燃烧过程中焦炭的孔隙结构演变与颗粒物的形成

通过煤粉在沉降炉中的燃烧,研究了燃烧过程中煤焦的孔隙结构演变及其对颗粒物(PM)形成的影响,分析了煤焦颗粒的比表面和孔径分布.将不同气氛下燃烧生成的颗粒物通过Dekati低压撞击器(DLPI)分级,分级范围从0.03到10 μm.研究表明:初始煤粒径的减小会使焦炭孔隙率增大,使焦炭在燃烧中更容易破碎,从而形成更多的超微米颗粒物;温度的升高虽然也会增加焦炭的孔隙率,但是对超微米颗粒物排放浓度的影响随不同的燃烧气氛而不同;氧气浓度的增加则有利于超微米颗粒物的形成.     

生物质层燃燃烧过程中的影响因素分析

针对生物质层燃燃烧过程,综述了生物质燃料物理性质、供风以及炉排运动形式对层燃燃烧过程影响的研究进展;归纳了颗粒粒度大小、密度和全水分对燃烧过程的影响,操作因素中风量分配、风速、空气预热对燃烧的影响和不同炉排运动对料床上颗粒混合状况和燃烧的影响。当前,层燃燃烧过程的影响因素分析,多数都是基于固定床或者移动炉排开展的实验,对于由炉排运动引起的燃烧过程中料床上颗粒混合、颗粒粒度大小分布、孔隙率、料床厚度不均匀性等规律的研究,还处于初始阶段。     

不同煤质煤颗粒流化床燃烧过程的微观结构演化扫描电镜分析

在不同实验条件下,用实验室规模小型电加热流化床制取不同煤质煤颗粒样品.利用扫描电镜观察煤颗粒表面形貌、孔隙结构,对煤颗粒在不同床温、燃烧时间的条件下的形貌演变过程以及燃烧后所得的孔隙率进行了分析,得到床温、煤颗粒大小、煤种、燃烧时间对孔隙率的影响.     

煤颗粒热膨胀破碎特性的试验研究

煤颗粒的热膨胀破碎特性直接影响流化床锅炉的运行效率。利用热机械分析仪(TM A)测定了不同种类不同密度的型煤受热膨胀的特性,并对部分破碎微观形貌利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FSEM)进行了观察;通过马弗炉内的燃烧试验研究了热膨胀特性和燃烧破碎的关系。研究表明,煤颗粒在燃烧过程中其热膨胀破碎主要发生在挥发分析出阶段;内部挥发分的析出会使颗粒内压增大而产生膨胀,进而产生细小裂纹并破碎;挥发分越高,颗粒密度越大,其热膨胀形变率越大,越容易发生破碎现象;主要挥发分析出后热膨胀引起的破碎可以忽略。     

氧煤在炉膛内的燃烧方式分析

采用高温预热氧化剂或提高射流速度的方式,可将氧煤燃烧和MILD燃烧相结合,氧煤燃烧可以得到较高CO_2浓度的烟气,约90%,便于实现燃煤过程的CO_2捕集和封存(CCS),而MILD燃烧模式下的氧浓度整体水平较低,从而降低了煤的化学反应速率。利用煤粉的反应动力学参数,建立了氧煤燃烧炉膛的辐射传热模型,同时对不同氧浓度下煤粉燃尽时间和炉膛温度分布进行了计算。结果表明:煤炭颗粒的燃尽时间随着氧浓度和燃烧温度的降低而延长,且在低氧浓度下(10%),氧浓度的变化对燃尽时间的影响程度增大,而燃烧温度的变化对燃尽率的影响不大。煤样固定碳含量高,则炉膛介质温度整体提高,随着氧浓度的降低,燃烧峰值降低且位置稍有延后,且温度分布趋于均匀化。     

生物质稀酸水解过程中硫酸在粒子中的扩散模型的建立

建立了生物质稀硫酸催化水解过程中硫酸在生物质粒子中的扩散模型,对硫酸在生物质粒子中随反应时间和空间的变化进行了数学描述.通过考察曲折因子、生物质粒子大小以及孔隙率对硫酸浓度分布的影响,发现生物质粒子的大小和孔隙率对水解反应中的硫酸扩散具有很大的影响,同时曲折因子的影响可以归结在孑L隙率的影响中.     

