Studies in Overhead Wire--Goubau Line Above Ground

The transition theory which Kikuchi proposed first was improved and expanded in the range of the Sommerfeld line above ground and even the Goubau line (G line) above ground. Then it was proved by the experiment with the aid of the G line. The solution for the electromagnetic field produced by an overhead wire is derived using Maxwell's equations and treating the situation as a boundary value problem. In particular, the integrals which are caused by the finite conductivity of the earth and which are responsible for the distribution of the fields in the neighborhood of the surface of the earth are evaluated by means of the saddle-point method. Based on the field theory described above, the primary transmission line constants of the G line above ground (R, L, C, and G) and the secondary transmission line constants (gamma/sub 0/ = alpha/sub 0/ + j beta/sub 0/ and Z/sub 0/) were obtained, and then the equivalent circuit for the G line above ground was given. The behavior of the line from an engineering standpoint is now completely determined by the usual simple circuit theory. The transition of the G line from a ground return transmission line of a surface-wave transmission line was proved experimentally.     

Quasi-static image theory for the bi-isotropic sphere

Image theory for the static point charge and the conducting sphere, produced by Kelvin's inversion theory, is extended to the bi-isotropic sphere, including the chiral sphere as a special case. Image expressions for the bi-isotropic sphere can be derived in a manner similar to that of the dielectric sphere except that the quasi-static problem now involves both electric and magnetic scalar potentials, coupled through the interface conditions at the spherical surface. The image is a combination of electric and magnetic line charges along the axis connecting the point charge and the center of the sphere, and their expressions are obtained through what can be labeled as finite Mellin transformation. The expressions derived can find application in more complete quasi-static analyses of interactions of bi-isotropic spherical particles in artificial bi-isotropic media     

The impedance of a short dipole antenna in a magnetoplasma

A formula for the impedance of a short cylindrical dipole in a magnetoplasma is derived using quasi-static electromagnetic theory. The formula is valid in a lossy plasma and for any dipole orientation with respect to the magnetic field. The dipole impedance is found to have a positive real part under lossless conditions when the quasi-static differential equation is hyperbolic; this indicates that the quasi-static theory predicts a form of radiation. It is shown that the quasi-static theory can be interpreted in terms of scaled coordinates and that a cylindrical dipole in a magnetoplasma has a free space equivalent with a distorted shape. A conductance correction term obtained from Langmuir probe theory is shown to be significant. Laboratory measurements of monopole impedance are compared with the theoretical calculations.     

Slot-Line Field Components (Correspondence)

Formulas derived by mode summation give the six B- and H-field components in the various air and dielectric regions of a slot-line cross section. These formulas are valid except when very close to the slot, where approximations in the analysis cause a large error. A quasi-static method yields a second set of formulas that apply near the slot. Thus the field is determined satisfactorily in all parts of the cross section. Graphs of the H components show that elliptical polarization exists, with the best approach to circularity near the slot and near the opposite surface of the substrate. Quantitative field data are useful for analysis and design of slot-line components, such as ferrite devices, dielectric-resonator filters, directional couplers, and broad-band transitions to coaxial line or microstrip.     

Image Theory Results for the Mutual Impedance of Crossing Earth Return Circuits

Suitable engineering expressions for the mutual impedance of crossing earth return circuits are derived by employing finitely conducting earth image theory techniques. It is shown that the image theory and previously derived analytical results, which are rather complicated, are in excellent agreement.     

The Measurement of Conductivity and Permittivity of Semiconductor Spheres by an Extension of the Cavity Perturbation Method

A technique based on cavity perturbation theory is described with which one can determine the microwave conductivity and dielectric permittivity of a small sphere of completely arbitrary conductivity. These properties follow from the measured frequency shift and quality change occurring when the sample is inserted into a region of maximum electric field in a cavity resonator. The range of validity of the quasi-static internal field approximation is discussed, and curves are provided for extending the measuring technique beyond this range. The extended theory is valid for the entire conductivity range from zero to infinity. Measurements on several samples of known conductivity and permittivity in which the approximation is not satisfied are seen to agree with the theory. For highly conductive materials, the present method is closely related to the "eddy current loss" measuring technique discussed by others. The two methods are compared from the point of view of perturbation theory in order to determine their relative merits. Because the measuring technique employs a spherical sample, it may be applied profitably to materials with nonisotropic carrier nobilities and to semiconducting materials for which contact fabrication techniques are poorly known.     

