Stability assessment of the Three-Gorges Dam foundation, China, using physical and numerical modeling—Part II: numerical modeling

Sliding in a dam foundation along potential sliding paths is generally caused by two kinds of external factors: one is the overloading of the designed upstream hydrostatic load due to flooding; and the other is the gradual degradation of the shear strength of joints due to seepage, deformation, damage, and geochemical reactions between water and joint surface minerals. Based on the conceptualized geomechanical model of the Three-Gorges Dam, described in the Part I paper, in this Part II paper the limit equilibrium method and finite element method are used to study the effects of gradual degradation of the shear strength of joints on the stability of the dam foundation. The numerical modeling focuses on the stability conditions of the no. 3 powerhouse-dam section which are estimated to be the most critical. The constraint influences from the adjacent no. 2 and no. 4 powerhouse-dam sections are also included. The failure mechanisms, factors of safety and critical displacements of these dam sections are derived numerically as the measures for stability evaluation. The factor of safety is defined as the ratio between the combined shear strength of joints and intact rock bridges, and the mean shear stress along potential sliding path required for limit equilibrium under the designed external loads. All the results obtained from these different numerical models, together with the results of physical model tests as presented in Part I, are compared in this paper. The comparisons show that both the numerical modeling and physical modeling results support each other and demonstrate the stability of the Three-Gorges Dam foundation as designed. Nevertheless, considering the overall engineering and social–economical importance of the Three-Gorges Dam complex, some additional treatment and reinforcement measures are recommended in this paper.     

锦屏高拱坝整体安全度评估

锦屏高拱坝是目前世界上拟建的最高的双曲薄拱坝,水压力巨大,其设计和分析都超出现行规范。锦屏一级拱坝的环境条件存在明显的不对称特点：一是两岸地形不对称;二是两岸地质条件明显不对称;三是坝体的坝面受日照时间不对称。这些不对称性和高水压使锦屏高拱坝的安全性成为锦屏拱坝建设中最重要的关键技术问题之一。运用三维非线性有限元数值分析方法,研究锦屏拱坝在多种工况下的应力场和位移场以及左、右岸不利地质构造对拱坝工作性态的影响。坝体的应力和位移分布存在比较明显的左右不对称,引起不对称的原因除两岸地基刚度不对称外,拱坝坝体的不对称也是重要原因,因此应进一步优化拱坝体型。确定锦屏拱坝地基系统在不同破坏模式下的整体安全度：上游水压力超载引起系统失效的整体安全度约为5.0;坝基岩体抗剪强度降低使系统失效的整体安全度约为3.0;地震灾害引起系统失效的整体安全度约为6.0。根据屈服破坏区的分布,指出坝基加固处理的重点部位为左拱端下游侧1 800 m高程以上和右拱端上游侧1 630～1 800 m高程之间。     

武都碾压混凝土重力坝深层抗滑稳定破坏试验研究

通过建立武都碾压混凝土重力坝典型坝段坝基的地质概化模型,采用三维地质力学模型试验方法对其天然地基条件下的深层抗滑稳定问题进行系统研究.试验对典型坝段的地形、地质条件,包括岩体、断层、节理等主要地质缺陷的特征进行模拟,根据岩体力学参数及软弱结构面力学参数,研制出适合武都工程地质条件的模型材料,采用超载法进行破坏试验研究.根据试验结果,分析坝体、坝基以及主要断层的变形特征,探讨坝与地基整体失稳的破坏过程、破坏形态和破坏机制,揭示影响坝基稳定的控制性因素,获得典型坝段的滑动破坏机制与稳定安全系数.在此基础上,对坝基加固处理措施进行讨论,为典型坝段的深层抗滑稳定安全评价与基础加固处理设计提供科学依据.     

