河南省市售食用植物油中氯丙醇酯污染状况分析

旨在为河南省食品安全风险监测提供参考,对河南省市售的205份食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-MCPD酯)的污染状况进行调查分析。结果显示：205份食用植物油中,3-MCPD酯污染水平高于2-MCPD酯,其中3-MCPD酯检出率为79.0%,均值为1.83 mg/kg,中位值为1.30 mg/kg;大豆油的3-MCPD酯检出率最高,为93.3%,中位值为1.72 mg/kg,其次是花生油,检出率为89.2%,中位值为1.06 mg/kg,橄榄油的3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯污染水平最低;2021年食用植物油中3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯检出率均高于2020年;城市、农村人群经由食用植物油摄入3-MCPD酯健康风险较低。不同食用植物油氯丙醇酯的污染水平差别较大,虽然居民经食用植物油摄入3-MCPD酯健康风险较低,但需要继续加强监测。     

食品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯的检测方法及防控措施研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters, 3-MCPD酯)是一种在食品加工过程中产生的化学污染物,其在精炼植物油、脂肪、酱油甚至婴儿配方奶粉中含量均相对较高。3-MCPD酯已被证明可在体内诱导产生肾脏毒性、生殖毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性和致突变性作用,对人类健康存在潜在风险,引起了国内外的广泛关注和高度重视。国际和我国已设立了对3-MCPD酯的检测标准,但是检测方法烦琐、耗时,安全隐患较大,对实验室仪器要求高,因此,建立简单、快速、适用性强的3-MCPD酯检测方法对食品中3-MCPD酯的污染水平监测、暴露评估和风险防范等具有重大的意义。本文综合介绍了国内外最新的3-MCPD酯监测方法,并对相关的检测方法及其适用范围进行了简单概括,根据3-MCPD酯的影响因素综合描述了对各种食物中3-MCPD酯控制措施,并展望了3-MCPD酯未来发展方向。     

铁强化酱油市场调查

该文调查了铁强化酱油市场销售情况以及人群铁强化酱油消费情况。随机抽取四个省会级城市,抽取城市中至少5家大型超市进行调查,了解铁强化酱油销售情况。在当地商超门口,菜市场门口等人员密集的地方进行随机调查,了解当地酱油以及铁强化酱油购买与食用情况。结果表明,42家商超中有29家商超销售铁强化酱油,铁强化酱油售价较同规格酱油售价高0.07元/100 mL。过去一年有5.02%的人食用过铁强化酱油。在铁强化酱油消费人群中,有15.6%的人过去一年一直食用铁强化酱油,有24.4%的人过去一年食用铁强化酱油时间超过2个月,有60%的人过去一年食用铁强化酱油时间不足2个月。因此仍需加大力度宣传推广铁强化酱油。     

食用植物油中3-MCPD酯GC-MS测定方法研究

建立了甲醇钠-甲醇水解,固相萃取柱净化,HFBI衍生结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法对食用植物油中3-MCPD酯含量进行测定。该方法在0.50～2. 50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r~2=0.988 5),检出限为0. 025 5 mg/kg,定量限为0. 093 3 mg/kg。3-MCPD酯的平均加标回收率在94. 80%～104. 62%之间,RSD 1.47%～5.23%。本方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重复性好,能够很好地适用于食用植物油中3-MCPD酯的检测。采用该方法对新疆几种市售食用植物油中的3-MCPD酯进行测定。新疆市售的几种食用植物油中均检测出浓度不等的3-MCPD酯。其中菜籽油、亚麻籽油、番茄籽油、花生油以及葡萄籽油受3-MCPD酯污染严重,3-MCPD酯含量都高于0.4 mg/kg。而核桃油、大豆油、红花籽油中3-MCPD酯的含量都低于0.4mg/kg。     

我国市售食用植物油中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯的污染调查

食用油脂中的脂肪酸氯丙醇酯(简称氯丙酯)是近年来国际关注的新的食品污染物,本研究调查了我国市售食用植物油中氯丙酯的污染情况.在全国多个大型连锁超市采集大豆油、茶籽油、花生油等11种共143份食用植物油.样品经碱水解后,以硅藻土基质分散固相萃取法净化,样液经衍生后采用气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS)检测,以稳定性同位素内标法对3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-MCPD酯)进行定量.调查发现,11类食用植物油中3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的检出率分别为74.8％和49.7％,含量分别在0.064(最低检出限,LOD)～5.96 mg/kg和0.072 (LOD) ～ 3.43 mg/kg(分别以游离形式的3-MCPD和2-MCPD计)之间;茶籽油和芝麻油污染问题较为突出,其3-MCPD酯含量的中位数分别为1.63、0.60 mg/kg.样品中2-MCPD酯与3-MCPD酯的含量之间存在线性相关,相关系数为0.899.     

