从2μm／s跃迁加速到20μm／s下,生长Cu2Mg初生相枝晶有的被抑制停止生长,有的出现细化,面共晶组织细化是通过层片中Cu相分枝进行的。研究表明,通过定向凝固跃迁加速工艺方法,可使Cu—Cu2Mg共晶组织层片间距更加细化。     

定向凝固过共晶合金Al-Al_2Cu的组织演化及取向分析

采用恒速及跃迁减速定向凝固方法制备了Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金,对金属间化合物初生Al2Cu相的组织及取向演化进行了研究.结果表明,当定向凝固速率恒定为10μm/s,抽拉100 mm时,合金成分随着凝固距离的增大而减小,初生Al2Cu相枝晶由规则棱面V型转变为非棱面形貌,在抽拉距离80 mm附近消失,其生长方向由[110]方向转变为(121)晶面的法线方向;当定向凝固速率由10μm/s跃迁减速至2μm/s时,合金成分在变速界面后随着凝固距离的增大先增大后减少,初生Al2Cu相枝晶由规则棱面V型变为非棱面长条状形貌而后消失,其体积分数先增大后减少,Al2Cu相的生长方向由[110]方向转变为平行于热流方向的[001]方向.定向凝固恒速与跃迁变速下初生Al2Cu相枝晶生长机制存在异同,凝固工艺参数成为影响枝晶最终组织形态和生长方向的主要因素.     

纵向磁场对Al-40%Cu过共晶合金定向凝固显微组织的影响

研究了纵向磁场对Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金定向凝固显微组织的影响.结果表明,在温度梯度G_L=42.6K/cm,生长速率R=2μm/s,施加弱磁场时,Al_2Cu初生相由规则小平面状逐渐变得不规则,并趋向于非小平面方式生长,热电磁对流效应在不同尺度下影响界面前沿溶质分布及各相生长温度,微观尺度下影响初生相形貌,宏观尺度下改变糊状区长度,引起宏观偏析;施加较强磁场后,初生相呈现不规则胞状组织并紧密定向排列,这一现象主要归因于内生热电Lorentz力及磁晶各向异性.     

定向凝固速率对Al-Al_2Cu过共晶合金中组织形态及取向变化的影响

对Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金在2、10和100μm/s速率下进行定向凝固实验,观察了不同速率下的组织形态,并分析造成组织形态差异是由于各相之间的竞争生长所致;采用X射线衍射技术对过共晶合金中Al_2Cu相进行宏观极图测试并计算其取向分布函数(ODF),同时采用EBSD技术对定向凝固样品进行微观取向测试。结果表明:当定向凝固速率为2μm/s时合金组织为全共晶组织(Al/Al_2Cu),其中的Al_2Cu相取向集中在(001)方向;随着凝固速率增加到10μm/s时,Al_2Cu相优先共晶相生长形成初生Al_2Cu相枝晶组织,具有小平面相生长特征,其取向主要集中在(001)方向;当凝固速率达到100μm/s时,Al_2Cu相枝晶为非小平面特征的复杂枝晶形貌,其取向集中在(100),(110)和(001)等方向;且Al_2Cu相枝晶沿着平行于定向凝固热流方向生长。XRD宏观取向结果表明,取向更为集中的定向凝固组织在相对较低的抽拉速率下可以得到很好地控制。     

两种典型Al-Cu及Ni-NbC共晶合金的定向凝固组织演化

利用垂直Bridgman法结合液态金属冷却法在恒定的液相温度梯度,凝固速率由2μm/s到490μm/s之间对Al-40%Cu合金进行定向凝固实验,凝固速率由5μm/s到100μm/s之间对Ni-11%NbC合金定向凝固。结果表明:Al-38%Cu合金定向凝固下的组织为耦合的片层共晶和少量的领先相的混合结构,随着凝固速率的逐步提高,共晶界面形态由平界面向胞界面转化,且领先相为非小晶面方式生长。Ni-11%NbC合金定向凝固下的组织为全耦合生长的棒状共晶,当凝固速率有一定幅度的提高时,平界面将会失稳。且初生相为典型的小平面生长方式。采用成分过冷理论计算这两种合金系的临界平界面速度,理论和实验较为符合。     

Al-40Cu合金定向凝固铸锭的宏观偏析研究

通过Al-40Cu过共晶合金在10μm/s的凝固速率下定向凝固,得到了4mm×120mm铸锭。采用光学显微镜、成分分析等手段研究了定向凝固铸锭不同部位的凝固组织、宏观偏析等。结果表明,Al-40Cu合金在10μm/s的定向凝固速率下,铸锭沿生长方向存在凝固组织从有大量初生Al2Cu相到初生Al2Cu相消失转变。这是因为合金中液相的流动造成了Cu元素轴向宏观偏析,利用Scheil方程和BH模型进行了理论计算,试验结果与理论值基本一致。     