A dynamic vector model of microstrip RF resonators for high-field MR imaging

This paper describes a dynamic vector model for modelling the electromagnetic characteristics of microstrip radio-frequency (RF) resonators for high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A biological tissue-equivalent load having a circular cross section is assumed in the analysis. The dynamic model uses the well-known Green's function for cylindrically stratified media to characterize all six components of the electromagnetic field excited by the microstrip lines. The accuracy of the method as a function of its parameters is assessed and the results compared with those obtained from the quasi-static method often used at low frequencies. The limits of the quasi-static assumption are investigated by comparing values for the modal propagation constant and the terminating capacitances required to tune the cavity resonance over a frequency range of 100 MHz-1 GHz. The dynamic method is further used to analyse the modal content of a microstrip head resonator. Finally, a variational approach is used to assess the impact of the intermodal coupling for the case of small perturbations in the shape and the position of the cylindrical phantom.     

An Equivalent Surface Source Method for Computation of the Magnetic Field Reduction of Metal Shields

A numerical method for computation of the resultant quasi-static magnetic field in the vicinity of parallel wires and metal shields is presented. The primary magnetic field source is time-harmonic currents in wires. This field is modified by conducting magnetic and/or nonmagnetic shields. The material is assumed to be linear under the applied source field. The shielding effectiveness can be estimated by a comparison between the primary and the resultant field. The reaction magnetic field is expressed by a sum of fields caused by equivalent single- and double-layer sources distributed on the shield surface. Integral equations for unknown distributions of these equivalent sources are derived from the Green's second identity implemented inside and outside the shields. These equations are coupled integral equations, and are solved by the moment method. Numerical results of the resultant (shielded) magnetic field obtained with the proposed method are compared with the results of: 1) analytically solvable problems; 2) measurements; and 3) two different numerical methods.      

Conductivity measurements of the earth at ELF

This paper describes a simple method for determining the effective conductivity of a relatively flat conducting earth at ELF. The method is based on the quasi-static approximations to the Hertz vector potential for both the vertical and horizontal magnetic dipole. From these approximations, expressions for the magnetic field are obtained. By taking the ratio of the vertical component to the horizontal component, a simple relation is obtained for conductivity which is independent of the magnetic dipole moment. The relation is also independent of the source and receiver height provided they are located near the boundary.     

电磁场课程体系和教学内容的改革与实践

阐述了似稳场与准静态场概念上的差异,针对电气工程与电子信息类专业普遍是在大学物理“电磁学”课程之后开设“电磁场”课程的现状,提出减少“电磁场”与“电磁学”在教学内容上的重复,在教材和教学上简化纯粹静态场内容,突出对准静态电场、磁场概念的讲解,并在准静态场的范畴中引入标量电位和矢量磁位、标量磁位以及电阻、电容与电感参数,以提高学生理解和解决实际工程问题的能力。     

Direct analytical solution for the electric field distribution atthe conductor surfaces of coplanar waveguides

A new analytical method of evaluating the electric field distribution across the conductor surfaces of coplanar waveguides (CPWs) is presented. Here, a series of conformal mappings are used to transform the CPW's geometry and field distribution into a uniform image domain, to facilitate a direct field solution. The cumulative electric flux distribution across each conductor surface within the dielectric substrate is studied, and its effects on coupling and propagation modes are described. Direct solutions for the quasi-static normal electric field components are presented together with their graphical representations. Numerical computations show how the total electric flux terminating on the CPW's conductor surfaces varies in terms of the CPW's geometry and substrate parameters     

Error analysis of image representations for sources near to a dissipative earth

Various image representations for sources above a dissipative earth are introduced. A criterion for assessing their accuracy is given. Some of these image representations comprise purely discrete images, a purely continuous image or a mixture of both types. It is shown that the error in any representation is a function of the height of the field point from the earth's surface. A mixture of a discrete image and a simple continuous image can lead to a negligibly small error for field calculations over a wide range of the height of the field point. This means that the image theory can offer simplicity and accuracy in many application such as geophysical prospecting of the earth.     

Shapes and amplitudes of the initial peaks of lightning-induced voltage in power lines over finitely conducting earth: Theory and comparison with experiment

It is conclusively shown that lightning-induced voltages in power lines over finitely conducting earth can only be explained by considering the interaction of the horizontal field produced by the finitely conducting ground, with the conductors. The theory predicts narrow peaks of few microseconds width in the induced voltages, for particular positions of lightning with respect to the line. Wave propagation effects are found to be of considerable importance. To the extent allowed by the bandwidth of the measuring instruments used in this study, the prediction of the theory is confirmed.     

ELF and VLF fields of a horizontal electric dipole

The waves in the spherical guide between the earth and ionosphere are excited by a horizontal electric dipole. The guide boundaries are characterized by surface impedances and the resulting waves are expressed as a superposition of TM and TE modes. The wavenumbers, excitation factors, height-gain functions, and height-dependent impedances are examined for both types of modes. A thin-shell approximation of the radial wave functions is shown to be adequate for phase velocity estimates; but other propagation parameters are of restricted validity in the VLF range where Airy integral approximations provide more reliable data. A horizontal electric dipole is shown to provide a nearly omnidirectional coverage of horizontal field components in the frequency range of the lower Schumann resonances. For an elevated source the horizontal fields are essentially omnidirectional also in the VLF range. Near fields are expressed as a summation of waveguide modes. The vertical field components vanish at the antipode, but the horizontal components remain of finite magnitude.     

