绕圆柱非定常周期性涡旋脱落的数值模拟

利用非定常流函数涡量方程数值模拟圆柱突然起动尾流涡旋的形成及周期性脱落过程。对求解的流函数的一阶导数即速度项采用四阶精度的Hermitian公式，而方程的对流项则采用四阶精度的差分格式，并利用ADI方法迭代求解差分方程组。当雷诺数Re不大于40时，圆柱尾流为附体的两个对称涡，为定常解。当Re大于40后流动为非定常及非对称的，圆柱尾流呈现周期性涡旋交替脱落而形成著名的Karman涡街。选择Re=100为例，在初始条件未加任何扰动情况下，成功地模拟了圆柱非定常涡旋形成与脱落的完整过程（无量纲时间算到t=250及以上）。所计算的阻力系数与实验结果及其它数值方法的计算结果一致。约在t=200形成严格的Karman涡街。对涡量方程ADI求解方法的稳定性进行了分析。对流项采用四阶精度差分格式，若应用于定常问题，将极大提高数值求解的精度，若应用于非定常问题的求解，将对求解精度有所改善，其中时间空间两阶混合偏导数的处理是关键，有待进一步的数值实验。     

三维水翼云空泡非定常特性数值分析及试验验证

采用Singhal空化模型和修改的κ-εRNG湍流模型,数值模拟了三维扭曲水翼非定常空泡流动及其云空泡的动态脱落,空泡形态、流场等定性结果与相应的试验结果进行了比较。预报的回射流和侧射流的流动特性,以及云空泡的动态脱落的主要特征与试验结果相一致。计算结果表明,对于外形为凸形的片状空泡,侧射流是片状空泡脱落的主要原因。     

绕二维对称水翼的通气空泡流数值研究

本文通过有限体积离散方法求解Reynolds平均Navler—Stokes方程,采用VOF法追踪气一液两相交界面。研究了在高压低速来流,即本质上不发生自然空化的条件下,绕二维对称水翼的非定常通气空泡流动。分析了物理参数——通气方向角和攻角,对通气空泡外形、稳定性及水动力参数的影响。计算结果表明：在通气空泡的形成过程中,通气方向角存在着一个临界值,使得空泡形态由片状空泡过渡到超空泡;特定的参数组合将会诱发空泡表面出现波动现象。而且,当攻角做周期性变化时,水动力参数的变化也随之满足周期性规律,且出现阶段性振荡。     

温度对液氢绕水翼非定常空泡流影响的数值研究

该文基于均质多相流理论,采用RNG k-模型和修正系数Zwart空化模型对液氢绕NACA0015水翼非定常空化流动进行数值模拟。模拟了非定常空泡云的生长、断裂、涡状空化团脱落和破裂的周期性过程,模拟中考虑了热力学效应,并分析了温度对空泡流场特性的影响。研究结果表明:在相同空化数和来流速度下,空泡周期随温度增高而变长,升、阻力系数的波动周期随温度增高而增加,但其时均值的随温度增高而减小。     

圆柱尾迹流场中横向振荡翼型绕流的数值模拟

该文数值模拟了静止圆柱尾迹中横向振荡翼型绕流的涡结构、力及频谱特性,揭示前方尾迹流场对振荡翼绕流特性的影响,以了解鱼类游动时自主利用前方流场有利干扰的流体力学机理。研究表明圆柱尾迹的影响可导致翼型前缘涡脱落模态发生变化;翼型尾迹的频谱特性更加复杂;在一定的参数下翼型阻力系数可以整体下降。     

扭曲叶片双吸离心泵内部流场的三维数值模拟

为了提升双吸离心泵的性能,研究其内部流动规律,采用RNGk-ε方程湍流模型和标准SIMPLE算法对某一扭曲叶片双吸离心泵全流道进行了CFD分析,并与实验值进行比较。结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地预测出双吸离心泵叶轮与蜗壳间及内部的流动特性,所得结果对进行双吸离心泵的水力设计或改型优化设计等研究具有重要的指导意义。     

翼型裂纹扩展特性的试验和数值分析

采用模型试验研究了受压条件下张开型翼型裂纹的断裂规律,得出了翼型裂纹的扩展路径及翼型裂纹的扩展载荷特性。通过PYTHON语言对有限元软件ABAQUS进行了二次开发,实现了裂纹扩展中网格自动重新划分功能,对裂纹的扩展过程进行了数值模拟,得出了裂纹扩展路径及其复合应力强度因子的大小。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。结果表明：(1)压缩作用下张开型裂纹,其翼型裂纹路径具有明显渐近特征,其扩展路径的渐近线为过初始裂纹中心点、且平行于最大主应力方向的一条直线;(2)曲线翼型裂纹的复合应力强度因子大体上随翼型裂纹的长度的增加逐渐变小;对有限尺寸的裂纹体,当翼型裂纹长度较大时,其大小受边界效应影响明显。以上结论为研究岩土工程中存在的翼型裂纹扩展和失稳规律提供参考     

