Deactivation of V2O5-WO3-TiO2 SCR catalyst at biomass fired power plants: Elucidation of mechanisms by lab- and pilot-scale experiments

In this work, deactivation of a commercial type V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂ catalyst by aerosols of potassium compounds was investigated in two ways: (1) by exposing the catalyst in a lab-scale reactor to a layer of KCl particles or fly ash from biomass combustion; (2) by exposing full-length monolith catalysts to pure KCl or K₂SO₄ aerosols in a bench-scale reactor. Exposed samples were characterized by activity measurements, SEM-EDX, BET/Hg-porosimetry, and NH₃ chemisorption. The work was carried out to support the interpretation of observations of a previous study in which catalysts were exposed on a full-scale biomass fired power plant and to reveal the mechanisms of catalyst deactivation.Slight deactivation (about 10%) was observed for catalyst plates exposed to a layer of KCl particles at 350 °C for 2397 h. No deactivation was found for catalyst plates exposed for 2970 h to fly ash (consisting mainly of KCl and K₂SO₄) collected from an SCR pilot plant installed on a straw-fired power plant. A fast deactivation was observed for catalysts exposed to pure KCl or K₂SO₄ aerosols at 350 °C in the bench-scale reactor. The deactivation rates for KCl aerosol and K₂SO₄ aerosol exposed catalysts were about 1% per day and 0.4% per day, respectively.SEM analysis of potassium-containing aerosol exposed catalysts revealed that the potassium salt partly deposited on the catalyst outer wall which may decrease the diffusion rate of NO and NH₃ into the catalyst. However, potassium also penetrated into the catalyst wall and the average K/V ratios (0.5–0.75) in the catalyst structure are high enough to explain the level of deactivation observed. The catalyst capacity for NH₃ chemisorption decreased as a function of exposure time, which reveals that Brønsted acid sites had reacted with potassium compounds and thereby rendered inactive in the catalytic cycle. The conclusion is that chemical poisoning of active sites is the dominating deactivation mechanism, but physical blocking of the surface area may also contribute to the loss of activity in a practical application. The results support the observation and mechanisms of deactivation of SCR catalysts in biomass fired systems proposed in a previous study [Y. Zheng, A.D. Jensen, J.E. Johnsson, Appl. Catal. B 60 (2005) 253].     

The influence of sulphate on the catalytic properties of V2O5-TiO2 and WO3-TiO2 in the reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia

The effect of sulphate on the catalytic properties of V₂O₅/TiO₂ and WO₃/TiO₂ in the selective reduction of NO with NH₃ has been investigated. For both catalytic systems, the presence of sulphate results in the enhancement of catalytic activity without reduction of selectivity to nitrogen. The rate of NO reduction depends on the sulphate content, which is affected by the original composition of titania, the method of catalyst preparation and the metal oxide loading.     

Reactivity of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia

The physico-chemical characteristics and the reactivity of sub-monolayer V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ deNO_x catalysts is investigated in this work by EPR, FT-IR and reactivity tests under transient conditions. EPR indicates that tetravalent vanadium ions both in magnetically isolated form and in clustered, magnetically interacting form are present over the TiO₂ surface. The presence of tungsten oxide stabilizes the surface V^IV and modifies the redox properties of V₂O₅/TiO₂ samples. Ammonia adsorbs on the catalysts surface in the form of molecularly coordinated species and of ammonium ions. Upon heating, activation of ammonia via an amide species is apparent. V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts exhibits higher activity than the binary V₂O₅/TiO₂ and WO₃/TiO₂ reference sample. This is related to both higher redox properties and higher surface acidity of the ternary catalysts. Results suggest that the catalyst redox properties control the reactivity of the samples at low temperatures whereas the surface acidity plays an important role in the adsorption and activation of ammonia at high temperatures.     

