产普鲁兰酶蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及酶学性质研究

利用选择性培养基从广西南宁淀粉加工厂附近土壤中分离出一株具有产普鲁兰酶能力的野生菌株GXBC-2。该菌株革兰染色为阳性,形成芽孢,菌体细胞杆状,结合生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌株为Bacillus cereus GXBC-2。对该菌所产普鲁兰酶的性质研究表明:酶的最适反应温度为50℃,在30～50℃范围内稳定,最适pH为7.0,稳定pH范围为6～8.5。产物经HPLC分析证明,该酶能水解普鲁兰糖产生麦芽三糖,对可溶性淀粉不起作用,所以该酶属于I型普鲁兰酶。     

谷氨酰胺酶基因的克隆、表达和酶学性质研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌基因组为模板通过PCR扩增获得谷氨酰胺酶基因ylaM,构建重组质粒p MA5-ylaM,将其转化到枯草芽孢杆菌168中获得重组菌BS168/pMA5-ylaM,并在宿主菌成功得到表达,纯化后的谷氨酰胺酶比酶活大小为939.48 U/mg。谷氨酰胺酶的反应最适pH为7.5,反应最适温度为55℃,La~(3+)、Zn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)对谷氨酰胺酶活力具有一定的抑制作用,在NaCl浓度为15%～17.5%的条件下,该酶酶活力可以保留50%以上。在5 L罐中,通过分批补料发酵,其最高酶活力产量为215.06 U/mL。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌角蛋白酶的克隆表达、纯化及酶学性质

为了获得更好的羽毛粉降解酶,本文从贝莱斯芽孢杆菌基因组中筛选到一个角蛋白酶基因（baker1）,对其克隆并在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中异源表达,最后对重组角蛋白酶（BaKer1）进行了分离纯化、表征及应用研究。实验结果表明,BaKer1的最适反应pH为9.5,最适反应温度为55℃,在中温和碱性条件下具有较好的稳定性。1 mmol/L Ca²⁺对BaKer1有显著地促进作用,5 mmol/L Mn²⁺对BaKer1有轻微地抑制作用,其他金属离子对BaKer1影响不大。PMSF对BaKer1的活性具有显著抑制作用,表明BaKer1是典型的丝氨酸蛋白酶。分别以羽毛粉、偶氮酪蛋白、酪蛋白为底物测定了BaKer1的动力学参数,K_m值分别为5.06、1.09和1.39 mmol/L,k_cat/K_m值分别为1 058.24、2 536.54和3 733.79·(s·mmol/L)。BaKer1处理羽毛粉,能达到酸水解效果的 33.51%,说明它在羽毛粉降解过程中具有潜在的应用价值。     

淀粉液化芽孢杆菌BS5582中性蛋白酶基因的克隆表达及其酶学性质研究

以一株高产中性蛋白酶的Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS5582基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得结构基因npr,构建质粒pPIC9K-npr,并转化到表达菌株毕赤酵母GS115中得到重组菌。经甲醇诱导发酵,测定中性蛋白酶活性。结果表明,目的基因大小为1566bp,在宿主中得到了成功表达,重组菌酶活力为9.17×103U/g,酶学性质分析表明,重组中性蛋白酶的最适反应温度为50℃,最适反应pH为7,在40℃中保温1h后仍能保持85%左右活性,在pH4～9的范围内稳定性较好,Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+离子对该酶有激活作用。     

淀粉液化芽孢杆菌BS5582中性蛋白酶基因的克隆表达及其酶学性质研究

以一株高产中性蛋白酶的Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS5582基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得结构基因npr,构建质粒pPIC9K-npr,并转化到表达菌株毕赤酵母GS115中得到重组菌。经甲醇诱导发酵,测定中性蛋白酶活性。结果表明,目的基因大小为1566bp,在宿主中得到了成功表达,重组菌酶活力为9.17×103U/g,酶学性质分析表明,重组中性蛋白酶的最适反应温度为50℃,最适反应pH为7,在40℃中保温1h后仍能保持85%左右活性,在pH4～9的范围内稳定性较好,Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+离子对该酶有激活作用。      

蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus LJ01中亚硝酸盐还原酶的基因克隆、表达和纯化

利用克隆表达技术,对一种蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus LJ01的亚硝酸盐还原酶（nitrite reductase,NiR）基因进行克隆、原核表达,利用Ni柱亲和层析和DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow交换层析对表达的重组NiR进行纯化,分析重组酶的性质。研究结果显示,该NiR含有一个1?623?bp的开放阅读框,编码540?个氨基酸序列,重组NiR的分子质量约为67?ku;该酶中同时存在铁离子和铜离子,且含量分别为51.0?mg/kg和184.5?mg/kg;圆二色谱结果显示α-螺旋结构在重组NiR中所占比例最大。     

