An Efficient RLS Data-Driven Echo Canceller for Fast Initialization of Full-Duplex Data Transmission

Computationally efficient recursive-least-squares (RLS) procedures are presented specifically for the adaptive adjustment of the data-driven echo cancellers (DDEC's) that are used in voiceband fullduplex data transmission. The methods are shown to yield very short learning times for the DDEC, while they also simultaneously reduce computational requirements to below those required for other leastsquare procedures, such as those recently proposed by Salz (1983). The new methods can be used with any training sequence over any number of iterations, unlike any of the previous fast-Converging methods. The methods are based upon the fast transversal filter (FTF) RLS adaptive filtering algorithms that were independently introduced by the authors of this paper; however, several special features of the DDEC are introduced and exploited to further reduce computation to the levels that would be required for slower-converging stochastic-gradient solutions. Several tradeoffs between computation, memory, learning time, and performance are also illuminated for the new initialization methods.     

A New Digital Echo Canceler for Two-Wire Full-Duplex Data Transmission

A new approach to echo canceling for two-wire fullduplex data transmission is proposed. The canceling signal is directly synthesized from the binary data, using a transversal filter approach, and the usual multiplications are replaced by additions and subtractions, thus allowing efficient operation of a large number of taps as required for the canceling of distant echoes. As a specific application, a system processing one sample per baud is discussed where timing signals at both communicating stations are assumed to be synchronized. A stochastic adjustment gradient-type algorithm is used for both training and adaptive tracking of the canceler. It is shown that convergence does not depend on intersymbol interference, timing phase, carrier phase, or the energy ratio of the local to the received signal, but is a function only of the number of taps. Convergence time is proportional to that number, and the optimum step size for fastest convergence is equal to the reciprocal of the number of taps. The residual fluctuation noise is proportional to that part of the mean-square (MS) error which cannot be reduced by the canceler and is a simple function of the product of the tap signal and the step size. The predicted convergence properties are verified by simulation results. Finally, it is shown how such an echo canceler might be used to allow two-wire full-duplex transmission for data rates as high as 4800 bit/s.     

Binary Passband Echo Canceller in a 4800 Bit/s Two-Wire Duplex Modem

This paper deals with the echo cancellation applied to highspeed (4800 bit//s or higher) voiceband data modems. Simple echo cancellers are presented for the whole range of data bit rates from 1200 bit//s to 9600 blt/s. Their structure full=y integrates the modulation process and especially exploits the various relationships existing between the modulation rate and the carrier frequency. The generation of the echo replica is performed by duplicating components of the line echo from simple coded binary symbols processed at the modulation rate only. The implementation of these binary passband echo cancellers can be made quite simple by properly selecting the coded binary symbols from the user's data. The application of these principles to a 4800 bit/s two-wire duplex modem is then highlighted. The essential characteristics of the modem echo canceller are outlined and its implementation with bit slice processors is described. Finally, test results on the switched telephone network and on satellite links are presented.     

Measurements of Echo Parameters Pertinent to High-Speed Full-Duplex Data Transmission on Telephone Circuits

Approximately 400 sets of field measurements were made on public switched telephone network connections from a location in Canada, to two locations in Australia and to 11 locations spread across the United Kingdom, to observe the properties of echos pertinent to high-speed full-duplex voiceband data transmission. The observations have been analyzed to give statistics on the duration, delay, and level of talker echo. Also, results on listener echo are included. The stability of echos is important in the design of echo cancelling and full-duplex digital transmission equipment, and so data are presented on the modulations of the echo or the phase roll that was observed and their stability. Results are included for calls placed over both cable and satellite circuits.     

A Cascadable VLSI Echo Canceller

A new single-chip echo canceller has been developed. In addition to offering improved performance over an earlier single-chip echo canceller [14], the new canceller has many desirable features not available before. The most important of these features is that multiples of the chip can be connected in cascade to synthesize very long impulse responses. This paper describes the new features implemented on the chip and characterizes its performance.     