绕轴对称体三维非定常空化流动的数值与实验研究

采用数值和实验相结合的方法研究了绕轴对称体三维非定常空化流动现象。实验中,采用高速摄像的技术和动态测力系统对绕半球型和平头型轴对称体的非定常空化流场及其动力特性进行了分析,观察了在不同空化数下,绕半球型和平头型轴对称体的空泡形态;测量了轴对称体受到的阻力,并对阻力信号进行了时频分析,得到了在非定常空化阶段,轴对称体动力特征频率。基于实验现象,发展了一种基于密度修正的分域空化流动的计算方法,并与实验结果进行了对比,结果表明:该方法可以较好的模拟绕轴对称体三维非定常空化流动现象。绕不同头型轴对称体的空化流场结构均存在明显的三维非定常流动特性,并且,空化流场形态与动力特征频率存在高度的相关性,不同头型轴对称体的非定常空化流场结构存在较大的差异,半球型轴对称体空泡流动的脉动主要是空泡尾部的高频小脱落引起的,而平头型轴对称体的空泡流脉动成分主要是大尺度的漩涡空泡团的周期性脱落。     

曲线翼型裂纹扩展特性的试验和数值分析

采用模型试验研究了受压条件下张开型裂纹的翼型裂纹断裂规律，得出了翼型裂纹的扩展路径及翼型裂纹的扩展载荷特性。通过PYTHON语言对有限元软件ABAQUS进行了二次开发，实现了裂纹扩展中网格自动重新划分功能，对裂纹的扩展过程进行了数值模拟，得出了裂纹扩展路径及其复合应力强度因子的大小，并和试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：(1)压缩作用下张开型裂纹，其翼型裂纹路径具有明显渐近特征，其扩展路径的渐近线为过初始裂纹中心点、且平行于最大主应力方向的一条直线；(2)曲线翼型裂纹的复合应力强度因子大体上随翼型裂纹的长度逐渐变小；对有限尺寸的裂纹体，当翼型裂纹长度较大时，其大小受边界效应影响明显。以上结论为研究真实存在的曲线翼型裂纹扩展和失稳规律提供了基础。     

基于ANSYS数值力学模型的二次衬砌结构稳定性分析

二次衬砌开裂是隧道最常见的病害之一,对有裂缝的既有隧道衬砌结构的稳定性进行分析研究具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。基于断裂力学的裂缝模型,通过数值分析,探讨了有裂缝既有隧道二次衬砌结构稳定评价的计算方法。通过模型试验对非破坏性衬砌和开裂衬砌的承载力进行了分析比较。结果表明：(1)断裂力学有限元方法可用于评价既有裂缝隧道二次衬砌结构的稳定性。(2)不同零件出现裂纹时所需载荷的大小顺序为：足弓比拱顶小,拱顶比拱腋小,拱腋比仰拱小。(3)当支架位于拱顶和拱脚时,对衬砌结构的稳定性影响最大。(4)衬砌结构的承载力因裂缝而下降,当隧道仰拱底部出现纵向裂缝时,其承载力下降了37.5%。     

Three-dimensional large eddy simulation and vorticity analysis of unsteady cavi- taring flow around a twisted hydrofoil

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was coupled with a mass transfer cavitation model to predict unsteady 3-D turbulent cavitating flows around a twisted hydrofoil. The wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) model was used to give the Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) stress term. The predicted 3-D cavitation evolutions, including the cavity growth, break-off and collapse downstream, and the shedding cycle as well as its frequency agree fairly well with experimental results. The mechanism for the interactions between the cavitation and the vortices was discussed based on the analysis of the vorticity transport equation related to the vortex stretching, volumetric expansion/contraction and baroclinic torque terms along the hydrofoil mid-plane. The vortical flow analysis demonstrates that cavitation promotes the vortex production and the flow unsteadiness. In non-cavitation conditions, the streamline smoothly passes along the upper wall of the hydrofoil with no boundary layer separation and the boundary layer is thin and attached to the foil except at the trailing edge. With decreasing cavitation number, the present case has σ= 1.07, and the attached sheet cavitation becomes highly unsteady, with periodic growth and break-off to form the cavitation cloud. The expansion due to cavitation induces boundary layer separation and significantly increases the vorticity magnitude at the cavity interface. A detailed analysis using the vorticity transport equation shows that the cavitation accelerates the vortex stretching and dilatation and increases the baroclinic torque as the major source of vorticity generation. Examination of the flow field shows that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms increase in the cavitating case to the same magnitude as the vortex stretching term, while for the non-cavitating case these two terms are zero.     

