烟台产区三个葡萄品种原白兰地香气成分及感官特征的对比

以烟台产区三种酿酒葡萄白玉霓（Ugni Blanc）、蛇龙珠（Cabernet Gernischt）和赤霞珠（Cabernet Sauvignon）为原料酿造葡萄原白兰地,并对其中挥发性香气成分及其感官特征进行分析。结果表明,三个品种葡萄原白兰地共检测到64种挥发性香气成分;其中白玉霓原白兰地的酯类物质种类最丰富,但含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）;蛇龙珠原白兰地的醇类、酸类、醛酮类及缩醛类物质总含量最高且差异显著（P＜0.05）;赤霞珠原白兰地的芳香类、萜烯类和降异戊二烯类物质总含量最高且差异显著（P＜0.05）;丁酸乙酯等26种化合物可很好实现对三个品种原白兰地的判别分类,蛇龙珠与白玉霓品种间聚类距离更近。三个葡萄品种均符合原白兰地的原料质量要求,感官质量综合排序为白玉霓＞蛇龙珠＞赤霞珠。     

赤霞珠葡萄感染霜霉病后的果实品质和挥发性成分变化研究

目的 探究霜霉病对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠果实品质和挥发性物质的影响。方法 以健康无病害的赤霞珠葡萄为对照,对感染霜霉病的赤霞珠葡萄进研究,使用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)分析鉴定挥发性物质,并对赤霞珠果实品质进行分析。结果 在果实品质方面,染病组的百粒重、粒径大小和可溶性固形物含量无显著改变(P>0.05),可滴定酸、总黄酮含量在染病组中极显著增多(P<0.01) ,分别增加150.26%和25.44%,单宁、维生素C含量分别极显著(P<0.01)降低40.92% 和68.38%。共鉴定出61种挥发性物质,同时指纹图谱分析结果表明,感染霜霉病后挥发性物质乙酸、乙酸己酯、2-戊酮、反-2-辛烯醛、二甲基硫醚 、异丁醛和1-己醇含量增多,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出7类特征标志物。结论 霜霉病对赤霞珠葡萄的果实品质以及挥发性香气成分产生了影响,本研究为赤霞珠葡萄的质量控制及病害鉴别的研究提供了参考。     

中国野生葡萄果实基本品质、酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性分析

中国野生葡萄资源丰富,但对其利用有限;为揭示不同种野生葡萄的品质差异及进一步利用奠定理论基础,本研究对中国野生葡萄的10个种(46个株系)和不同对照品种(4份材料)的基本品质、酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性指标进行评价。结果表明:1)除刺葡萄外,中国野生葡萄的单果质量小于‘赤霞珠’;中国野生葡萄的皮果比高于‘赤霞珠’。2)中国野生葡萄和对照之间糖的组成相似,果糖与葡萄糖所占的比例没有差异,总糖含量显著低于‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’;除刺葡萄外,中国野生葡萄的总酸含量显著高于对照‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’,中国野生葡萄的酒石酸/苹果酸的比值低于‘赤霞珠’,说明中国野生葡萄属于高苹果酸型;河岸葡萄和圆叶葡萄的糖酸含量与中国野生葡萄的糖酸含量较接近;‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’属于高糖低酸型,中国野生葡萄属于低糖高酸型。3)中国野生葡萄的抗氧化活性和酚类物质的含量变异较大,大部分的野生葡萄与‘赤霞珠’的酚类物质含量和抗氧化活相近,但中国野生葡萄的花色苷含量高于对照的花色苷含量。综上所述,中国野生葡萄中的燕山葡萄、蘡薁葡萄和刺葡萄的品质较好,其与‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’的糖酸组分、酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性接近。     

Influence of fruit ripeness and juice chaptalisation on the sensory properties and degree of typicality expressed by Sauvignon Blanc wines from Marlborough,New Zealand

Background and Aims: Interest in the typical sensory properties exhibited by Sauvignon Blanc wines from Marlborough, New Zealand, is increasing. Although critical from a winemaking standpoint, there is a significant lack of data concerning the extent to which these typical sensory characteristics are affected by fruit ripeness at harvest and juice chaptalisation. Methods and Results: Experimental Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc wines fermented from fruits at three different ripeness stages, with or without juice chaptalisation, were assessed by a panel of wine professionals from Marlborough. Results suggest that the balance between green and fruity ripe flavours that makes a Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc typical of its style would originate from the fruit ripeness at harvest. We also report that juice chaptalisation can modulate the wines' taste and mouthfeel properties and significantly affect their typicality as Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc. Conclusions: The production of Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc wines that well represent their specific style relies primarily on the ripeness of the fruit at harvest, the impact of which can be modulated by juice chaptalisation. Significance of the Study: This is the only study that has considered fruit ripeness and juice chaptalisation as two factors that condition the sensory properties and degree of typicality expressed by Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc wines.     