蜡状芽孢杆菌CZ磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因的克隆表达及酶学性质研究

将蜡状芽孢杆菌CZ中的磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因（pmi）进行克隆,并在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达。将PCR扩增得到的pmi基因与p ET-22b（+）表达载体进行连接,转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中,构建重组菌株BL21-p ET22b（+）-pmi,并成功表达了重组磷酸甘露糖异构酶。结果显示:克隆得到pmi基因序列全长为948 bp,编码315个氨基酸。通过镍柱His Trap HP亲和层析法纯化得到具有活性的重组酶,其蛋白分子大小约为40.8 ku。酶学性质结果显示:该酶的最适反应温度为35℃,在30⁴0℃酶活力相对稳定;最适p H为7.0,在弱碱性条件下保存12 h后仍存有50%以上酶活力;不同低浓度的金属离子Ni²⁺、Ca²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺和Mg²⁺均对该酶表现出不同程度的激活作用,其中Mn²⁺对该酶激活作用最显著,当其浓度为1 mmol/L时,激活作用最大,而Co²⁺对其有明显的抑制作用。      

蜡样芽孢杆菌LJ01中亚硝酸盐还原酶的基因克隆和生物信息学分析

为研究蜡样芽孢杆菌LJ01(Bacillus cereus LJ01)中亚硝酸盐还原酶(NiR)的酶学性质,获得高表达量的基因工程菌,本文对B.cereus LJ01的NiR序列进行了生物信息学分析,并将NiR基因克隆到表达载体pET-28a(+)和pET-32a(+)中,构建了基因工程菌pET-28a(+)-nir-BL21和pET-32a(+)-nir-BL21,随后探究了不同诱导条件对重组NiR表达量的影响。结果表明NiR编码蛋白的理论分子量约为60 kDa,理论pI为5.47,二级结构主要为α-螺旋和无规则卷曲,是不具有跨膜结构的亲水性蛋白。随着诱导温度的升高,重组NiR的表达量逐渐减少,诱导温度为16℃时重组NiR表达量最高。在同一诱导温度下,NiR在pET-28a(+)-nir-BL21中的表达量明显高于pET-32a(+)-nir-BL21,因此选用pET-28a(+)-nir-BL21作为基因工程菌。从B.cereus LJ01中克隆了NiR基因,构建了基因工程菌pET-28a(+)-nir-BL21,为该重组NiR的理化性质研究和食源芽孢杆菌中NiR的异源表达奠定了基础。     

植物乳杆菌亚硝酸盐还原酶基因在大肠杆菌中重组表达、纯化及酶学性质分析

构建植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sp.LMY-20)中亚硝酸盐还原酶(nitrite reductase,NiR)的重组大肠杆菌、纯化重组蛋白并对其进行酶学性质分析。将人工合成的密码子优化的亚硝酸盐还原酶基因(nir)亚克隆至载体pET28a(+),构建重组表达载体p ET28a(+)-nir并转化到E.coli BL21(DE3)中实现表达。包涵体复性,利用镍柱亲和层析纯化重组亚硝酸盐还原酶。成功构建产亚硝酸盐还原酶的重组大肠杆菌并纯化了重组亚硝酸盐还原酶,纯化后经变性聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)分析在45 k Da附近出现明显条带。Na_2S_2O_4-MV法测得酶活为2 332.72 U/L,最适pH值为6.5,最适作用温度为37℃,在4～70℃下孵育40 min后可保持超过85%的活力。该研究实现植物乳杆菌来源的NiR在大肠杆菌中的重组表达、纯化及其酶学性质分析,重组NiR具有较好的温度适应性和稳定性,为其在农业、食品及医药等领域应用奠定基础。     

巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌β-葡萄糖苷酶的表达、酶学性质及结构解析

从克隆巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌CAU904中克隆得到一个β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,并在大肠杆菌中进行了异源表达,研究了重组酶的酶学性质,进一步解析了该酶的晶体结构。研究结果表明,该酶的最适温度和pH值分别为50℃和7. 5。该酶底物特异性较广,能够水解β-1,2、β-1,3、β-1,4、β-1,6-糖苷键等在内的多种糖苷键,对昆布多糖、大麦β-葡聚糖和地衣多糖等聚糖均有水解作用。晶体结构信息表明,该酶呈现糖苷水解酶(GH) 3家族典型的多结构域结构,其催化口袋由类似(α/β)_5的三明治结构域和(β/α)_8折叠桶结构域中间的loop构成,其中芳香氨基酸残基Trp748侧链提供一1位结合位点,Trp749侧链提供+1位结合位点,Trp131侧链提供+2位结合位点,这些芳香氨基酸残基形成了一个小的口袋和疏水性环境,不利于转糖苷反应。     