Numerical investigation of unsteady sheet/cloud cavitation over a hydrofoil in thermo-sensitive fluid

The sheet/cloud cavitation is of a great practical interest since the highly unsteady feature involves significant fluctuations around the body where the cavitation occurs. Moreover, the cavitating flows are complicated due to the thermal effects. The present paper numerically studies the unsteady cavitating flows around a NACA0015 hydrofoil in the fluoreketone and the liquid nitrogen with particular emphasis on the thermal effects and the dynamic evolution. The numerical results and the experimental measurements are generally in agreement. It is shown that the temperature distributions are closely related to the cavity evolution. Meanwhile, the temperature drop is more evident in the liquid nitrogen for the same cavitation number, and the thermal effect suppresses the occurrence and the development of the cavitating flow, especially at a low temperature in the fluoroketone. Furthermore, the cavitating flows are closely related to the complicated vortex structures. The distributions of the pressure around the hydrofoil is a major factor of triggering the unsteady sheet/cloud cavitation. At last, it is interesting to find that one sees a significant thermal effect on the cavitation transition, a small value of σ/2ɑ is required in the thermo-sensitive fluids to achieve the similar cavitation transition that occurs in the water.     

Numerical analysis of cavitation shedding flow around a three-dimensional hydrofoil using an improved filter-based model

The cavitation shedding flow around a 3-D Clark-Y hydrofoil is simulated by using an improved filter-based model(FBM) and a mass transfer cavitation model with the consideration of the maximum density ratio effect between the liquid and the vapor. The unsteady cloud cavity shedding features around the Clark-Y hydrofoil are accurately captured based on an improved FBM model and a suitable maximum density ratio. Numerical results show that the predicted cavitation patterns and evolutions compare well with the experimental visualizations, and the prediction errors of the time-averaged lift coefficient, drag coefficient and Strouhal number St for the cavitation number σ= 0.8, the angle of attack α= 8° at a Reynolds number Re= 7 ×10~5 are only 3.29%, 2.36% and 9.58%, respectively. It is observed that the cavitation shedding flow patterns are closely associated with the vortex structures identified by the Q-criterion method. The predicted cloud cavitation shedding flow shows clearly three typical stages:(1) Initiation of the attached sheet cavity, the growth toward the trailing edge.(2) The formation and development of the re-entrant jet flow.(3) Large scale cloud cavity sheds downstream. Numerical results also indicate that the non-uniform adverse pressure gradient is the main driving force of the re-entrant jet, which results in the U-shaped cavity and the 3-D bubbly structure during the cloud cavity shedding.     

Numerical analysis of the unsteady behavior of cloud cavitation around a hydrofoil based on an improved filter-based model

The unsteady cavitation evolution around the Clark-Y hydrofoil is investigated in this paper, by using an improved filter-base model(FBM) with the density correction method(DCM). To improve the prediction accuracy, the filter scale is adjusted based on the grid size. The numerical results show that a small filter scale is crucial for the unsteady simulations of the cavity shedding flow. The hybrid method that combines the FBM and the DCM could help to limit the overprediction of the turbulent viscosity in the cavitation region on the wall of the hydrofoil and in the wake. The large value of the maximum density ratio ? l /? v, clip promotes the mass transfer rate between the liquid phase and the vapor phase, which results in a large sheet cavity length and the vapor fraction rise inside the cavity. The cavity patterns predicted by the improved method are verified by the experimental visualizations. The time-average lift, the drag coefficient and the primary oscillating frequency St for the cavitation number ?= 0.8, the angle of attack, ?= 8o, at a Reynolds number Re= 7 ?105 are 0.735, 0.115 and 0.183, respectively, and the predicted errors are 3.29%, 3.36% and 8.93%. The typical three stages in one revolution are well-captured, including the initiation of the sheet/attached cavity, the growth toward the trailing edge(TE) with the development of the re-entrant jet flow, and the large scale cloud cavity shedding. It is observed that the cloud cavity shedding flow induces the vortex pairs of the TE vortices in the wake and the shedding vortices. The positive vorticity vortex of the re-entrant jet and the TE vortices interacts and merges with the negative vorticity vortex of the leading edge(LE) cavity to produce the shedding flow.     