我国市售酱油氯丙醇污染研究:地区间污染水平的比较

采用稳定性同位素稀释气相质谱法定量测定多组分氯丙醇,调查了我国市售酱油氯丙醇的污染水平。调查分3次进行,所抽查的629份市售酱油产于2003~2004年间,来自我国11个省、市。各地区样品3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)的检出率均较高,在90%~100%之间,3-MCPD水平在0.003~189 mg/kg之间,几何均数为21.1μg/kg;2-氯-1,3-丙二醇(2-MCPD)的检出率在14.3%~83.8%之间;1,3-二氯-2-丙醇(1,3-DCP)、2,3-二氯-1-丙醇(2,3-DCP)的检出率分别在0%~24%、0~18.9%之间,全部样品的几何均数低于定量限。总体上,我国市售酱油氯丙醇污染水平有明显下降,但以各地有限的抽查样品评价,污染的地区差异明显,来自河南、广西、浙江样品污染水平以及检出率相对较高,而福建、江苏、北京以及上海样品污染水平较低。     

温度以及氯离子对初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯生成的影响

采用气相色谱-负化学离子源-质谱(GC-NCI-MS)联用技术,建立了测定食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)含量的分析方法。该方法在0.01~0.10 mg/kg范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.997 4),检出限为5 μg/kg,定量限为20 μg/kg。加标回收率在80.47%~81.68%之间,相对标准偏差在5.60%~8.35%之间。对初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯进行检测,结果表明：低温炒籽对于初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯生成没有影响。将油样加热至160 ℃~200 ℃范围内,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯的生成随温度的升高以而增加,但增加不明显。将油样加热至200 ℃时,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯的生成随加热时间的增加而增加,但增长不显著。但将油样加热至200 ℃时,随着氯离子含量的增加,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯呈显著上升趋势。     

GC-MS法测定酱油及调味液中的氯丙醇

目的:建立酱油及调味液中氯丙醇的GC-MS测定方法.方法:采用3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)的氘代同位素d5-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(d5-3-MCPD)做内标,使用硅藻土萃取SPE小柱快速分离提取,提取物经七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生后,用选择离子监测的气相色谱-质谱联用法测定3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的含量.结果:3-MCPD在0.02～0.50 mg/L范围内线性良好(r＞0.999),三个浓度水平下加标回收率为78.1％～85.7％,精密度6.2％～8.4％.结论:方法快速简便且具有较高的灵敏度、准确度、精密度和特异性,满足了酱油及调味液中痕量氯丙醇的分析要求.     

我国市酱油氯丙醇污染调查研究:3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)与某些因素的关系

调查了我国市售酱油氯丙醇的污染情况,样品来自2003年全国污染物监测网和2004年卫生部健康相关产品卫生抽检。采用基质固相分散萃取法(MSPD)进行样品的净化,以稳定性同位素稀释技术结合气相-质谱法(GC-MS)的内标法定量测定3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)含量。对3-MCPD污染水平与某些因素的关系作了探讨,结果表明,国家免检、HACCP认证、包装形式等因素与3-MCPD水平有显著性相关关系(P<0.05),而QS认证、IS09000认证、推荐与监制、铁强化、生产工艺、质量等级和抽样场所等因素与3-MCPD水平的高低没有显著性关系(P>0.05),说明QS认证、IS09000认证、推荐与监制等措施对氯丙醇降低的作用不明显。此外,来自餐饮业酱油的氯丙醇污染相对较高,值得进一步关注。     

