用中心管限位的椭球壳无模液压成形试验研究

理论与实践均证明,长短轴比大于2的椭球壳体在自由胀形时会在赤道附近起皱,其原因是由于存在纬向压应力。首次提出采用带中心管约束法整体无模胀形技术,对长短轴比为2的椭球壳体进行液压胀形试验研究,得到了椭球壳体胀形时应变分布及尺寸变化规律。试验结果表明：在中心管约束下的椭球壳体胀形可以较好地控制椭球轴长比。椭球状壳体在胀形过程中经历焊缝起皱凸起,后又在更高内压的作用下逐渐消皱的过程。塑性变形首先发生在赤道焊缝处,随后球瓣靠近南北极的部位也发生塑性变形,并由赤道和极板向温带区域扩展。用此方法所获得的壳体可以直接用于椭球形水塔。     

金属薄板超塑胀形极限系数

本文从连续介质塑性力学的基本理论出发,并应用变m值超塑性本构方程,求得超塑恒压自由胀形高度极限系数D和恒压胀形充填型槽半径极限系数D',进而给出用D和D'对应地确定极限高度和极限半径的简便方法。由于理论与实验结果符合,故可把D和D'作为超塑胀形的重要工艺参数。     

拉伸变形应变速率敏感性指数的力学涵义及其规范测量

鉴于建立超塑性变形定量力学解析理论的重要性,从分析Backofen超塑性拉伸的本构方程出发,讨论了方程中的材料参数k和应变速率敏感性指数m的力学涵义。提出了恒应变ε、恒速度υ和定载荷F三种典型变形路径条件下应变速率敏感性指数的规范测量公式。对每种变形路径又提出应变速率敏感性指数的传统测量方法和计算机模拟精确测量方法,并作了精度对比分析。给出了典型超塑Zn-5%Al合金在常态（18℃）和超塑状态（340℃）时三种变形路径下应变速率敏感性指数m ε、m υ和m F的实测结果。由于三者之间不但存在大的偏差,而且随ε的变化规律也各异。这就从试验上判明,即使在相同的应力状态下,应变速率敏感性指数也与变形路径密切相关。由此便向力学理论提出新的问题,要求从理论上解答偏差和变化规律不同的原因,进而揭示其力学本质。     

无模胀球的原理与研究进展

介绍了无模胀球技术的基本原理和主要工序, 以及无模胀球技术的最新研究进展和在工程中的应用情况。对椭球壳体液压胀形时的应力分布进行了理论分析和图形描述, 并进行了一系列的椭球壳整体无模液胀成形试验研究, 同时通过有限元数值模拟分析了壳体在胀形过程中塑性变形的发生部位及扩展过程。     

大型锻件内部空洞缺陷修复的力学条件

介绍了大型锻件内部缺陷修复条件研究的现状,针对钢锭内部空洞缺陷的尺寸远远小于本身尺寸的特点,依据圣维南原理,将各种空洞缺陷的形状假设为数学上可处理的椭球形。由于大型锻件的锻造是在高温下进行的,材料具有粘性流动的特征。在上述分析假设的基础上,对于线性粘性材料模型,利用损伤力学中远场应力与物体内部微观损伤的力学关系,得到了锻造过程中外载荷与内部空洞体积变化的解析式,进而得到了空洞缺陷闭合的修复条件。条件表明应力状态影响空洞的闭合方式,三向压应力是修复空洞缺陷的最佳应力状态。该条件可直接根据锻造水压机的在线载荷与压下量计算锻件内部空洞缺陷的修复情况。不同边界应力状态下的试验表明,计算结果与试验结果接近。     

汽车波形套复合缩径-胀形变形分析与求解

提出汽车波形套成形的复合缩径-胀形工艺,设计了成形模具,给出了胀形用弹性介质的设计原则,建立了波形套复合缩径-胀形力学模型,推导出各变形区的静力平衡方程,在试验研究的基础上求解了各变形区的应变场及应力场.     