3-D Lagrangian-based investigations of the time-dependent cloud cavitating flows around a Clark-Y hydrofoil with special emphasis on shedding process analysis

In the present paper, the unsteady cavitating flow around a 3-D Clark-Y hydrofoil is numerically investigated with the filter-based density correction model(FBDCM), a turbulence model and the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(ZGB) cavitation model. A reasonable agreement is obtained between the numerical and experimental results. To study the complex flow structures more straightforwardly, a 3-D Lagrangian technology is developed, which can provide the particle tracks and the 3-D Lagrangian coherent structures(LCSs). Combined with the traditional methods based on the Eulerian viewpoint, this technology is used to analyze the attached cavity evolution and the re-entrant jet behavior in detail. At stage I, the collapse of the previous shedding cavity and the growth of a new attached cavity, the significant influence of the collapse both on the suction and pressure sides are captured quite well by the 3-D LCSs, which is underestimated by the traditional methods like the iso-surface of Q-criteria. As a kind of special LCSs, the arching LCSs are observed in the wake, induced by the counter-rotating vortexes. At stage II, with the development of the re-entrant jet,the influence of the cavitation on the pressure side is still not negligible. And with this 3-D Lagrangian technology, the tracks of the re-entrant jet are visualized clearly, moving from the trailing edge to the leading edge. Finally, at stage Ⅲ, the re-entrant jet collides with the mainstream and finally induces the shedding. The cavitation evolution and the re-entrant jet movement in the whole cycle are well visualized with the 3-D Lagrangian technology. Moreover, the comparison between the LCSs obtained with 2-D and 3-D Lagrangian technologies indicates the advantages of the latter. It is demonstrated that the 3-D Lagrangian technology is a promising tool in the investigation of complex cavitating flows.     

Numerical analyses of ventilated cavitation over a 2-D NACA0015 hydrofoil using two turbulence modeling methods

The present paper studies the ventilated cavitation over a NACA0015 hydrofoil by numerical methods. The corresponding cavity evolutions are obtained at three ventilation rates by using the level set method. To depict the complicated turbulent flow structure, the filter-based density corrected model(FBDCM) and the modified partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(MPANS) model are applied in the present numerical analyses. It is indicated that the predicted results of the cavitation shedding dynamics by both turbulence models agree fairly well with the experimental data. It is also noted that the shedding frequency and the super cavity length predicted by the MPANS method are closer to the experiment data as compared to that predicted by the FBDCM model. The simulation results show that in the ventilated cavitation, the vapor cavity and the air cavity have the same shedding frequency. As the ventilated rate increases, the vapor cavity is depressed rapidly. The cavitation-vortex interaction in the ventilated cavitation is studied based on the vorticity transport equation(VTE) and the Lagrangian coherent structure(LCS). Those results demonstrate that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms are highly dependent on the evolution of the cavitation. In addition, from the LCSs and the tracer particles in the flow field, one may see the process from the attached cavity to the cloud cavity.     

带扭曲舵船舶自航因子数值预报

为研究扭曲舵的节能效果,以标准船模KVLCC2为对象,设计了合适的扭曲舵,进行基于CFD方法的实船自航因子预报。该文首先以带常规舵的船模为对象进行了船-舵模型阻力试验、螺旋桨模型敞水试验和船-桨-舵模型自航试验数值模拟,通过数值结果与试验结果的对比,验证了数值方法的有效性。然后根据螺旋桨尾部流场设计扭曲舵,进行了带扭曲舵的船-舵模型阻力试验和船-桨-舵模型自航试验数值模拟,基于数值模拟结果,分析得到了实船自航因子,并将其与带普通舵的实船自航因子进行比较;结果表明,所设计的扭曲舵可以较好地提高螺旋桨推进效率,使相同航速下的螺旋桨转速降低,达到期望的节能效果。     

三维非定常湍流尾水管涡带数值模拟

采用全流道三维非定常流动数值模拟方法,研究了混流式水轮机在部分负荷工况运行时,尾水管涡带在尾水管内引起的压力脉动现象。计算工况为典型的部分负荷工况,单位转速为70.52r/min, 单位流量为0.679m3/s。计算结果表明在4个计算点都得到了涡带低频压力脉动：频率为0.333Hz, 是转频1.25Hz的1/3.75,相近工况（n11=71.25r/min,Q11=0.689m3/s）模型试验测得涡带频率为5.31Hz, 是转频18.62Hz的1/3.51,从涡带频率看计算结果与试验测量结果一致。研究成果表明数值模拟方法是可行的,可以在设计阶段预测尾水管内涡带压力脉动的特性。