溪洛渡特高拱坝建基面嵌深优化的分析与评价

 对特高拱坝建基面嵌入深度优化的分析与评价是当前水利工程中的重点研究方向之一,具有重要的学术和工程意义,其研究成果可为制定新的优化与评价标准作参考。在分析国内外特高拱坝建基面优化分析与评价研究现状的基础上,总结特高拱坝建基面优化分析与评价的原则与工作步骤。就建设中的溪洛渡特高拱坝建基面嵌入深度的优化设计,采用三维非线性有限元法和三维地质力学模型试验,对3种建基面嵌入深度方案,即可研方案、优化方案和比较方案的坝体应力、整体稳定、超载能力等进行分析评价。论证溪洛渡拱坝基础利用III1级岩体和上部高程部分利用III2级岩体作为大坝基础的可行性;实施中的建基面嵌深采用优化方案。优化方案较可研方案减少基础开挖和大坝混凝土工程量各100多万立方米,节省直接投资约7亿元,经济效益十分显著。     

Seismic performance evaluation of a jointed arch dam

Seismic performance and safety of a jointed arch dam, as an arch-shaped mass concrete structure, are investigated through the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis. In this way, 12 proper ground motions are selected, each of them is scaled to 12 successively increasing intensity levels and applied to the dam. Three and seven contraction joints are inserted within the dam body, and stage construction is taken into account. Several main assumptions including dam–reservoir–foundation dynamic interaction, absorbing boundary conditions at the far-ends of the reservoir and foundation, and material and joint nonlinearities are considered. The failure modes of the dam are determined according to the distribution of damaged zones through the dam body. The results of the static analysis under dam self-weight and hydrostatic load show that the inclusion of the contraction joints and the stage construction do not considerably alter the tensile principal stresses; however, they increase the compressive stresses. In seismic analysis, increasing the number of the contraction joints generally reduces the joints opening and sliding displacements. The contraction joints can significantly decrease the damage imposed to the dam body. Finally, it is concluded that inserting the contraction joints can increase the seismic safety of the arch dam.     

Stability analysis of the rock slope in the Zimapan Arch Dam Reservoir, Mexico

The history case of the rock slide in the reservoir of 200-m-high Zimapan Arch Dam (Mexico) is discussed. The problem required the stability analysis of this rock masse with the evaluation of its volume to estimate the consequences of the rock mass falling into the reservoir. The results of the analysis of the unstable zone with the estimated volume of 14.6×10⁶ m³ are presented. The "Deficit of Stability Method" is described. The analysis consists in the consecutive examination of rock blocks or wedges located on different parts of the polygonal sliding surface, beginning with the upper one. Electronic Publication     

阶谱块体单元法在复杂岩基上重力坝变形与稳定分析中的应用

介绍了弹粘塑性阶谱块体单元法在某重力坝坝段的变形与稳定分析中的应用情况，并与模型试验结果进行对比分析，两者基本吻合。通过计算和试验，揭示了该重力坝坝段的位移、应力、应变和点安全系数分布规律，验证了弹粘塑性阶谱块体单元法的正确性和有效性。此外，还对重力坝坝内压力钢管道和厂坝接缝灌浆的模拟、以及大坝安全度的评价等实际问题作了初步探讨。     

Three-dimensional stability analysis of the dam foundation at Baise

It is usually difficult to determine the actual safety factors of rock masses in an ordinary two-dimensional stability analysis if the safety factors of the different cross sections in the rock mass vary significantly. In addition to the actual slope, arch dam abutment, and the actual foundation of a high building, another example is that the different cross sections of the foundation in the monolith of a gravity dam vary significantly, just like the condition at the overflow dam in the Baise project. A three-dimensional stability analysis method based on the upper-bound theorem was employed to solve this problem. The parameters used in the analysis were obtained from geomechanics tests, as well as continuity simulations of the randomly distributed joints. Two failure patterns against sliding are analyzed. One pattern is the foundation slide along deep-seated planes which were determined by calculations. The other pattern is the foundation slide along the planes across the bottom of the high steps in the foundation pit. The results indicate that a special overflow dam monolith can be considered to be safe in case of considering the three dimensional effect. However, a key wall with a depth of 5m must be constructed at the upper side of this monolith in order to ensure the safety of the foundation. Translated from Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2006, 25(3): 533–538 [译自: 岩土力学与工程学报]     