V2O5-WO3-MoO3/TiO2催化剂用于NH3选择性还原减排NOx的性能（英文）

The V2O5-WO3-MoO3/TiO2 honeycomb catalyst was prepared with industrial grade chemicals. The structural and physico-chemical properties were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and mercury porosimetry. The NOx conversion and durability were investigated on a pilot plant test set under the actual operational conditions of a coal fired boiler. The catalyst monolith had good formability with mass percentage of V:W:Mo:TiO2 :fiber glass= 1:4.5:4.5:72:18. Vanadium, tungsten and molybdenum species were highly dispersed on anatase TiO2 without causing the transformation of anatase TiO2 to rutile by calcining under a current of air at 450℃ for 4.5 h, but there were some degrees of crystal distortion. The catalyst particle sizes were almost uniform with close pile-up and the pore structure was regular with complete macro-pore formation and large specific surface area. The NOx conversion was sensitive to temperature but nearly insensitive to NH3 . The catalyst showed strong adaptability to NOx concentration with activity above 80% in the range of 615-1640 mg·m-3 . Within the range of 720-8640 h continuous operation, the NOx conversion dropped at a rate of about 1% reduction per 600 h.     

Activity and acidity of Nb2O5-MoO3 and Nb2O5-WO3 in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation

Nb₂O₅ loaded on the supports and mixed with oxides was studied to investigate the activity and acidity for Friedel-Crafts benzylation of anisole. From the study on the loaded catalysts, a preliminary conclusion for the selection of metal oxide was obtained; namely, such an acidic oxide as silica was suitable for the support of Nb₂O₅. Then, MoO₃ and WO₃ were mixed with Nb₂O₅, and prominent high catalytic activity and acidities were observed. Both oxides of Nb₂O₅-MoO₃ and Nb₂O₅-WO₃ showed almost similar behavior with respect to characterization and catalytic activity. Surface area increased, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman bands were lost, acid sites, both Brønsted and Lewis characters generated, and surface acid site density was as high as 2–4 nm⁻². The acid sites were generated on the amorphous metal oxides consisting of Nb and Mo or W oxides, different in nature from those of Nb₂O₅ calcined and un-calcined, and active for Friedel-Crafts benzylation.     

Selective photo-oxidation of various hydrocarbons in the liquid phase over V2O5/Al2O3

More than 0.22 mmol of isolated VO₄ species of V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ exhibited the highest evolution of the partial oxidation products (alcohol and ketone) in the oxidation of cyclohexane and cyclopentane. The conversion of cyclohexane and the selectivity of the partial oxidation products were achieved to be 0.49% and 85% over 0.8 g of 3.5 wt.% V₂O₅/Al₂O₃, respectively, where the K/A ratio was 6.2. In addition, V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ can selectively oxidize various hydrocarbons in the liquid phase by the one-step oxygen atom insertion to CH bond. The order of priority was tertiary carbon > secondary carbon > primary carbon > benzene ring.     

载体对V_2O_5-MoO_3/TiO_2催化剂表面性质及其选择性催化还原脱硝性能的影响

采用比表面积分别为101.86 m2·g-1(A)、86.37 m2·g-1(B)和7.78(C)m2·g-1(C)的TiO_2载体,通过分步浸渍法制备V2O5-Mo O3/TiO_2(A,B,C)选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂。在空速为10 000 h-1和氨氮体积比1.0条件下,以TiO_2(A)与TiO_2(B)为载体制备的催化剂脱硝活性在反应温度窗口(350~450)℃超过90%,且具有良好的高温抗硫中毒性能和相对较小的氨气氧化率。而以TiO_2(C)为载体制备的脱硝催化剂活性温度窗口窄,在350℃时获得的最高脱硝活性仅为73%,且对NH3的氧化作用较强。利用X射线衍射、低温N2吸附-脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、H2程序升温还原和NH3程序升温脱附等对载体和催化剂进行表征。结果表明,活性组分V2O5在载体TiO_2(A)上分散性良好,主要以孤立态钒氧物种形式存在,因此,以TiO_2(A)为载体制备的催化剂比表面积、氧化还原性和表面酸性等性能更优。     

Performance of solvothermally prepared Ga2O3-Al2O3 catalysts for SCR of NO with methane