影响福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的若干因素

煤质特性和锅炉运行工况是影响福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的主要因素.致密的颗粒内部结构、很差的反应性和强烈的热破碎性等煤质特性和燃烧特性是导致福建无烟煤颗粒在CFB锅炉中难于被燃尽的内因,而入炉煤粒径分布、过量空气系数、二次风输送方式及二次风率、燃烧温度等锅炉运行参数对其燃尽也有很大的影响.采用窄筛分偏粗颗粒入炉煤、提高燃烧过量空气系数和二次风率,增强二次风的扰动穿透能力、提高燃烧温度等运行措施有利于福建无烟煤焦在CFB锅炉中的燃尽.为取得较好的燃烧效果,燃烧温度应提高到1000℃左右,过量空气系数应维持在1.25～1.30之间.图8表2参15     

微型热光电系统多孔介质燃烧器性能的实验研究

为保证微型热光电动力系统能稳定、高效地工作,燃烧器壁面需有较高的温度,且分布均匀．对采用多孔介质结构的微型燃烧器进行了实验研究,分析了孔隙率、CH_4/O_2混合比等因素对燃烧器性能的影响．结果表明,采用多孔介质结构可以改善燃烧器内的燃烧传热过程；合理选择孔隙率和工况参数,可以优化燃烧器壁面温度分布,提高系统工作性能．     

不同煤化程度煤的可磨性指数变化和破碎特性

可磨性是煤加工利用过程中的一个重要指标，可磨性指数与煤的破碎机理、煤粒破碎后的粒度分布均有关系。运用哈氏可磨性指数测定仪和马尔文激光粒度仪对几种不同煤化程度的单煤进行了可磨性指数测定和激光粒度分析试验，分析了煤种的破碎过程以及破碎后的粒度分布规律。试验结果表明，经过哈氏可磨性测定仪后，各煤种的工业分析都发生了不同程度的变化，而煤粉破碎后的粒度分布取决于煤种的煤化程度，而与煤种的可磨性指数相关性较小。     

渐变型多孔介质中预混燃烧温度分布试验

进行了预混天然气在等孔隙率渐近变孔径的多孔介质中的燃烧试验，用热电偶测量了燃烧室温度分布，并与单一孔径（d=1mm）的均匀多孔介质中燃烧结果进行了比较。结果表明，渐变型多孔介质燃烧器比均匀型多孔介质燃烧器具有更多的优点：燃烧室温度分布更加均匀，燃烧更加稳定，并能更好的适应当量比和流量／功率的变化，由于孔径的变化，多孔介质中气流扰动增加，有利于火焰的稳定，当量比和流速变化范围增大。     

煤焦燃烧模型的热重实验研究

基于热重分析法对无烟煤和烟煤的两种煤焦在不同氧浓度下(100％、30％、20％和7％，其余为氩气)的燃烧模型进行了研究．比较和分析了几种主要燃烧动力学模型的特点，采用一种新的统一模型和动力学参数对上述煤焦的燃烧过程进行了模拟．分析了煤焦颗粒比表面积在燃烧过程中的变化规律，改进了原有煤焦模型中的表面积系数的选取办法，模拟结果与实验结果吻合程度较好．该模型能够较好地对煤焦的燃烧过程进行模拟，而且采用变氧浓度的实验方法是一种研究煤焦燃烧动力学参数的有效途径。     

Coal char particle secondary fragmentation in an entrained-flow coal-water slurry gasifier

Coal char particle size in the gasifier has an influence on the carbon conversion, gasifier slagging as well as the particle matter content in raw syngas. The particle size distribution in a bench-scale opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasifier illustrated that the secondary fragmentation behavior exists in the entrained-flow gasifier after the particles moving from high temperature impinging flame region to the gasification chamber outlet region. Particles larger than 200 μm in the impinging flame region have porosity structures with fragile shapes. Particle size distributions under different oxygen to carbon ratios (O/C) also indicate that there is an obvious fragmentation while the particle size is larger than 200 μm. As long as the coal char particles move from the impinging flame region towards the gasification chamber outlet region, the secondary fragmentation is probably taken place as a result of percolative fragmentation, undergoing gasification reactions and thermal stress. However, thermal stress fragmentation only has an influence on the particle sizes larger than 350 μm according to the calculation by a simplified mathematical model.     