白鹤滩水电站上坝线左拱座楔形体安全性能分析

 白鹤滩水电站上坝线左拱座底部岩体被陡倾断层切割成多个楔形体,坐落于拱坝底部及其下游,其稳定性直接影响到坝基和拱坝的安全。考虑楔形岩体各滑动面上复杂的渗透压力进行拱坝及楔形体安全性能分析,在FLAC3D中编制多种形式水压力施加程序,并以概念模型进行验证。根据数值计算结果,通过分析所选取结构面的典型节点位移变化,研究楔形体的稳定安全度、面安全系数及超载条件下屈服扩展状况,对其安全性能进行综合分析。研究表明：楔形体滑面考虑裂隙水压力和扬压力作用下,底部LS331滑面的安全度低于坝基接触面,上游右岸坝踵处开始出现局部屈服的超载安全系数为1.5,楔形体不能正常运行的超载安全系数为3.1,坝基不能正常运行的超载安全系数为3.3,坝基岩体整体破坏的超载安全系数为5.5。     

基于AUTOBANK有限元分析系统的马杖子沟尾矿库坝体稳定性研究初探

文章通过搜集已有工程地质资料,并采用钻探、标准贯入试验、取土试样及室内试验等相结合的勘察方法,获取尾矿库各岩土层物理力学性质指标,根据对尾矿库在现状库内水位正常运行、洪水运行和特殊运行3种工况下的坝体抗滑稳定性计算分析,采用瑞典圆弧法和简化毕肖普法,进行坝体渗流、抗滑、液化稳定性分析,经过计算分析,安全系数满足规程要求。     

某水库大坝抗滑稳定性分析

根据对大坝安全鉴定的要求,对坝坡稳定进行了分析,使用软件采用瑞典圆弧法,对各工况下的坝坡进行了稳定性验算,并结合SL274-2001碾压式土石坝设计规范对计算成果进行了分析,得出各种水位下抗滑稳定安全系数满足规范要求。     

金沙江鲁地拉水电站混凝土重力坝地震抗滑稳定性的时程法分析

通过动力有限元时程法分析了金沙江鲁地拉水电站碾压混凝土重力坝在设计地震动作用下的动态响应,计算模型考虑了大坝–库水相互作用、大坝–岩基相互作用,用黏弹性吸波边界模拟了地震动能量向无限远域逸散的地基"辐射阻尼"效应。利用质点系"达朗贝尔原理"计算得到了坝体地震惯性力时程,通过将坝体惯性力时程极大值与振型分解反应谱法的惯性力计算值对比,验证了复杂地震动力数值计算结果的正确性。在坝体惯性力时程基础上叠加其它静力荷载,计算得到了大坝沿建基面的瞬态抗滑安全系数时程。计算结果表明:鲁地拉重力坝在设计地震动(0.36g)作用下的安全系数时程的极小值大于规范规定值,大坝整体抗震稳定性良好,不必采取提高整体抗滑稳定性的工程加固措施。作为典型重大工程实例研究,采用的动力计算方法对类似大坝工程的抗震计算具有参考意义。     

三峡工程左岸厂房坝段深层抗滑稳定的物理模拟

通过建立三峡工程左岸厂房坝段坝基的地质概化模型，采用物理模拟方法对其深层抗滑稳定性问题进行了系统研究，获得了典型坝段的滑动破坏机理与稳定安全系数。在此基础上，对坝基在处理措施进行了讨论，从而为该坝段的深层抗滑稳定性安全评价与基础另固处理设计提供了有重要参考价值的科研依据。     

拱坝沿建基面上滑溃决的可变形离散元仿真

三维可变形离散元是模拟不连续介质力学行为的有效数值分析方法,由于其采用显式有限差分方法以及自动进行离散缝面的接触检测,适合于求解弹塑性、大变形和动力问题。本文首先介绍了三维可变形离散元的基本原理及特点,然后对1981年梅花拱坝的溃坝过程进行仿真研究。通过分析得知,梅花拱坝由于周边缝施工设计不当,沿周边缝抗剪强度过小,导致蓄水后坝肩推力促使坝体沿周边缝发生整体上滑,拱坝失去支撑最终坝体断裂并溃决。     