纸质吸管中氯丙醇含量检测及其向饮料迁移情况研究

该研究旨在对市售纸质吸管中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-chloro-1,2-propanediol, 3-MCPD)和1,3-二氯-2-丙醇(1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, 1,3-DCP)的含量进行调查分析,并对其向饮料迁移的情况进行研究。采用冷水提取法对纸质吸管中的3-MCPD和1,3-DCP进行提取,超声辅助分散液相微萃取方法进行富集和衍生化,气相色谱-质谱联用进行分析检测。结果表明,20种市售纸质吸管中,3-MCPD检出率为65%,其含量为79.0～2 289.6 ng/g; 1,3-DCP检出率为70%,其含量为5.3～104.9 ng/g;随着时间延长和温度上升,纸质吸管中氯丙醇向饮料迁移的量呈增加趋势;在温度为室温、时间为30 min时,3-MCPD迁移的总体检出率为16.7%,迁移量为7.8～60.5 ng/mL,1,3-DCP的总体检出率为13.3%,迁移量为2.9～8.4 ng/mL。研究结果有望为进一步系统评估纸质吸管中氯丙醇的潜在风险提供参考。     

Occurrence of chloropropanols in soy sauce and other foods in China between 2002 and 2004.

A survey of chloropropanols in soy sauce and some selected foods in China is reported. Thirty-seven traditionally brewed soy sauce samples contained 3-MCPD below the EC maximum limit (ML) of 0.02 mg kg(-1). All soy sauce samples (629) from retailers contained levels of 3-MCPD ranging between <0.005 (LOQ) and 189 mg kg(-1), and only 12.2% had levels in excess of the Chinese ML of 1.0 mg kg(-1) for acid hydrolyzed vegetable protein (acid HVP). This indicates that the necessary processing changes have been made to decrease levels of chloropropanols in soy sauce. 2-Monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD), 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (2,3-DCP) were detected in 48.1 19.1 and 3.78% of the soy sauce samples, respectively; the highest levels being 20.3, 8.26 and 0.50 mg kg(-1), respectively. A good linear correlation was found between the amount of 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD, with the level of 3-MCPD being generally higher than that of other chloropropanols for the same soy sauce. Acid HVP contained 3-MCPD at a level of 0.010-117.7 mg kg(-1) (on a liquid basis) and 80% of samples contained levels exceeding 1.0 mg kg(-1). In some other foods investigated, relatively high levels of 3-MCPD were found in soy sauce powder, oyster sauce, beef products, instant noodle spices and health foods, ranging from 0.029 to 13.64 mg kg(-1). It is concluded that abnormal levels of 3-MCPD in soy sauce or other foods produced in China may result from acid hydrolysis or the addition of the contaminated acid HVP.     

Determination of 1,3-dichloropropanol in soy sauces by automated headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

There has been recent concern about the levels of carcinogenic chloropropanols in some soy sauces. We have devised and tested a new automated headspace GC-MS technique for the analysis of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP) in soy sauce and similar products. The method incorporates the use of cryogenic trapping and a deuterium-labelled internal standard. The limit of detection was 0.003 mg kg(-1). After in-house validation testing, the method was applied to soy sauce samples that had previously been analysed for the related contaminant 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD). 1,3-DCP was detected in 10 of 40 sauces, all of which also contained 3-MCPD. The highest level was just >1 mg kg(-1). There was no correlation between the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD.     

固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法测定酱油中3种氯丙醇类污染物

目的 建立一种固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用测定酱油中多组分氯丙醇类污染物的检测方法.方法 酱油样品上样于硅藻土萃取柱,用乙酸乙酯洗脱目标物,再经七氛丁酰基咪唑衍生化,色谱柱为HP-5MS毛细管柱(30 m ×0.25 mm ×0.25μm),采用气相色谱-质谱法测定,内标法定量.结果 本法中的1,3-二氯-2-丙醇(1,3-DCP)、2,3-二氯-1-丙醇(2,3-DCP)及3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)的检出限分别为0.4,0.6和0.9μg/kg,线性范围5～100μg/kg(r2 ＞0.999);加标回收实验在5、20及50μg/kg浓度下进行,重复测定5次,3种添加浓度下1,3-DCP、2,3-DCP及3-MCPD的平均回收率分别为92.3％ ～ 99.2％、99.3％ ～ 103.4％、74.5％ ～ 93.5％,精密度分别为0.5％～5.5％、1.4％～4.6％、3.2％～14.3％.结论本法安全、高效、简单、灵敏,适用于大批量酱油样品中氯丙醇类污染物的检测.     