Prediction of the E and H fields produced by theSwiss mobile EMP simulator (MEMPS)

The author discusses a simple analysis for determining the electromagnetic fields produced by the MEMPS simulator. A transmission line solution for the currents flowing on the simulator structure is obtained, taking into account both the resistive loading along the simulator and the dispersive nature of the earth under the simulator. Once the current distribution is determined, the fields at an arbitrary location are found by integrating the fields produced by an electric current element located over the lossy air-earth interface. Using this model, a procedure for estimating the fields at an arbitrary location within the simulator is described. This requires a knowledge of the primary transient E and H field components at a reference point near the simulator, or equivalently, a knowledge of the incident E or H field at this point. Results of this study indicate that it is possible to predict the simulator fields at other points, based on the reference fields and the calculational model     

A generalized MoM-SPICE iterative technique for field coupling to multiconductor transmission lines in presence of complex structures

A generalized method of moments (MoM)-SPICE iterative technique for field coupling analysis of multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) in the vicinity of complex structures is presented. Telegrapher's coupling equations are modified with additional distributed voltage and current sources for more accurate analysis of the total current induced onto transmission line bundles in the presence of complex structures. These additional voltage and current sources are introduced to enforce the electric field boundary condition and continuity equation on MTLs beyond the quasi-static regime. The surrounding structure is modeled via the MoM and a SPICE-like simulator is used to simulate equivalent circuit model of the MTLs extracted via the partial element equivalent circuit method. The proposed technique is based on perturbation theory with the quasi-static current distributions on the transmission lines still assumed to be dominant. Validation examples for single and MTLs are given in the presence of complex structures.     

临近空间SAR几何定位

对合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像上的目标进行几何定位主要有两种模型：斜距转地距模型和距离多普勒（RD）模型,其中斜距转地距模型计算简单但忽略地球曲率因素,而RD模型不仅考虑了SAR成像机理还考虑了地球的曲率变化。仿真实验表明：在临近空间情况下,斜距转地距模型得到的结果定位精度低,与之相比,RD模型定位结果有着显著的优势,因此,在临近空间平台下对SAR目标进行定位必须考虑地球曲率因素。文中进一步在临近空间条件下对RD模型的定位精度进行了分析,推导了定位不确定性公式,并基于这些公式得出了仿真结果。     

Synthesis of directional couplers based on ridged waveguides coupled by a system of circular apertures

A technique of electrodynamic analysis and synthesis of directional couplers based on Π-shaaped waveguides with a system of small coupling apertures is reported. Parameters of coupling between two waveguides through a small aperture are calculated within quasi-static Bethe’s theory. Critical wavenumbers and components of the electromagnetic fields of ridged waveguides are calculated with allowance for the features of the electromagnetic field on the edge. The characteristics of synthesized directional couplers based on Π-shaped waveguides with coupling along the wide wall of 20 and 10 dB are reported.     

A uniformly valid loaded antenna theory

A quasi-static layered approximation is used to simplify the layered solution for insulated antennas to the solution of a generalized impedance boundary value problem, whose solution is expressed in terms of an integral. This integral applies to insulated antennas imbedded in a dense medium, insulated antennas imbedded in air (dielectric-coated antennas), and impedance-loaded antennas, all referred to as loaded antennas. The branch cut contribution for large distances is given by the Sommerfeld space wave formula. The physical transition of loaded antennas to bare antennas is investigated through the asymptotic evaluation of this integral. Simple uniform formulas for loaded antenna current are derived and generalized to cover the same range of validity as the integral. The direct calculation of the input admittance is consistent with the derived uniform formula for antenna current. For insulated antennas in a dense medium, the complete transmission line theory describes the antenna current through the transition to bare antennas     

在三层介质中运动的时谐水平偶极子产生的电磁场

 为了使舰船轴频电磁场能被真正应用于新型水雷武器引信,本文求解了在三层介质中运动的时谐水平偶极子在固定场点产生的电磁场.求解过程分为两步,首先求解静止时谐偶极子在介质中的固定场点产生的电磁场,然后通过狭义相对论的洛仑兹变换,得到匀速运动的时谐电偶极子在固定场点产生的电磁场.以浅海中低速运动的极低频时谐水平偶极子为例,对其产生的电磁场进行了数值计算,并且通过对比分析不同条件下的计算结果得出了一些有价值的结论.最后通过将计算结果与试验数据的对比,验证了本文的实用性和正确性.