土壤源热泵地下埋管传热强化与控制的试验研究

为了探讨土壤源热泵地下埋管传热强化及其控制的有效措施,基于相似理论搭建了垂直U型地下埋管换热模型试验台,进行了不同回填材料、不同间歇运行控制模式及不同进口温度对埋管周围土壤温度场及换热性能影响的试验测试;建立了垂直U型埋管准三维非稳态数值传热模型,分析了间歇运行与进口温度对土壤温度分布与埋管换热性能的影响.研究结果表明:导热性能好的回填材料能有效提高地埋管的换热能力,但考虑到两支管间热短路的增加,回填材料导热系数并非越大越好.同时,埋管换热量随运停时间比的减小和进口温度的增加而增大;此外,垂直地埋管可利用传热温差上层高于下层,因此,地埋管换热主要集中在中上层土壤.试验验证表明,所建数值模型能较好地模拟地下换热过程,其预测精度在5％以内.     

地源热泵U型垂直埋管传热特性的研究

基于ANSYS软件并结合唐山地区气象资料和土壤特性,建立了该地区地源热泵U型埋管非稳态温度场的数学模型并进行了性能分析.不同工况和埋管间距周围温度场的模拟结果表明,该地区最佳埋管间距约为4 m,并确定了给定条件下的热作用半径及土壤特性与热平衡时间的关系.考虑到土壤年净负荷或机组运行多年后净负荷均不平衡,分别对地源热泵机组全年和多年运行对土壤温度的影响进行了模拟.本文为地源热泵设计和施工提供了基础资料.     

地源热泵地下换热系统热响应测试及分析

土壤源热泵的应用具有地域特性,不仅不同地区应用情况不同,就是同一地区因地质条件的差异而有所不同,所以土壤特性的测试工作十分重要.本文根据上海某展示中心项目地下换热系统测试,对地埋管换热器系统的热响应进行了测试和分析.     

地源热泵机组压缩机的合理匹配

介绍了地源热泵的类型，并对地下埋管的地源热泵的运行工况进行了测试和分析。结果表明。对地源热泵机组不能直接根据压缩机名义工况的制冷量或制热量来选配压缩机。对以冷负荷为主的地区，应以夏季运行工况作为设计工况来选配压缩机；对以热负荷为主的地区，则应以冬季工况为设计工况。     

竖直地埋管蓄取热特性试验与模拟

在搭建的砂箱试验台试验分析了在单一工况蓄/取热运行模式对双U地埋管动态传热特性的影响。在试验验证的基础上,建立三维动态传热数理模型,数值分析了单一工况运行模式下土壤分层和地埋管管径等因素对双U型地埋管土壤传热特性的影响,并对比分析了单/双U型地埋管传热特性。试验研究结果表明:单一蓄/取热下,连续运行时土壤温度变化幅度随径向距离的增加而减小;蓄热时,进口温度为50 ℃和60 ℃的单位井深换热量要明显比进口温度为40 ℃时高;取热时,进口温度为4.2 ℃的单位井深换热量较进口温度为6.8 ℃时高。间歇蓄热运行模式下土壤温度波动幅度随开停比的减小而增加;间歇取热运行模式下在同一时间内开停比越小,土壤温度越接近土壤初温。模拟研究结果发现:在土壤分层下,双U型地埋管单位井深换热量较单U型地埋管单位井深换热量高19.87%;土壤温度均随地埋管管径的增加而增加,单U型地埋管以管径为32 mm时的单位井深换热量为最好,而双U型地埋管以管径为25 mm时的单位井深换热量为最好,前者单位井深换热量较后者低11.56%。     

地埋管地源热泵系统冬季运行试验研究

介绍了地源热泵试验装置及测试装置的建设过程与冬季运行试验.分析了冬季地源热泵试验的有关数据.得到热泵运行前后土壤不同深度温度,地下5m以下土壤初始温度基本稳定在15.5～17.5℃,启动2h后地下50m土壤温度由运行前的17.2℃下降为12℃左右.地下土壤温度的恢复比开机运行时温度降低速度要慢.进出地下埋管的水温分别为6～8℃和9～11℃,温差一般为2～5.5℃.热泵供水温度为43～48℃,回水温度一般在39～43℃之间.温差一般为2～4℃.单位管长换热量在25～45W/m之间.机组平均COP为4.0,系统平均COP为2.3.     

地源热泵地下岩土热物性现场热响应测试方法研究

为了准确决定埋管现场岩土热物性值,建立了一套现场热响应测试装置,详细分析了测试原理、装置流程与数据处理方法,并应用所建装置与数据处理模型对一地源热泵工程进行了实测与分析,获得工程所在地土壤原始平均温度为17.7～17.9℃,土壤等效导热系数为1.78W/(m.K),等效容积比热容为2580kJ/(m3.K),单位长度钻孔热阻为0.163(m.K)/W。同时,为了提高测试精度,必须采用稳压电源及做好外露管道保温措施,数据处理上应舍弃测试初期10h的测试数据。试验验证表明,本文所建立的地下岩土热物性测试装置与分析模型是可行的,可应用于实际地源热泵工程中地下岩土热物性的测试。     

基于准三维模型的垂直U型埋管换热特性影响因素的分析

为了探讨各因素对地源热泵地下埋管换热特性的影响,建立了同时考虑流体温度沿程变化与U型两支管热干扰的垂直U型埋管准三维传热解析解模型.基于模型求解,分析了回填物与管材导热性、管脚间距、循环流体流量及钻孔深度等对埋管换热特性的影响.结果表明:回填物与管材的导热性、管脚间距及循环流体流量的加大均可以强化地下换热器的换热效果.但回填物导热性不可无限制增大,其大小要考虑对增大管脚热干扰的影响及其与管脚间距的相互关联性,应对两者进行优化设计.同时,流体流量的加大会增加单位埋管换热量,但其增加幅度越来越小,应以流动阻力增加作为限制条件,采用变流量调节来进行优化.此外,单个钻孔不宜太深,以免降低单位埋管换热能力.试验验证表明,所建模型具有一定的预测精度,其最大预测相对误差在3％以内,可为地埋管换热器传热特性分析及其优化设计提供参考.     

蓄取热工况下同轴套管式地埋管换热器周围土壤温度变化规律

为研究不同因素对同轴套管式地埋管周围土壤温度的影响,建立三维同轴套管式地埋管换热器非稳态传热数理模型,利用自建实验台开展试验对数理模型进行试验验证。在此基础上,对蓄取热工况下同轴套管式地埋管的非稳态传热过程进行数值模拟研究,分析了管径、回填材料、土壤初始温度等因素对同轴套管式地埋管周围土壤温度的影响,获得了不同因素对套管式地埋管换热器周围温度场的影响规律。研究结果表明：外管径相同时,内管径的变化对周围土壤温度场影响较小;径向距离0.4 m处,土壤初始温度为14℃时地埋管周围土壤温度最高为17.803℃;循环介质选用氯化钙比选用水换热量提高约23%。试验验证表明,所建模型最大相对误差为12.5%,具有合理性。研究结果显示蓄热时土壤初始温度越高的地区越有利于地埋管周围土壤储存热量,取热时循环介质选择氯化钙溶液可使系统高效运行。     

南京地区混合式地源热泵系统可行性与初投资的探讨

根据南京地区空调负荷的特点分析了南京地区混合式地源热泵系统的可行性,改善土壤与U型管换热的情况,平衡冬夏季大地的得热与失热情况;介绍了地埋管与辅助冷却塔联合运行的方式,并与不同空调负荷设计U型地埋管时的初投资与地埋管占地面积进行了比较.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.