Two-Port Equivalent Circuits of Two-Wire Parabolic Tapered Coupled Transmission Lines

Two-port equivalent circuits of two-wire parabolic tapered coupled transmission lines (PTCTL) with open or short terminal conditions on the remaining two ports are presented. First, two-port equivalent circuits of PTCTL, whose characteristic admittances increase along the lines, are shown. Second, two-port equivalent circuits of PTCTL, whose characteristic impedances increase along the lines, the dual of the previous circuits, are shown. These two-port circuits of PTCTL are expressed in terms of two equivalent representations, one having mixed, lumped and uniform distributed circuits, and the other consisting of uncoupled nonuniform distributed circuits.     

一种实用的自适应回波抵消器

本文提出了一种实用、完整的自适应回波抵消器,可用于实现高速调制解调器的二一双工传输。实验表明,该回波抵消器具有回波抑制能力强、线路环境适应性好等特点。     

A New Digital Echo Canceler for Two-Wire Subscriber Lines

A new type of digital echo canceler for two-wire digital transmission is presented. The new principle involves very simple signal processing and is thus an interesting alternative for digital transmission on subscriber lines. The principle is compared with other echo cancellation techniques, and it is shown how choice of line code, equalization, and carrier recovery are affected by the new echo canceler. A theoretical analysis of the principle is given, taking into account finite accuracy, jitter, noise, and correlated data streams. The echo canceler can be used for line attenuation up to 40 dB. At 80 kbits/s this corresponds to at least 7 km 0.6 mm cable and is sufficient to cover more than 99 percent of the existing Norwegian subscriber lines.     

基于TMS320DM642实现的一种低复杂度回声抵消器

以TMS320DM642定点DSP为平台,实现了一种低复杂度并适应双端会话情况的回声抵消器.在算法上.为提高双端会话的鲁棒性,采用了双回声路径模型(two echo path moolel,TEPM)作为基本框架;为降低计算的复杂度,采用了多延时分块频域自适应滤波器(multi-delay block frequencydomain adaptive filter,MDF)估计回声路径的冲击响应.在实现上,针对DSP的并行执行能力和指令集的单指令多数据(SIMD)特性对主要运算进行了线性汇编级的优化.测试表明,这种回声抵消器可以在0.45%CPU占用率下处理128 ms路径延时的组合声源信号(composite source signal,CSS)和实际声源信号的回声.     

VoIP回声消除器设计及算法研究

本文提出了一种与线性预测编解码器相结合的新声学回声消除器,由去相关可变步长的NLMS自适应算法和基于回声路径失配方差的双端通话检测算法所组成.Matlab仿真结果表明,与Gordy所提出的回声消除算法相比,本文提出的算法在双端通话和回声路径改变时判别更准确,收敛速度更快;在收敛状态时,ERLE值平均提高了15dB,失调误差平均降低了10dB,具备更好的回声消除性能.     

A Digital Echo Suppressor for Satellite Circuits

An echo suppressor that is composed solely of digital logic circuits and based on a digital voice detector [1] has been designed. The unit is simple and requires no adjustment. Its basic application is to the SPADE [2] PCM channel, although it can be adapted to work with other systems. Results of initial subjective tests are included.     

A Hardware Efficient Passband Equalizer Structure for Data Transmission

A passband digital equalizer is proposed which combines the functions of bandpass filtering and phase splitting with that of adaptive equalization. The new equalizer also provides the in-phase and quadrature outputs required for demodulation. Although input sampling is required at several times the symbol rate (for voice-grade channel applications), outputs need be computed only once per baud. This structure economizes either on front-end analog (phase splitter) filtering or on the number of multiplications required in a digital implementation of a phase splitter and an equalizer. The performance of a receiver incorporating the new equalizer is compared, experimentally, with a receiver using a conventional fractionally spaced (T/2) equalizer.     

A New Type of VF Repeater for Two-Wire Transmission Loops

Power loss at voice frequencies in two-wire telephone lines is presently overcome by employing electronic repeaters which produce bidirectional amplification without undue interaction between the outgoing and incoming paths. This isolation between the directional gain elements is achieved by employing balanced transformer windings or negative impedance transformations. Both methods rely heavily on complex line matching circuits to minimize the chance of instability or "singing." This paper describes a simple repeater that achieves bidirectional amplification while using conventional 1:1 line transformers. The obtainable return loss against fixed terminal impedances is only limited by the quality of these transformers. The new device reproduces the action of a hybrid transformer using very simple electronic circuitry and has a potentially wide application both in two-wire systems and in two to four wire conversions.     