酿酒酵母醛酮还原酶的克隆表达和酶学性质研究

从酿酒酵母(Saccharom yces cerevisiae)CICC 1002基因组中克隆获得醛酮还原酶基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中实现过量表达.重组醛酮还原酶经Ni-NTA亲和层析分离纯化获得高纯度目的蛋白,并对其进行酶学性质表征.该重组酶经SDS-PAGE检测为单一条带,分子量为38 kDa.该酶的最适pH和最适温度分别为6.0,60℃,且具有良好的稳定性.1 mmol/L金属离子C02+或Ni2+显著提高酶活力.底物特异性分析表明:该重组酶对邻位二酮具有较高活力,其中对酮基泛解酸内酯的比酶活可达20.53 U/mg.     

Characterization of the NADH-linked acetylacetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene from Bacillus cereus YUF-4

A 1.4-kbp DNA fragment, including the NADH-linked acetylacetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (AACRII/BDH) gene from the chromosomal DNA of Bacillus cereus YUF-4, was cloned in Escherichia coli DH5alpha after its insertion into pUC119, and the resulting plasmid was named pAACRII119. The AACRII/BDH gene had an open reading frame consisting of 1047 bp encoding 349 amino acids. The enzyme exhibited not only AACR activity, but also BDH activity. However, the gene was not located in a 2,3-butanediol (BD) operon, as is the case in the BDH gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae and that of K. terrigena. In addition, there was no BD-cycle-related enzyme gene in the region surrounding the AACRII/BDH gene. The AACR and BDH activities in E. coli DH5alpha/pAACRII119 were 200-fold higher than those in the original B. cereus YUF-4. The characteristics of the AACRII/BDH from E. coli DH 5alpha/pAACRII119 are similar to those of the AACRII/BDH from B. cereus YUF-4. The AACRII/BDH was considered to belong to the NAD(P)- and zinc-dependent long-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (group I ADH) family on the basis of the following distinctive characteristics: it possessed 14 strictly conserved residues of microbial group I ADH and consisted of about 350 amino acids. The enzymatic and genetic characteristics of AACRII/BDH were completely different from those of BDHs belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. These findings indicated that the AACRII/BDH could be considered a new type of BDH.     

Purification and characterization of extracellular 1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase from Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus isolated from a soil sample, inductively produced alpha-L-fucosidase in culture medium containing porcine gastric mucin (PGM). The production of the enzyme was also weakly induced by L-fucose and D-arabinose, but not by other sugars including glucose. The enzyme was purified 61-fold with an overall recovery of 1.8% from the culture fluid supplemented with PGM by ammonium sulfate precipitation, acetone fractionation, and subsequent column chromatography. The purified enzyme was found homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and its molecular mass was estimated to be approximately 196,000 kDa. Its optimum pH was 7.0 and it was stable in the pH range of 5.0 to 9.0. The enzyme hydrolyzed the alpha-(1-->2)-L-fucosidic linkage in oligosaccharides such as Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-4Glc (2'-fucosyllactose), Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc (lacto-N-fucopentaose I), and the glycoprotein PGM. The enzyme was inactive on p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucoside, the alpha-(1-->3)-L-fucosidic linkages in Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc (lacto-N-fucopentaose III) and orosomucoid, the alpha-(1-->4)-L-fucosidic linkage in Galbeta1-3(Fucalpha1-4)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc (lacto-N-fucopentaose II), and the alpha-(1-->6)-L-fucosidic linkage in thyroglobulin.     

枯草芽孢杆菌QM11漆酶基因克隆表达及序列分析

为获得高效表达的产漆酶工程菌,将枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）的漆酶（cotA）基因在大肠杆菌中表达。用PCR的方法从枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）QM11基因组中扩增cotA基因,连接载体pET22b构建成表达载体pET22b-cotA,转化至E.coli BL21（DE3）进行诱导表达,最终通过SDS-PAGE检测蛋白表达情况。克隆得到的cotA基因含有1542个核苷酸,由513个氨基酸组成,预测相对分子量为58 ku,理论等电点为5.91,无信号肽,二级结构以β-折叠和无规卷曲为主,其中β-折叠占26.71%,无规卷曲占52.05%,与NCBI已公布的Bacillus subtilis漆酶cotA基因（Gen Bank:GQ184294.1）碱基序列有12个碱基的差异,其编码的氨基酸序列有4个发生了改变。通过SDS-PAGE检测,目标蛋白相对分子质量约为54 ku,与预测相对分子量基本相符。      

Isolation and characterization of an antimicrobial substance from Bacillus subtilis BY08 antagonistic to Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes

A wild-type bacteria producing an antimicrobial substance was isolated from Korean traditional fermented soybean paste, and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The antimicrobial substance purified by TLC, tentatively named UV254-B, displayed a specific antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes, without inhibiting the growth of soybean-fermenting Bacillus species. The antimicrobial substance was susceptible to proteinase K and lipase but resistant to esterase. Antimicrobial activity was observed over a wide range of pH from 3 to 11, with the maximum activity at pH 9, and thermal stability up to 80°C. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial substance was found to be 64 μg/mL for B. cereus and 128 μg/mL for L. monocytogenes. This antimicrobial substance has a putative molecular weight either at 1,133.6 or 1,700.5, which differs from that of other antimicrobial substances described for B. subtilis such as iturin, surfactin, fengycin, and subtilisin.     

Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the alpha-aminoadipate reductase gene (LYS2) from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera

The gene putatively encoding alpha-aminoadipate reductase (AAR) was isolated successfully by degenerate PCR and chromosome walking, based on cassette PCR methods, from the dimorphous yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera PD70 and was named SfLYS2. Sequence analysis revealed that it contained a putative open reading frame (ORF) of 4161 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 1386 amino acids. The deduced translation product shared an identity of 53% and 51% to the Lys2p homologues of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. An atypical TATA box and a GCN4-box element were found in the 5'-upstream region. Genomic Southern hybridization suggested the presence of a single locus of SfLYS2 in the S. fibuligera genome. Expression of the ORF of SfLYS2 in a lys2(-) strain of S. cerevisiae could functionally complement the lysine mutant of the S. cerevisiae strain. S. fibuligera could use lysine as the sole nitrogen source but its growth was inhibited on the alpha-aminoadipate (AA) medium. Approximately 90% of the mutants of S. cerevisiae resistant to AA are lysine auxotrophs; in contrast all the mutants of S. fibuligera resistant to AA recovered in this work were not lysine auxotrophs.     

Alkaline protease from Bacillus cereus VITSN04: Potential application as a dehairing agent

The objective of this work is to use protease enzyme as an ecofriendly alternative to chemicals in dehairing. An alkaline protease producing bacterium was isolated from protein-rich soil sample. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus cereus VITSN04 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Growth characteristics and protease activity were studied in yeast, malt, beef, nutrient broth and soybean casein digest media and the enzyme secretion was found to correspond with growth. Maximum protease production was obtained in soybean casein digest medium at 16h with the activity of 200.1±0.68U/ml and a correlation coefficient of 0.965 between growth and enzyme production. The crude enzyme was found to have maximum activity at 30°C and pH 8.0. The protease was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephadex G-50 and G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The purified protease was homogeneous on non-denaturing PAGE and its molecular weight was estimated to be 32kDa. The purified protease was of the serine type as it was inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. The crude enzyme preparation was found to be effective in dehairing goat skins in leather processing.     

Molecular and toxigenic characterization of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from commercial ground roasted coffee

Thirty samples of roasted ground coffee beans from 10 different commercial brands were analyzed to investigate the occurrence and levels of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Strains were evaluated for their genetic diversity by repetitive element sequence polymorphism PCR (Rep-PCR) and for their toxigenic profiles, i.e., the presence of hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, ces, and entFM. Survival and multiplication of B. cereus sensu lato in the ready-to-drink coffee was determined to evaluate this beverage as a possible vehicle for B. cereus infection. B. cereus was detected in 17 (56.7%) of the 30 samples, and B. thuringiensis was detected in 8 (26.7%) of the 30 samples. Five samples did not produce any characteristic growth. The most common gene, entFM, was detected in 23 strains (92%). The NHE complex (nheA, nheB, and nheC genes) was found in 19 strains (76%). The HBL complex (hblA, hblC, and hblD) was found in 16 strains (64%). All strains were negative for ces. The cytK gene was found in 16 strains (64%). The computer-assisted cluster analysis of Rep-PCR profiles using a clustering criterion of 80% similarity revealed four main clusters. Cluster 1 was the predominant and comprised three B. thuringiensis strains with 100% similarity, cluster 2 comprised two B. cereus strains (100% similarity), cluster 3 comprised two B. thuringiensis strains (90% similarity), and cluster 4 comprised one B. thuringiensis strain and one B. cereus strain (85% similarity). The cluster analysis of fingerprints generated by Rep-PCR revealed a high genetic diversity among the B. cereus strains, suggesting that the contamination could have originated from different sources. In our experiments, when sugar was added and the beverage was kept in thermic bottles there was a significant increase in B. cereus sensu lato levels, which may increase the risk of food poisoning. These results highlight the need for additional studies on this subject to better evaluate coffee as a food poisoning vehicle.