The solvothermal reaction of mixtures of aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) and gallium acetylacetonate (Ga(acac)₃) directly yielded the mixed oxides of γ-Ga₂O₃-Al₂O₃. In the solvothermal synthesis, the crystal structure of mixed oxides was controlled by the initial formation of γ-Ga₂O₃ nuclei. The mixed oxides prepared in diethylenetriamine have extremely high activities for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with methane as a reducing agent. With increasing crystallite size of the spinel structure, the catalytic activity increased. The ratio of the amount of methane consumed by combustion to total methane conversion was proportional to the density of acid sites on the surface of the mixed oxides. The mixed oxide catalysts prepared in diethylenetriamine had lower densities of acid sites and showed a higher methane-efficiency for CH₄-SCR than those prepared in other solvents. These catalysts maintained their high activity even when the reaction was carried out under the severe conditions (i.e., high space velocity and low NO concentration).     

不锈钢板负载V2O5-WO3-TiO2催化剂制备及其催化还原脱硝性能

以溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO₂粉末为载体,偏钒酸铵和水合钨酸铵溶液为浸渍液,采用分步浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂,以聚乙烯醇-硅溶胶为黏合剂,采用涂覆法将催化剂粘合于经硫酸和钛酸丁酯溶胶处理过的不锈钢板板材表面,获得不锈钢板负载的V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂。采用XRD、FT-IR和SEM等表征手段对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂可均匀负载于不锈钢板表面。采用氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物法研究了催化剂的脱硝性能,结果表明,在空速8 000 L·（kg·h）^-1和反应温度360 ℃的条件下,NOx脱除率超过92%,且制备的催化剂具有良好的稳定性和耐硫性。     

The mechanism of SO2 effect on NO reduction with propene over In2O3/Al2O3 catalyst

An In₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst shows high activity for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with propene in the presence of oxygen. The presence of SO₂ in feed gas suppressed the catalytic activity dramatically at high temperatures; however it was enhanced in the low temperature range of 473–573 K. In TPD and FT-IR studies, the formation of sulfate species on the surface of the catalyst caused an inhibition of NO_X adsorption sites, and the absorbance ability of NO was suppressed by the presence of SO₂, and the amount of ad-NO₃⁻ species decreased obviously. This leads to a decrease of catalytic activity at higher temperatures. However, addition of SO₂ enhanced the formation of carboxylate and formate species, which can explain the promotional effect of SO₂ at low temperature, because active C₃H₆ (partially oxidized C₃H₆) is crucial at low temperature.     

SO2 resistant antimony promoted V2O5/TiO2 catalyst for NH3-SCR of NOx at low temperatures

To get the low temperature sulfur resistant V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts quantum chemical calculation study was carried out. After selecting suitable promoters (Se, Sb, Cu, S, B, Bi, Pb and P), respective metal promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunner Emmett Teller surface area (BET-SA). Se, Sb, Cu, S promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts showed high catalytic activity for NH₃ selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) of NO_x carried at temperatures between 150 and 400 °C. The conversion efficiency followed in the order of Se > Sb > S > V₂O₅/TiO₂ > Cu but Se was excluded because of its high vapor pressure. An optimal 2 wt% ‘Sb’ loading was found over V₂O₅/TiO₂ for maximum NO_x conversion, which also showed high resistance to SO₂ in presence of water when compared to other metal promoters. In situ electrical conductivity measurement was carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and compared with commercial W(10%)V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst. High electrical conductivity difference (ΔG) for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst with temperature was observed. SO₂ deactivation experiments were carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ at a temperature of 230 °C for 90 h, resulted Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ was efficient catalyst. BET-SA, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis of spent catalysts well proved the presence of high ammonium sulfate salts over W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ than Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst.     