Numerical Studies on Combustion Characteristics of Interacting Pulverized Coal Particles at Various Oxygen Concentration

The two-dimensional laminar combustion characteristics of coal particles at various oxygen concentration levels of a surrounding gas have been numerically investigated. The numerical simulations, which use the two-step global reaction model to account for the surrounding gas effect, show the detailed interaction among the inter-spaced particles, undergoing devolatilization and subsequent char burning. Several parametric studies, which include the effects of gas temperature (1700 K), oxygen concentration, and variation in geometrical arrangement of the particles on the volatile release rate and the char burning rate, have been carried out. To address the change in the geometrical arrangement effect, multiple particles are located at various inter-spacings of 4–20 particle radii in both streamwise and spanwise directions. The results for the case of multiple particles are compared with those for the case of a single particle. The comparison indicates that the shift to the multiple particle arrangement resulted in the substantial change of the combustion characteristics and that the volatile release rate of the interacting coal particles exhibits a strong dependency on the particle spacing. The char combustion rate is controlled by the level of oxygen concentration and gas composition near particles during combustion. The char combustion rate is highly dependent on the particle spacing at all oxygen levels. The correlations of the volatile release rate and the change in total mass of particles are also found.     

无烟煤流化床燃烧中热破碎现象的研究综述

归纳用于衡量破碎程度的参数,分析产生破碎的机理,研究影响热破碎的因素,讨论破碎现象对燃烧的作用。总结认为。流化床燃烧中。无烟煤的破碎具有较大随机性,受煤质影响极大,粒径、炉床温度、停留时间、流化介质及流化速度等对破碎也有重要影响。煤的破碎有利于提高煤焦颗粒的燃烧速率,但同时也会增加炉床内可扬析颗粒数量,导致飞灰未燃碳含量增加的后果。实现破碎物料的准确快速取样和建立破碎前后颗粒平均粒径之间的关系是今后破碎研究工作尚待解决的问题。     

Modeling char oxidation behavior under Zone II burning conditions at elevated pressures

For accurate modeling of the coal combustion process at elevated pressures, account must be made for variations in char-particle structure. As pressure is increased, particle swelling increases during the devolatilization of certain bituminous coals, yielding a variety of char-particle structures, from uniform high-density particles to thin-walled non-uniform low-density particles having large internal void volumes. Since under Zone II burning conditions the char conversion rate depends upon the accessibility of the internal surfaces, the char structure plays a key role in determining particle burnout times. In our approach to characterize the impact of char structure on particle burning rates, effectiveness factors appropriate for thin-walled cenospherical particles and thick-walled particles having a few large cavities are defined and related to the effectiveness factor for uniform high-density particles that have no large voids, only a random distribution of pores having a mean pore size in the sub-micron range. For the uniform case, the Thiele modulus approach is used to account for Zone II type burning in which internal burning is limited by the combined effects of pore diffusion and the intrinsic chemical reactivity of the carbonaceous material. In the paper, the impact of having a variety of char structures in a mix of particles burning under Zone II burning conditions is demonstrated.     

Numerical studies on the combustion properties of char particle clusters

Particle clustering is an important phenomenon in dense particle–gas two-phase flow. One of the key problems worth studying is the reacting properties of particle clusters in coal particle combustion process in the dense particle region. In this paper, a two-dimensional mathematical model for the char cluster combustion in airflow field is established. This char cluster consists of several individual particles. The comprehensive model includes mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for both gas and particle phases. Detailed results regarding velocity vector, mass component, and temperature distributions inside and around the cluster are obtained. The micro-scale mass and heat transfer occurred inside and around the char cluster are revealed. By contrastively studying the stable combustion of char particle clusters consisting of different particles, the combustion properties of char clusters in various particle concentrations are presented and discussed.     

基于灰颗粒的物理特性为分类原则的试验研究

循环流化床(CFB)锅炉炉内的燃烧及传热与炉内床料的状态密切相关,而炉内床料主要是由燃煤含有的矿物组分经过燃烧、爆裂和磨耗过程形成的。文中对6种煤样在固定床燃烧后,使用可视化显微仪,获取了灰颗粒的微观形貌特征,根据灰颗粒的机械强度和耐磨性能的不同,将灰颗粒定义为3类不同性质的灰。以此为基点,采用固定床燃烧后冷态振动筛分和流化床实验台热态流化后筛分的方法,研究了不同燃烧温度下升温速率对灰颗粒粒径变化的影响,以及不同燃烧温度下燃烧时间对灰颗粒粒径变化的影响,推演了不同煤样在燃烧过程中的演化特征。结果表明:3类灰颗粒在不同的燃烧温度和时间的演化过程存在明显的不同,从而为预测循环流化床中的床料粒径分布提供了理论依据。     