Al-40%Cu合金定向凝固过程中的微观组织分析

采用连续切片技术对Al-40%Cu过共晶合金在定向凝固过程中初生Al2Cu相的三维微观组织进行了研究,探讨了三维共晶组织在定向凝固速率跃迁条件下的演变机制和间距调节机制。结果表明:A1-40%Cu合金在定向凝固过程中,抽拉速率发生跃迁后,三维共晶组织中的层片组织转变为棒状组织,共晶组织是通过三维空间下非同一平面的分叉和分枝行为连续调整组织间距。     

定向凝固Al-40%Cu合金三维微观组织重构及共晶间距演变

本文利用连续切片技术研究了定向凝固Al-40%Cu过共晶合金中金属间化合物Al₂ Cu初生相的三维微观组织,以及抽拉速率跃迁下,三维共晶组织形态的演变和间距调整.结果表明:抽拉速率为5μm/s时,初生Al₂Cu三维组织沿生长方向存在棱面和棱角,表现出明显的棱面相生长形态;凝固过程中初生Al₂Cu相释放的结晶潜热使得生长界面发生局部重熔,三维组织中出现孔洞,形成拓扑缺陷.在Al-40%Cu合金三维共晶组织中,Al₂Cu相和Al相的体积分数分别为56.8%和43.2%,且Al₂Cu相的生长方向与试样轴向夹角为5.1°.当抽拉速率从2μm/s突然跃迁到500μm/s时,三维共晶组织形态从层片向棒状转变,这种转变不是由合金中两相体积分数变化造成的.三维共晶组织间距调整机制不同于二维组织中的分叉、内凹和界面重新形核,而是通过三维空间非同一平面连续的分叉、分枝进行,在三维下并没有观察到二维下的重新形核共晶间距调整机制.     

Ti-47Al合金籽晶法定向凝固过程中的组织演化

以Ti-43Al-3Si为籽晶,对Ti-47Al合金籽晶法定向凝固过程中的相选择和组织演化规律进行了研究.凝固初期,液相中富含Si,促使α相为其初生相,获得了与生长方向平行的全片层组织.随着凝固的进行,液相成分逐渐接近Ti-47Al.生长速率为90 mm/h时,凝固组织以胞状树枝晶形态生长,由于晶体生长形态对界面前沿溶质分布的影响,在稳定的溶质边界层建立前,Al和Si含量不能保证α相的连续生长,β相在α枝晶间形核长大,出现与凝固方向成45°夹角的片层,破坏了片层取向的一致;生长速率增至720 mm/h时,凝固组织中枝晶生长发达,枝晶间距减小,基本转变为以择优取向生长的α相.     

Microstructure evolution of directionally solidified Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy

The directionally solidified microstructure of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy has been investigated at various solidification rates using a high-thermal gradient directional solidification apparatus. The results indicate that the solidification microstructure consists of hard primary intermetallic SnSb phase embedded in a matrix of soft peritectic ,8-Sn phase. The primary SnSb phase exhibits faceted growth with tetragonal or trigonal shapes. At the same time, the primary SnSb phase is refined with an increase in the solidification rate and dispersed more uniformly in the matrix of,8-Sn phase. The volume fraction of the SnSb phase firstly decreases and then increases when the solidification rate increases in directional solidification of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy.     

DISTRIBUTION OF Nd-RICH PHASE PARTICLES IN AS-CAST Ti-5Al-4Sn-2Zr-lMo-0.25Si-1Nd ALLOY

For the as一cast Ti一55 alloy,the morphology of the alloy riser consists of coarse dendritezone and equiaxial grain zone the second phase particles are 2.0～25 μm in diameterSome particles appear at grain boundaries,the others precipitate within grains the shapesof the particles are mainly ellipsoids,and a few kinds of short needle-like and blockymorphologies The Nd-rich phase particles are enriched in the liquid be fore the interfaceand are engulfed along the solidification plane-front Finally bands of Nd-rich phase particles form parallel to the advancing solidification plane-front     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Fe-49%Sn HYPERMONOTECTIC ALLOYS IMPOSED BY A HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD

研究了强磁场对Fe-49%Sn(质量分数)偏晶合金凝固组织演变及磁性能的影响. 结果表明: 施加强磁场可以显著改变富Fe相枝晶形貌, 进而改善材料的磁性能.在无磁场作用下富Fe相为无方向性的枝晶及网状组织形貌; 随磁感应强度增加, 富Fe相沿平行磁场方向定向排列程度增加, α-Fe的(110)晶面衍射强度增强. 分析认为, 这是由于强磁场诱使晶体磁各向异性能增加, 使得α-Fe枝晶择优取向作用增强. 根据样品磁滞回线计算的磁各向异性能结果与理论分析一致. 另外, XRD分析表明, 有、无强磁场作用下凝固样品的物相均不变, 都由α-Fe, β-Sn,FeSn及FeSn2组成.     