Inhibition effect of H2O on V2O5/AC catalyst for catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperature

The inhibition effect of H₂O on V₂O₅/AC catalyst for NO reduction with NH₃ is studied at temperatures up to 250 °C through TPD, elemental analyses, temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) and FT-IR analyses. The results show that H₂O does not reduce NO and NH₃ adsorption on V₂O₅/AC catalyst surface, but promotes NH₃ adsorption due to increases in Brønsted acid sites. Many kinds of NH₃ forms present on the catalyst surface, but only NH₄⁺ on Brønsted acid sites and a small portion of NH₃ on Lewis acid sites are reactive with NO at 250 °C or below, and most of the NH₃ on Lewis acid sites does not react with NO, regardless the presence of H₂O in the feed gas. H₂O inhibits the SCR reaction between the NH₃ on the Lewis acid sites and NO, and the inhibition effect increases with increasing H₂O content. The inhibition effect is reversible and H₂O does not poison the V₂O₅/AC catalyst.     

Characterization and catalytic activity of Pd/V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts on benzene total oxidation

The role of vanadium oxide and palladium on the benzene oxidation reaction over Pd/V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated. The Pd/V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalysts were more active than V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ and Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The increase of vanadium oxide content decreased the Pd dispersion and increased the benzene conversion. A strong Pd particle size effect on benzene oxidation reaction was observed. Although the catalysts containing high amount of V⁴⁺ species were more active, the Pd particle size effect was responsible for the higher activity.     

TAP study of NOx storage and reduction on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/Ba/Al2O3

A systematic mechanistic study of NO storage and reduction over Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ is carried out using Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP). NO pulse and NO/H₂ pump-probe experiments at 350 °C on pre-reduced, pre-oxidized, and pre-nitrated catalysts reveal the complex interplay between storage and reduction chemistries and the importance of the Pt/Ba coupling. NO pulsing experiments on both catalysts show that NO decomposes to major product N₂ on clean Pt but the rate declines as oxygen accumulates on the Pt. The storage of NO over Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ is an order of magnitude higher than on Pt/Al₂O₃ showing participation of Ba in the storage even in the absence of gas phase O₂. Either oxygen spillover or transient NO oxidation to NO₂ is postulated as the first steps for NO storage on Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃. The storage on Pt/Ba/Al₂O₃ commences as soon as Pt–O species are formed. Post-storage H₂ reduction provides evidence that a fraction of NO is not stored in close proximity to Pt and is more difficult to reduce. A closely coupled Pt/Ba interfacial process is corroborated by NO/H₂ pump-probe experiments. NO conversion to N₂ by decomposition is sustained on clean Pt using excess H₂ pump-probe feeds. With excess NO pump-probe feeds NO is converted to N₂ and N₂O via the sequence of barium nitrate and NO decomposition. Pump-probe experiments with pre-oxidized or pre-nitrated catalyst show that N₂ production occurs by the decomposition of NO supplied in a NO pulse or from the decomposition of NOx stored on the Ba. The transient evolution of the two pathways depends on the extent of pre-nitration and the NO/H₂ feed ratio.     

Effects of microwaves on selective oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid over a V2O5/TiO2 system

Two series of catalysts, V₂O₅/TiO₂ and modified V₂O₅/TiO₂, were prepared with a conventional impregnation method. They were tested in the selective oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid under microwave irradiation. The reaction conditions were optimized over V₂O₅/TiO₂. It was found that in the microwave catalytic process the optimum reactor bed temperature of the titled reaction decreases to 500 K (600 K in the conventional process). The modification of V₂O₅/TiO₂ with MoO₃, WO₃, Nb₂O₅ or Ta₂O₅, which has no negative influence on the reaction in the conventional catalytic process, can greatly promote the catalytic activities in the microwave process, leading to a high yield of benzoic acid (41%). The effects of microwave electromagnetic field on the catalysts are discussed.     