Combustion behavior in air of single particles from three different coal ranks and from sugarcane bagasse

Comparative combustion studies were performed on particles of pulverized coal samples from three different ranks: a high-volatile bituminous coal, a sub-bituminous coal, and two lignite coals. The study was augmented to include observations on burning pulverized woody biomass residues, in the form of sugarcane bagasse. Fuel particles, in the range of 75–90 μm, were injected in a bench-scale, transparent drop-tube furnace, electrically-heated to 1400 K, where they experienced high-heating rates, ignited and burned. The combustion of individual particles in air was observed with three-color pyrometry and high-speed high-resolution cinematography to obtain temperature–time–size histories. Based on combined observations from these techniques, in conjunction to morphological examinations of particles, a comprehensive understanding of the combustion behaviors of these fuels was developed. Observed differences among the coals have been striking. Upon pyrolysis, the bituminous coal chars experienced the phenomena of softening, melting, swelling and formation of large blowholes through which volatile matter escaped. Combustion of the volatile matter was sooty and very luminous with large co-tails forming in the wake of the particle trajectories. Only after the volatile matter flames extinguished, the char combustion commenced and was also very luminous. In contrast, upon pyrolysis, lignite coals became fragile and experienced extensive fragmentation, immediately followed by ignition of the char fragments (numbering in the order of 10–100, depending on the origin of the lignite coal) spread apart into a relatively large volume. As no separate volatile matter combustion period was evident, it is likely that volatiles burned on the surface of the chars. The combustion of the sub-bituminous coal was also different. Most particles experienced limited fragmentation, upon pyrolysis, to several char fragments, with or without the presence of brief and low-luminosity volatile flames; other particles did not fragment and directly proceeded to char combustion. Finally combustion of bagasse was once again very distinctive. Upon pyrolysis, long-lasting, low-luminosity, nearly-transparent spherical flames formed around slowly-settling devolatilizing particles. They were followed by bright, short-lived combustion of the chars. Both volatiles and chars experienced shrinking core mode of burning. For all fuels, flame and char temperature profiles were deduced from pyrometric data and burnout times were measured. Combustion rates were calculated from luminous carbon disappearance measurements, and were compared with predictions based on published kinetic expressions.     

煤粉粒燃烧模糊孔模型

本文利用压汞仪研究了８种原煤及其不同燃尽度的焦样中的孔隙结构,发现大孔的孔容积构成了煤的孔容积的绝大部分,小孔的孔面积构成了煤的孔面积的绝大部分。基于试验结果和理论推导,作者提出了一种新的孔结构模型──模糊孔模型。模糊大孔和模糊小孔分别控制孔内的传质和化学燃烧过程。文中给出了煤粒燃烧过程的控制方程,并对单颗煤粒内部的燃烧过程进行了数值求解,研究了孔隙率、比表面积,颗粒尺寸等结构参数对煤焦反应性的影响,而且与Ｓｍｉｔｈ的试验结果进行了比较。     

Study of the evolution of particle size distributions and its effects on the oxidation of pulverized coal

This paper discusses the factors influencing the evolution of particle size during the combustion of pulverized coal, as well as their consequences for the interpretation of burnout curves. A detailed experimental characterization of the evolution of the particle size distribution (PSD) of a pulverized coal (anthracite) burned under realistic conditions in an entrained flow reactor is presented and used as the reference data for the subsequent analysis. The data show evidence for particle fragmentation at relatively short times (or, equivalently, high unburnt fractions). The formation of fragments comparable in size to the parent coal/char particles is modeled with a simple fragmentation scheme, which results in an improved reproduction of the PSD's evolution. The effects of fragmentation on the burnout curves are then studied in detail. An enhancement of their curvature is observed, which results in a better fit of the experimental data; in particular, the high conversion range, where the largest discrepancies between predictions and measurements are usually found, is well reproduced with this “extended” model. Simultaneously, the increase of specific surface caused by particle fragmentation causes an increase in the conversion rate, and a smaller total conversion time. To fit the experimental data, new optimal kinetic parameters are calculated. Finally, the potential relevance of fragmentation in the simulation of industrial pf plants is discussed.