IP电话网关中回声消除器的实现

针对ＩＰ电话系统中回声的特点,提出了一种基于延迟分析的中心回声消除器设计的新思想和相关算法,并对ＴＭＳ３２０Ｃ６２０１ ＤＳＰ为硬件平台,实现了一个能应用在ＩＰ电话网关中的中心消除器。最后,通过实验结果分析了该回声消除器的性能。     

A Tutorial on Two-Wire Digital Transmission in the Loop Plant

This paper explores the constraints on the design of twowire repeaterless digital subscriber loop (DSL) systems. Broadly categorized, the design depends on the technical feasibility of the approach used to achieve two-wire transmission, constraints related to compatibility with other systems sharing the same cable, and immunity to central office noise. Each of these varies With the choice of system parameters including the transmission rate, transmit power, choice of line codes, etc. Technical feasibility is evaluated by computer simulation studies. Compatibility with other systems is explored by crosstalk calculations. Noise immunity considerations, as they translate into digital line power levels, are also explored.     

An Echo Canceller with Controlled Power for Frequency Offset Correction

In an echo canceller (EC) compensating far-end echos affected by frequency offset, the phase loop gain is highly dependent on the echo and signal powers. Adoption of a normalized gain multiplied by the echo power yields an improved robustness. It is shown that the latter gain depends only on the echo-to-signal ratio. Practical implementation of this idea is realized by generating a first unitary echo replica, on which the DPLL will act, and then controlling the output power. The system has the additional advantage of a reduced binary size for the canceller taps.     

A Phase-Adaptive Echo Canceller with Reduced Sensitivity to Power Variations

In a previous correspondence [1], we have studied an echo canceller (EC) compensating far-end echos affected by frequency offset. It has been shown that the sensitivity of the loop gain versus the powerPof the echo and the powerSof the signal, can be reduced by adoption of a normalized gain multiplied by the echo power. In this correspondence a novel and very simple algorithm is described that further reduces this sensitivity and yields an optimum phase loop gain proportional to(S/ p)^{1/6}.     

基于盲信号分离算法的立体声回波抵消的研究

当处理混合语音信号时,传统的立体声回波抵消技术不具备修正参数的能力.因此,传统的立体声回波抵消技术对于信号传输的可靠性存在很大的问题,论文中,我们提出一种基于盲信号分离方法(BSS)的立体声回波抵消技术.在我们提出的系统中,我们通过分离回波信号和说话人的语音信号来达到移除回波信号的目的.结果证明,本方法对于传输信号的可靠性有明显的提高.     

A Co-Design Methodology for Telecommunication Systems: A Case Study of an Acoustic Echo Canceller

The acoustic echo cancellation with large adaptive filters is a computationally intensive problem and needs real time cost effective solution. To deal with these challenges, designers have increasingly turned to mixed Hardware/Software (HW/SW) implementation of echo canceller algorithms. This paper presents a co-design methodology and environment for both hardware and software modules. We describe how High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools like GAUT and SYNDEX can be efficiently used for rapid prototyping of heterogeneous architecture based on DSP TMS320C40 and ASIC. The HW/SW interface synthesis task is especially discussed since it constitutes a key issue of the whole design. As an illustration, we present a mixed implementation of the GMDF alpha algorithm, an adaptive filter well suited to acoustic echo cancellation, on both ASIC and TMS320C40 DSP.     

A Nonlinear Acoustic Echo Canceller Using Sigmoid Transform in Conjunction With RLS Algorithm

Nonlinearity of amplifiers and/or loudspeakers gives rise to nonlinear echo in acoustic systems, which seriously degrades the performance of speech and audio communications. Many nonlinear acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) methods have been proposed. In this paper, a simple yet efficient nonlinear echo cancellation scheme is presented by using an adaptable sigmoid function in conjunction with a conventional transversal adaptive filter. The new scheme uses the least mean square (LMS) algorithm to update the parameters of sigmoid function and the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm to determine the coefficient vector of the transversal filter. The proposed AEC is proved to be convergent under some mild assumptions. Computer simulations show that the proposed scheme gives a superior echo cancellation performance over the well known Volterra filter approach when the echo path suffers from the saturation-type nonlinear distortion. More importantly, the new AEC has a much lower computational complexity than the Volterra-filter-based method.