The effect of Uncinula necator (powdery mildew) and Botrytis cinerea infection of grapes on the levels of haze-forming pathogenesis-related proteins in grape juice and wine

Powdery mildew on Chardonnay grapes resulted in increased levels of a grape thaumatin-like protein, VvTL2, in the free run juice compared to that from uninfected grapes. These increased levels persisted through winemaking and at the highest level of infection (> 30% of bunches infected) had a significant impact on the haziness in the wine following a heat test. Infection of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (1–20% of bunches infected) did not affect the protein concentration of free run juice, and only traces of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins remained detectable in the Cabernet Sauvignon wines from either infected or healthy grapes. In contrast, infection of Chardonnay or Semillon grapes by Botrytis cinerea in the vineyard resulted in decreased levels of all PR proteins in the free run juice and in a total protein extract from infected berries compared to that from uninfected grapes. Similar trends were observed when B. cinerea was grown in the laboratory on surface-sterilised berries or in filter-sterilised juice.     

赤霞珠果醋香气成分的GC-MS分析

采用溶剂萃取法提取、富集赤霞珠果醋中的香气成分,经气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用分析,综合谱库检索技术对化合物进行鉴定。结果表明,葡萄皮渣酿造果醋样品（SP1）和葡萄果汁酿造果醋（SP2）分别鉴定出48种、20种香气组分。其中酯类、酸类和醇类化合物为葡萄果醋样品中最主要的香气成分,在SP1、SP2样品中酯类、酸类和醇类化合物的相对含量分别为58.29%和52.39%,24.63%和35.10%,7.35%和11.37%。     

Anthocyanin composition of Vranec,Cabernet Sauvignon,Merlot and Pinot Noir grapes as indicator of their varietal differentiation

The anthocyanin composition of red grape varieties Vranec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot Noir was determined analyzing the skin extracts of the grape berries. The relative content of the identified anthocyanins was calculated and the obtained anthocyanic profiles were compared in terms of acylation and anthocyanidin distribution. The predominant anthocyanin in all varieties was malvidin-3-glucoside ranging from 35.8% in Cabernet Sauvignon to 67.1% in Pinot Noir. Vranec variety was characterized by high proportions of coumaroyl derivatives (22%) and peonidins (13%). The most pronounced difference among the studied grape cultivars was the relative amount of acetate derivatives accounting 35% in Cabernet Sauvignon, 22% in Merlot and 9% in Vranec. Different relationships among the anthocyanin groups of compounds were calculated and considered as parameters for differentiation of the cultivars. The relationship between coumarates and acetates in Vranec was significantly higher compared with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon with obtained values of 2.37 versus 0.63 and 0.56, respectively. Moreover, the ratio between delphinidins and peonidins allows clear discrimination between the studied grape cultivars showing the greatest difference.     

添加葡萄籽单宁对橡木桶陈酿‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法和感官分析排序法,研究橡木桶陈酿前添加葡萄籽单宁（200 mg/L）对陈酿12 个月后‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气组分和感官特征的影响。结果表明：添加葡萄籽单宁对2 个品种葡萄酒香气的影响各异。葡萄籽单宁添加促进了橡木桶陈酿期间‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒中香草酸、香草醛、香草酸乙酯、糠醛、乙酰呋喃和糠醇等橡木来源香气物质的浸出,而抑制‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒中糠醛、乙酰呋喃、糠醇、5-甲基糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛等橡木来源香气物质的浸出。添加葡萄籽单宁后,‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的生青味和浆果香降低,烘烤味增强,‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒的生青味和花香略有增强,对陈酿型干红葡萄酒的生产具有重要指导作用。     

河西走廊地区赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中的香气成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取- 气质色谱联用技术(HS/SPME-GC/MS)对比分析河西走廊地区赤霞珠葡萄原汁和酒中的挥发性香气物质,共检出130 种香气成分,其中葡萄汁和葡萄酒中相同的香气成分有35 种,葡萄汁中自有的香气成分有40 种,葡萄酒中自有的香气成分有52 种。对比分析结果显示,河西走廊地区原产地域赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中的异戊醇相对含量比原汁高出41.83%,异丁醇相对含量比原汁高出5.32%,苯乙醇相对含量比原汁高出0.81%;酯类物质中,癸酸乙酯相对含量比原汁高出10.93%,辛酸乙酯相对含量比原汁高出3.7%。     

Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of Serbian table and wine grapes