高强低合金钢焊接过程多物理场耦合数值模拟

目前高强低合金钢焊接数值模拟中,采用热-力耦合分析时,忽略固态相变效应,残余应力模拟值与试验测量值误差较大。为提高焊接数值模拟精度,根据多场耦合关系,基于传热学、固态相变理论和连续介质力学,建立焊接过程多物理场耦合本构方程,并通过子程序将其嵌入到通用隐式有限元程序中。采用数值模拟与试验分析的方法研究高强低合金钢小试样的自由膨胀试验、相变塑性试验及平板焊接试验应力及各应变分量的演变。研究结果表明：固态相变体积变化引起的相变应变对残余应力有显著影响,不但改变了残余应力的大小,甚至改变了残余应力的符号,考虑相变塑性应变时会降低应力的水平。残余应力改变程度与相变程度有关系：完全相变区影响最大,部分相变区次之,未发生相变区最小。相变应变和相变塑性应变最终大小相当。研究方法为深入了解高强低合金钢焊接过程和焊接工艺优化提供了理论基础。     

双母线椭球壳液压胀形过程应力与变形分析

通过设计双母线椭球壳作为胀形前预制壳,解决了初始轴长比大于2的椭球壳在胀形过程赤道带起皱的问题。为分析双母线椭球壳胀形过程的应力与变形特点,进行初始轴长比为1.5和1.7的双母线椭球壳液压胀形试验研究和数值模拟。通过数值模拟,揭示双母线椭球壳无模胀形避免起皱的机理。在变形过程中,赤道带板料一致承受双向拉应力作用;赤道带焊缝处在变形初始阶段存在纬向压应力,产生的原因是焊缝处多面壳体二面角展开过程存在弯曲效应,在焊缝外表面带来附加压应力,该压应力不足以引起失稳起皱;随压力升高,壳体各处均受双向拉应力作用。通过试验研究,绘制典型点的应力轨迹图,揭示双母线椭球壳胀形过程中塑性变形发展及壁厚变化规律。极带最先发生塑性变形,随着压力的升高,塑性逐渐向赤道线方向发展,赤道线最后发生塑性变形;壳体侧瓣中心线比焊缝线更容易发生塑性变形。极带的变形量大于赤道带,所以壁厚的最大减薄位于极点,最大减薄率分别为10.4%和16.3%。最终获得合乎设计要求的椭球壳。     

高温超塑胀形实验装置

超塑变形具有很强的结构敏感性，其变形规律与应力状态和变形路径有关，因此在处理二维胀形问题时，不能直接引用一维拉伸的实验数据，胀形实验装置便成为理论研究和制定工艺方案的重要手段。设计了高温超塑胀形实验装置，并针对实验装置进行了程序设计。该实验装置具有氩气净化、炉外加热、温度和压力闭环控制，能同时施加正压、背压并按设定的恒压、恒极点胀形速度和应变速率进行实验，同时可以无接触地记录胀形件极点高度与时间的关系，并观察其形貌变化过程。     

不锈钢外板对5A06铝合金板材液压胀形行为的影响

薄壁曲面铝合金零件整体液压成形时,易发生起皱和破裂缺陷,探讨通过施加外层板能抑制缺陷发生的机理。采用5A06铝合金内层板材和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢外层板材,对双层板液压胀形行为进行研究。通过塑性理论分析板材液压胀形屈服半径,讨论经向摩擦力及法向压力对板材应力大小的影响;利用数值模拟给出内层板的应力、应变分布;通过双层板液压胀形试验,对比单层板和双层板条件下,铝合金内层板极限胀形高度、极限应变,分析双层板的变形协调性。结果表明:通过施加不锈钢外层板,减小了5A06铝合金内层板顶部位置面内的双向拉应力,减小了内层板变形区应力、应变梯度,使胀形变形更加均匀,胀形高度提高32%,顶部极限应变提高51.7%,极限应变显著提高。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.