Study of chloropropanols in soy sauce by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with coupled column separation without derivatisation

A qualitative and quantitative determination method for chloropropanols in soy sauce was developed by GC-MS/MS with coupled column separation without derivatisation. The target compounds were 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD). 3-MCPD-d₅ was used as an isotope internal standard for MCPDs and 1,3-DCP-d₅ for DCPs. After spiking with internal standards and mixed with 1?g of Extrelut? NT, about 1?g of the sample was washed by 4?ml of hexane and the analytes were eluted with 15?ml of 95% (v/v) ethyl ether/hexane mixture. The concentrated extract was directly injected without derivatisation, separated by a coupled column – a 3?m Innowax (polyethylene glycol) combined with a 30?m DB-5?ms ((5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane) by a quartz capillary column connector – and detected by GC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LODs) in the sample matrix were 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 5.0?µg?kg^?1 for the above chloropropanols, respectively. The relative proportions of 2-MCPD/3-MCPD ranged from 0.19 to 3.74 in soy sauce samples. 2,3-DCP and 2-MCPD were more stable than 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD under alkaline condition. The levels of chloropropanols can be decreased by an alkaline treatment process.     

食品安全风险分析的原理与应用

通过对风险评估、风险管理和风险交流过程的阐述介绍了食品安全风险分析的原理和方法。以酱油中三氯丙醇的风险分析为例，简要说明了食品安全风险分析的应用。     

Quantification of ethyl carbamate in soy sauce consumed in Korea and estimated daily intakes by age

To estimate the daily intake of ethyl carbamate (EC, a possible human carcinogen) from soy sauce consumed in Korea, 136 soy sauce samples were collected from various regions and analysed by gas chromatography/selected ion mode mass spectrometry (GC/SIM‐MS). The distribution of EC varied significantly among samples, ranging from not detected to 128.9 µg kg^?1, with the highest level in Japanese‐style soy sauce. Based on individual intakes in the Complementary Report on 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey and EC contents analysed in the present study, the contribution of soy sauce to EC intake was estimated by multiplying the mean concentration of EC by individual soy sauce intake data. Daily intakes of EC kg^?1 body weight by high consumers were particularly high in age groups 1–2 years (78.59 ng), 3–6 years (86.37 ng), 50–64 years (86.24 ng) and ≥ 65 years (76.86 ng). Based on a benchmark dose confidence limit (BMDL) of 0.3 mg EC kg^?1 body weight day^?1, the margin of exposure (MOE) calculated from the daily intake of EC in soy sauce for high consumers ranged from 3488 to 7317, which is of concern. Daily EC intakes are likely to be exceeded in groups who consume other fermented foods as well as alcoholic beverages. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauces and similar products available from retail outlets in the UK

A survey of the level of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauces and similar products available in the UK is reported. The survey was carried out by the Joint Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food/Department of Health Food Safety and Standards Group (JFSSG) to check for compliance with the Food Advisory Committee's (FAC) recommended limit for 3-MCPD of 0.01mg/kg following reports that soy sauces in several European countries had been found to contain high levels (up to 124mg/kg) of 3-MCPD. Forty samples of soy sauce and similar products purchased from retail outlets were analysed using a GC-MS procedure which had been formally validated by an earlier collaborative trial. 3-MCPD was undetectable in 21 (52%) of samples analysed in the survey, with a further five samples containing very low levels of between 0.01 and 0.02mg/kg. Five samples (13%) contained 3-MCPD at levels in the range 0.020-1mg/kg while nine samples (23%) were found to contain 3-MCPD at levels greater than 1mg/kg, with the highest level being 30.5mg/kg.     

The simultaneous separation and determination of chloropropanols in soy sauce and other flavoring with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative chemical and electron impact ionization modes

Both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in electron ionization (GC-MS-EI) and negative chemical ionization (GC-MS-NCI) modes are reported in this paper for the simultaneous determination of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP), 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) in soy sauce and other flavoring. D₅-3-MCPD (for 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD) and d₅-1,3-DCP (for 1,3-DCP and 2,3-DCP) were used as the deuterium isotopic labelled internal standards. The feasibility of using heptafluorobutyric anhydride modified with triethylamine (HFBA-Et₃N) as a new derivatization reagent to replace heptafluorobutyrylimidazole (HFBI) is proposed. Liquid/liquid extraction with hexane was introduced for high lipid content samples. A small survey was carried out of soy sauces (103 samples) and instant noodles (45 samples) and the applicability of GC-MS-NCI and GC-MS-EI was assessed in these different matrices.