Three table grapes and 4 wine grapes collected from a southern Serbian vineyard were evaluated and compared for their antioxidant properties and phenolic profile. Among the varieties tested, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ contained the highest total phenolic content with 173.6 mg/100 g of fresh weight. Also, the total flavonoid and antocyanin content of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ was significantly higher from the other. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’ had the strongest DPPH· radicals scavenging activity (1,318.6 and 1,282.0 μmol Trolox equivalent/100 g, respectively). ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Prokupac’, ‘Vranac’, ‘Muscat Hamburg’, and ‘Ribier’ grape varieties were found to be rich in malvidin-3-O-glucoside, while ‘Cardinal’ grape variety was found to be rich in peonidin-3-O-glucoside. The following compounds were also identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD: 2 flavan-3-ols and 4 hydroxycinnamic acids in all grape samples. The results suggested that phytochemicals in the selected table and wine grapes have potent antioxidant activities in correlation with phenolic content.     

三种红色酿酒葡萄品种果实酚类物质比较

为了综合评价酿酒葡萄品种特性,以酿酒葡萄美乐、品丽珠、赤霞珠为研究对象,采用比色法测定果实不同部位酚类物质含量,并对结果进行主成分分析。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄果皮中总酚、单宁、黄烷醇、花色苷含量分别为28.82 mg/g、23.15 mg/g、41.19 mg/g、9.25 mg/g,均显著高于美乐和品丽珠（P＜0.05）;赤霞珠葡萄种子中总酚、单宁、总类黄酮分别为14.56 mg/g、5.74 mg/g、2.32 mg/g,显著高于品丽珠（P＜0.05）。主成分分析结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄酚类物质在第一主成分和第二主成分综合得分为82.27分,为酚类物质含量丰富的品种。     

Evaluation of methods for DNA extraction from must and wine

The quality of wine depends on many factors. One of the most important is the selection of appropriate and defined grape varieties. The analysis of phenolic compounds, amino acids, trace elements and isotopes of wines, used for the identification of grapes varieties, is not sufficient and requires a lengthy analysis period. The development of molecular techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA and microsatellites provides opportunities for the differentiation of grape varieties. In this regard, the use of DNA extracted from must and wine appears to be a good marker for the identification of grape varieties used in wine production. In this study, DNA was extracted from grape, leaf, must and wine samples of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Sauvignon Blanc origin and examined using different extraction methods. Of the DNA extraction methods tested, the method using absorption at 260/280 nm (with values of 0.19 and 1.92) was considered the method of choice. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

不同产量对山西乡宁产区赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响

通过疏穗处理设置不同产量（450 kg/667 m2、720 kg/667 m2和990 kg/667 m2）,探究不同产量对山西乡宁地区赤霞珠葡萄果实及葡萄酒品质的影响,以期在保产的基础上通过限产为山西乡宁地区生产优质酿酒葡萄原料提供理论基础。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄在产量为720 kg/667 m2、果穗数为16穗/株时,成熟葡萄果实中总酚、单宁含量及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量与其他两种产量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但葡萄果实成熟度最好（成熟系数31.45）,成熟葡萄果实中总糖含量最高（211.00 g/L）,总酸含量最低（6.72 g/L）,总花色苷含量最高（33.33 mg/L）,酿造的干红葡萄酒基本理化指标符合GB 15037—2006《葡萄酒》要求,感官评分最高（80.8分）,说明该产量下赤霞珠葡萄品质和酿酒品质最优。表明通过疏穗适度控制产量有利于提高山西乡宁地区的赤霞珠葡萄品质和葡萄酒质量。     

Effect of freezing grape berries and heating must samples on extraction of components and composition parameters of red wine grape varieties

Juices from grape samples subjected to two storage methods (fresh and frozen) and two post-homogenisation treatments (21^oC and 71^oC) were examined for extraction of grape berry components and compared to a microvinified wine made from the same lot of fresh grapes. Cabernet Franc ( Vitis vinifera ) and Cynthiana ( Vitis aestivalis ) grapes were evaluated in 2003. Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon ( Vitis vinifera ), Chambourcin (interspecific hybrid) and Cynthiana grapes were evaluated in 2004. Fresh grapes from each variety were sampled, analysed and prepared for microvinification. Frozen grapes of all varieties were thawed and analysed at the same time. For all varieties in both years, heating the must of fresh or frozen grapes increased the titratable acidity (11–58%), tartaric acid levels (12–110%), potassium content (15–62%), darkness (31–97%), red colour (54–1517%) and total red pigment values (36–1171%) of juice as compared to the juice from unheated must. For all varieties in 2004, heating the must from fresh or frozen grapes increased total phenolics (43–619%) of juice as compared to the juice from unheated must. Compared to fresh grape processing, freezing the grapes and then processing at 21^oC or 71^oC had varying results (increases and decreases) regarding the extraction of components in all varieties and both years but usually provided juice with composition most similar to that of the red wine produced by microvinification. Although the degree of extraction of individual components in the juice is influenced by selection of grape storage and must processing procedures, consistency of handling and procedure provided consistent results with low variability.     

陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄冷冻处理酿酒特性研究

葡萄酒中多酚、单宁等功能性成分主要来源于葡萄果皮中,为提高葡萄酒中的酚类物质含量,改善葡萄酒的口感,试验以陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄浆果为原料,分别在-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度下进行冷冻处理葡萄浆果并进行小容器酿酒试验,研究了葡萄原料经冷冻处理后葡萄酒中理化指标的差异变化,以及冷冻处理对葡萄酒感官特性的影响。结果表明：赤霞珠葡萄原料经-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度冷冻处理后,葡萄酒中单宁和总酚物质的含量显著增高,且-20℃冷冻处理后含量最高,其中单宁含量为29.54mg/L,总酚含量为129.71mg/L;葡萄原料经-20℃冷冻处理后,葡萄酒的外观、口感和总体评定显著提高。     

EVALUATION OF WINE GRAPES FOR SUITABILITY IN JUICE PRODUCTION1

Chemical and sensory analyses were designed to evaluate 14 traditional wine grapes grown in Arkansas as to their suitability for varietal grape juice. Six were classified as red or pink grapes: Chancellor, Cabernet Sauvignon, Villard noir, Gewurztraminer (pink when heated), Cynthiana, and Noble, and seven were white grapes: Aurore, Cayuga, Carlos, Chardonnay, Seyval, Vidal, Verdelet and White Riesling. Concord (red) and Niagara (white), traditional juice grapes, were also included in the study. All were processed by immediately pressing, heat processing at 60°C, heat processing at 80°C, and 24 h skin contact following pressing. Juices were evaluated 1 month after processing and again after 5 months storage at 37°C. The preferred treatments for white grape juices were the immediately pressing treatment of Niagara and Aurore and the 24-h skin contact treatment of Niagara, Verdelet and Vidal. Only the flavor of Verdelet and Aurore were ranked as high as the Niagara by a trained sensory panel. Generally, a nonheat treatment was ranked highest for flavor of the red juices, with the exception of Gewurztraminer, a pink juice when heated. Except for Villard noir, all of the red juices were ranked as good or better than Concord. White cultivars were closely ranked for color, with Vidal and Chardonnay being ranked lowest after storage. Heat treatments were generally ranked higher than nonheat treatments in color for the red and pink juices. Chemical analyses of the juices indicated that all cultivars were harvested within an acceptable pH range.     

橡木片浸泡发酵对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质的影响

选用内蒙古乌海地区赤霞珠葡萄品种为原料,采用橡木片浸泡发酵法,酿制赤霞珠干红葡萄酒。通过测定比较发酵期间、发酵结束及陈酿后赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的理化指标并进行感官评定,确定最佳的橡木片添加量,进而提高赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。结果表明,在葡萄醪液中加入1 g/L的天然橡木片进行发酵及陈酿,最终得到的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒色度（2.35）、色调（0.84）、单宁（850.5 mg/L）、总酚（1 254.7 mg/L）均有明显改善且酒体较为稳定,明胶指数和盐酸指数最高分别为194.4 mg/L和195.0 mg/L,其感官评分为83分。因此,添加1 g/L天然橡木片浸泡发酵能改善赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。     

红提葡萄与酿酒葡萄复合果酒发酵工艺优化

该研究以新疆红提葡萄为主要原料,加入酿酒葡萄（宝石解百纳、赤霞珠）后制备红提葡萄与酿酒葡萄复合果酒,探讨最佳酿酒葡萄种类,并通过单因素及响应面试验探寻红提葡萄与酿酒葡萄复合果酒的最佳发酵工艺参数。结果表明,最佳酿酒葡萄为赤霞珠,红提葡萄与赤霞珠的质量比为4∶1;最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度20 ℃,初始pH值4.4,初始糖浓度28 °Bx。在此优化条件下,发酵所得红提葡萄与酿酒葡萄复合果酒的感官评分为95分,酒精度为8%vol,残糖量为13 °Bx,其色泽透亮,口感酸甜,果香浓郁,典型性明显,其理化指标及微生物指标均符合国家相关标准。     

Differentiation of wines according to grape variety using multivariate analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection data

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection (GC×GC/TOFMS) was used to analyse the volatiles in five types of wines elaborated with grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir varieties. Fisher ratio, principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) were used to develop a discriminant model and, as a result, 12 volatile compounds enabled differentiation and classification of wines according to grape cultivars. A detailed examination of GC×GC/TOFMS data showed that the use of one-dimensional gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector (1D-GC/MS) would probably result in misidentification of some of these 12 compounds, as they showed partial coelution with other components in the first chromatographic dimension.