拱坝振动台动力破坏试验研究

水电资源富集而高烈度地震频发的西南、西北地区的水电建设在西部大开发和全国能源合理配置中具有举足轻重的战略地位,而高拱坝抗震安全是西部水电开发建设的关键技术之一。针对拱坝在强地震动作用下的动力响应和损伤破坏过程,进行振动台模型试验研究。试验模型最大限度地模拟影响拱坝地震响应的各种主要因素,包括坝体—基础—库水间动力相互作用,坝体构造横缝,坝肩关键滑裂体,动态能量辐射等。模型坝体材料采用自然干燥粉状材料加压制成,满足模型强度相似要求。在逐级增加的输入地震作用下坝体共发生11处可确认开裂损伤,但未出现受压破坏。试验模拟呈现拱坝在地震作用下的响应及其损伤破坏过程,确定抗震薄弱部位,为全面定量评价拱坝的抗震性能提供重要依据。     

基于强度折减法的重力坝深层抗滑加固措施研究

对于重力坝坝基存在软弱结构面的抗滑稳定处理,工程实践中常采用混凝土硐塞置换或预应力锚索方案。为分析比较两种方案的处理效果,采用有限元方法,建立包含基岩内软弱结构面的三维模型,采用Drucker-Prager强度准则,考虑自重荷载、水荷载、扬压力、坝前淤沙压力,研究某水电站工程溢流坝段坝基深层抗滑稳定问题。在采用重力坝设计规范计算抗滑处理后安全系数相同的条件下,采用有限元通过强度折减的方法可计算得到不处理、硐塞置换方案与锚索方案3种不同工况下的破坏形态,采用等效塑性应变超过某一幅值作为判断材料是否进入塑性状态的指标,结合坝体位移随强度折减系数的变化曲线,判断坝基是否出现滑动,分析结果表明硐塞置换方案较锚索方案的安全裕度更大。     

Foundation consolidation grouting applications in Deriner Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant (Artvin,Turkey)

Grouting is one of the most popular methods used to control water leakage in dam constructions. The geological and engineering geological properties of the rock/soil to be grouted are important parameters influencing the design of the grouting. In this study, the geotechnical properties of Deriner Dam’s foundation rock and the grouting procedure used for it were investigated to ascertain its suitability for grouting. Detailed investigations were conducted to unravel the reasons for and types of foundation grouting applications used on the main rock in Deriner Dam. The materials used in the grouting and the grouting pressures employed were investigated onsite, and the results obtained are presented in this paper.     

寺坪坝坝体材料特性及坝型适应性研究

在湖北保康县寺坪水电枢纽工程可行性研究和设计阶段,按照坝基岩体条件以及为充分利用当地天然材料,选择黏土心墙坝和面板堆石坝进行可行性研究和方案比较。为研究坝体材料的适用性以及坝体应力应变状态,对当地黏土防渗料、砂砾石和页岩料的物理力学性质进行了全面的试验研究,对坝体渗流和应力应变有限元状态进行了有限元分析。本文简要介绍试验研究和数值分析的成果,对坝体填料的物理力学性质、坝体应力应变状态和坝型选择问题进行分析和总结。     

A theoretical model for rock joints subjected to constant normal stiffness direct shear

The authors have conducted an investigation into the behaviour of rock joints subjected to direct shear. Both concrete/rock and rock/rock joints were investigated. The behaviour of rock/rock joints is important for the assessment of stability issues involving rock masses (e.g. rock slope stability). Concrete/rock joints are vital to the assessment of performance of concrete piles socketed into rock, rock anchors and concrete dam foundations.This investigation included an extensive series of direct shear tests under a range of stress boundary conditions. The rock used for the tests was a soft artificial siltstone, called Johnstone. The results from the tests on concrete/Johnstone joints have been presented in Seidel and Haberfield (Geotech. Testing J. (2002), accepted for publication) and on Johnstone/Johnstone joints in Fleuter (MEngSc Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 1997) and Pearce (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 2001, in preparation). This paper describes the theoretical models developed to simulate the observed behaviour, including asperity sliding, asperity shearing, post-peak behaviour, asperity deformation and distribution of stresses on the interface. These models have been combined into a micro-mechanical simulation of joint shear. Comparisons between program predictions and measured performance are presented and discussed.     

三门峡溢流坝基岩应变观测资料分析研究

本文介绍了大坝基岩应变的原型研究方法和结果,同时反演出基岩的有效弹性模量,并计算了应力。文中采用逐步回归分析法建立了基岩应变的数学模型,并据此进行了大坝的稳定分析和安全评价。