ZG0Crl3Ni4Mo不锈钢铸件凝固相变过程的数值模拟

结合相图分析了ZG0Crl3Ni4Mo(质量分数，％)不锈钢铸件凝固相变过程，提出了适合于数值模拟的物理和数学模型，分别模拟了该材质二维和三维的相变过程．为验证数值计算结果，设计并浇注了两种类型的大型试件，用金相显微镜及扫描电镜观察了铸态下微观组织形态，测定了奥氏体晶粒大小、奥氏体晶粒内马氏体板条束个数和马氏体板条间距．数值模拟结果和实验结果进行了对比，进一步从实验和模拟计算两个方面阐明了ZG0Crl3Ni4Mo不锈钢铸件凝固时的相变过程．     

熔体温度处理对不同成分铝合金凝固组织和性能的影响

运用熔体温度处理工艺 ,研究了A35 6铝合金中Cu ,Fe ,Mg成分的变化对凝固组织及性能的影响。组织观察和性能测试结果表明 ,熔体温度处理工艺能够明显抑制富Cu、富Mg、富Fe等金属间化合物相的析出 ,改善和减小了富Cu、富Mg、富Fe相析出形貌和尺寸 ,显著地提高合金力学性能。用团簇理论分析和解释了有关的实验现象和结果。     

Application of phase diagram calculations to development of new ultra-high temperature structural materials

ln-situ refractory metal intermetallic composites（RMICs） based either on （Nb, Si） or （Mo, Si, B） are candidate materials for ultra-high temperature applications （〉1 400℃）. To provide a balance of mechanical and environmental properties, Nb-Si composites are typically alloyed with Ti and Cr, and Mo-Si-B composites are alloyed with Ti. Phase diagrams of Nb-Cr-Ti-Si and Mo-Si-B-Ti, as prerequisite knowledge for advanced materials design and processing development, are critically needed. The phase diagrams in the metal-rich regions of multicomponent Nb-Cr-Ti-Si and Mo-Si-B-Ti were rapidly established using the Calphad （Calculation of phase diagram） approach coupled with key experiments. The calculated isotherms, isopleths, and solidification paths were ：validated by experimental work. The important heterogeneous multiphase equilibria in both quaternary systems identified will offer engineers the opportunity to develop materials with a balance of properties for high-temperature applications.     

瞬间液相扩散焊过程中的接触熔化与等温凝固模型

接触熔化与等温凝固是瞬间液相扩散焊过程中两个非常重要的阶段,是获得优质连接接头的关键,一直以来也是学术界研究的热点.综述了接触熔化与等温凝固过程的动力学模型,包括接触熔化与等温凝固时间的解析解,接触熔化过程中反应层厚度与连接时间符合扩散控制的抛物线规则,以及等温凝固过程中液/固界面迁移的速度方程.并对现有模型进行了分析和讨论.     

SOLIDIFICATION MICROSTRUCTURE OF Ni-BASE SUPERALLOY POWDER

The solidification microstructure and phase composition of Ni-base superalloy FGH95 pow- der with different mesh size have been investigated.The structure transition was found from dendrite in major into cellular structure as the powder size reduces and the cooling rate in- creases.The predominant phase was identified as MC-type carbide,with different morphologies,which may be related to their composition and the condition of solidification.Minor phases,such as boride,Laves and primary γ' are also present as ac- companiments of the carbide.     

A phase-field model for non-equilibrium solidification of intermetallics

Intermetallics may exhibit unique solidification behaviour—including slow growth kinetics, anomalous partitioning and formation of unusual growth morphologies—because of departure from local equilibrium. A phase-field model is developed and used to illustrate these non-equilibrium effects in solidification of a prototype B2 intermetallic phase. The model takes sublattice compositions as primary field variables, from which chemical long-range order is derived. The diffusive reactions between the two sublattices, and those between each sublattice and the liquid phase are taken as ‘internal’ kinetic processes, which take place within control volumes of the system. The model can thus capture solute and disorder trapping effects, which are consistent—over a wide range of the solid/liquid interface thickness—with the predictions of the sharp-interface theory of solute and disorder trapping. The present model can also take account of solid-state ordering and thus illustrate the effects of chemical ordering on microstructure formation and crystal growth kinetics.     

Characterization of the Convoluted 3D Intermetallic Phases in a Recycled Al Alloy by Synchrotron X-ray Tomography and Machine Learning

Fe-rich intermetallic phases in recycled Al alloys often exhibit complex and 3D convoluted structures and morphologies. They are the common detrimental intermetallic phases to the mechanical properties of recycled Al alloys. In this study, we used synchrotron X-ray tomography to study the true 3D morphologies of the Fe-rich phases, Al₂Cu phases and casting defects in an as-cast Al-5Cu-1.5Fe-1Si alloy. Machine learning-based image processing approach was used to recognize and segment the different phases in the 3D tomography image stacks. In the studied condition, the β-Al₉Fe₂Si₂ and ω-Al₇Cu₂Fe are found to be the main Fe-rich intermetallic phases. The β-Al₉Fe₂Si₂ phases exhibit a spatially connected 3D network structure and morphology which in turn control the 3D spatial distribution of the Al₂Cu phases and the shrinkage cavities. The Al₃Fe phases formed at the early stage of solidification affect to a large extent the structure and morphology of the subsequently formed Fe-rich intermetallic phases. The machine learning method has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for processing big datasets in multidimensional imaging-based materials characterization work.