Deactivation of a Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst during the selective catalytic reduction of NO by n-decane: An operando DRIFT study

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by n-decane was investigated on a Fe-ZSM-5 prepared by the FeCl₃ sublimation method. NO conversion profiles versus temperature were followed in both temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR, 10 °C min⁻¹) and steady state experiments. A higher NO conversion with a maximum of ca. 80% at 400 °C is observed in the course of the TPSR tests. This phenomenon has been attributed to strong adsorption of n-decane which protects the active sites against the poisoning. Indeed, in steady state experiments at 390 °C the strong decrease of activity as a function of time on stream is due to the polymerisation of conjugated nitriles. This study indicates that long chain alkanes are not the most adequate reductants of NO for high temperature SCR applications. Moreover, due to an easier polymerization of conjugated nitriles on iron zeolites (stronger Fe Lewis sites), this type of catalyst seems less attractive than Cu-zeolite catalysts for the SCR of NO by hydrocarbons in this respect.     

A study of the abatement of VOC over V2O5–WO3–TiO2 and alternative SCR catalysts

The conversion of C3 organic compounds (propane, propene, 1- and 2-propanol, allyl alcohol, propanal, acrolein, acetone and 1- and 2-chloropropane) in the presence of excess oxygen has been investigated over two V–W–TiO₂ commercial SCR catalysts differing in the V content and over Mn–TiO₂ alternative SCR catalysts. V–W–Ti catalysts show poor activity in the oxidation of hydrocarbons and oxygenates and give significant amounts of partial oxidation products. Moreover they give rise to CO in excess of CO₂. The sample higher in V is more active. Mn–TiO₂ is definitely more active in oxidation of hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and produces, at total conversion, CO₂ as the only detectable product.

V–W–Ti catalysts are very active in dehydrochlorination of the two 2-chloropropane isomers and retain the same oxidation activity also in the presence of HCl. On the contrary, Mn-based catalysts in the presence of chlorocarbons convert into dehydrochlorination catalysts but lose their catalytic activity in oxidation. V–W–Ti catalysts can be used in Cl-containing atmospheres while Mn–TiO₂ can be proposed for DeNO_x and VOC abatement in Cl-free atmospheres such as for diesel engine exhaust gas purification.     

Causes of deactivation and regeneration of an industrial Pt-NiO/Al2O3 nitrogen oxides reduction catalyst

The deactivation mechanism and regeneration of spent industrial Pt-NiO/Al₂O₃ catalysts used for NO_x reduction was studied by means of SEM-EDS, chemical analysis and kinetic measurements. It was found that the main cause of deactivation under industrial operating conditions is fouling due to carbonaceous and ZnO deposits. Various contaminant removal procedures (calcination, wet screening and acetic acid leaching) were tested and the influence of these procedures on contaminant removal and the catalyst activity were investigated. Regeneration of the spent industrial catalyst using inexpensive processes was shown to be feasible.     

Understanding the atomic force microscopy image of the V2O5 and Li0.03V2O5(0 0 1) surface using ab initio calculations

Single crystals of V₂O₅ and Li_0.03V₂O₅ were imaged in ambient conditions by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Atomic-scale resolution images are compared with total electron-density plots of the surface calculated using the ab initio HartreeFock method. The calculated oxygen charge at the V₂O₅(0 1 0) surface suggests an increased local reactivity of the bridging oxygens with respect to electrophilic attacks by adsorbate molecules. The intercalation of lithium has no consequence on the reactivity of the surface. This is supported by results from electrostatic potentials calculated from the cluster charge distributions.     

A practical scale evaluation of sulfated V2O5/TiO2 catalyst from metatitanic acid for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

The characteristics of sulfated V₂O₅/TiO₂ honeycomb catalyst from metatitanic acid (MTA) were studied in the practical conditions of pilot plant using high dust flue gas from coal fired utility boiler. The effects of reaction temperature, NH₃/NO mole ratio, space velocity and operation time on the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) were mainly investigated for engineering application. The catalyst showed high NO reduction of about 90% at a space velocity of 4000 h⁻¹, NH₃/NO mole ratio of 1.0 and reaction temperature of 300–400 °C. The efficiency of this catalyst remained constant during the present experiment of 2400 h and the erosion by fly ash was lower than that of the commercial catalysts. These results clearly demonstrate the high potential for this catalyst to be applied commercially for the control of NO_x emissions from coal fired utility boiler.