铸态AZ80A 镁合金热加工图及高温变形行为研究

目的采用Instron5500R热模拟试验机,研究铸态AZ80A镁合金在变形温度为270~410℃、应变速率为0.001~0.5 s-1条件下的热加工图及高温变形行为。方法利用双曲正弦本构函数模型描述了铸态AZ80A镁合金的高温变形行为,计算获得了该合金的变形激活能,构建了应变量为0.3和0.6时的热加工图。结果得到了合金热变形本构模型及加工图,变形激活能为203.5k J/mol,确定了应变为0.3和0.6时的动态回复区域为与动态再结晶区域。结论铸态AZ80A镁合金在330~380℃,0.001~0.01 s-1时发生了动态结晶,这是该合金最佳的热加工工艺参数范围。     

基于改进Johnson-Cook模型的Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr 合金高温流变行为研究

以Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金为研究对象,分别在变形温度范围为250～400℃、应变速率范围为0.001～1 s-1的变形条件下,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,进行恒温等应变速率的热拉伸实验,研究该合金的高温流变行为.综合考虑温度、应变速率和应变在高温变形过程中的影响,建立了Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型.实验结果表明:Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的流变应力与变形温度、应变速率和应变呈非线性关系,应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低均会导致合金的流变应力明显升高.改进Johnson-Cook本构模型的预测数据与实验数据的平均相对误差(Δ)为4.5％,相关度(R)为0.994,所建立的本构模型能够准确地描述Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的高温流变行为.     

聚碳酸酯挤压形变力学行为有限元模拟

采用有限元方法研究了聚碳酸酯在中应变率下挤压形变的力学行为。基于DSGZ本构模型,开展聚碳酸酯圆柱单轴压缩形变有限元模拟,对比模拟与实验结果,计算模型预测准确度,分析材料压缩形变后的多物理场分布,验证模型对压缩力学响应预测的有效性。模拟聚碳酸酯平板在侧向受限挤压模式下的固态形变,获得了制件的力学演变规律。结果显示,单轴压缩模拟与实验应力-应变曲线吻合度高,DSGZ模型可较为准确地预测压缩弹-塑性形变过程中的应力-应变关系。在圆柱单轴压缩形变与平板挤压形变模拟中,材料整体变形均匀,应力响应温度变化比响应应变率变化更敏感。模拟结果有效地反映了聚碳酸酯挤压形变力学特性,可成为聚碳酸酯挤压形变工程实现的重要依据,为材料强化及其在飞机座舱透明件中的应用提供有力支持。     

SiC_P/Al-Cu复合材料的高温热变形行为

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对SiC_p/Al-Cu复合材料进行压缩实验,研究其在温度为350~500℃、应变速率为0.01~10s-1条件下的高温塑性变形行为。由实验得出变形过程中的应力-应变曲线,建立了热变形本构方程和加工图。结果表明:复合材料高温流动应力-应变曲线主要以动态再结晶为特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加。其热压缩变形时的流变应力可采用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述,在实验条件下平均热变形激活能Q为320.79kJ/mol。确定了加工图中的稳定区和失稳区,分析了加工图中不同区域的显微组织结构,失稳区存在颗粒破裂、孔洞等。     

一种铁镍铬合金的热变形行为及其本构模型的修正

在Gleeble3500热力模拟试验机上对800H合金进行高温单道次压缩实验,结合OM和TEM等表征手段,研究了该合金在变形温度1 000~1 150℃和应变速率0.01~1s-1条件下的热变形行为。结果表明,动态再结晶行为更易发生在较低应变速率和高变形温度条件下,变形过程中动态再结晶形核机制主要包含晶粒碎化、晶界迁移及亚结构合并;考虑应变量因素,建立应变量耦合的双曲正弦本构方程,利用此模型预测合金的流变应力。本构模型预测值与实验测得值之间的线性关系达至0.99648,且平均相对误差仅2.019%,说明这种应变量耦合型本构方程能较好的预测800H合金在实验条件内的流变应力。     

基于修正的Arrhennius方程钛合金高温本构方程研究

为了更准确地描述钛合金的高温变形行为,对Arrhennius方程进行修正得到钛合金高温本构方程.通过对一种新型钛合金在热模拟试验机上进行恒应变速率等温压缩实验,研究其在700~1 000℃、应变速率0.01~10 s-1条件下的热变形行为,分析了材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线.采用最小二乘拟合的数据回归处理,得到该钛合金在α+β双相区和β单相区的热变形激活能,并通过引入温度变量,获得了Arrhennius方程参数A随温度变化的函数关系,建立了该材料的高温流变应力本构方程.实验结果表明,随着变形增加,流变应力开始急剧增加,随后出现软化并趋于稳态,同时峰值应力对于温度和应变速率具有很强的敏感性.通过在Arrhenius方程中引入温度变量,有利于提高本构方程的准确性.     

TA5钛合金的应变补偿物理本构模型和加工图

使用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对TA5钛合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩,研究其在变形温度为850~1050℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s^-1和最大变形量为60%条件下的高温热变形行为;建立了引入物理参量的应变补偿本构模型,并根据DMM模型得到了加工图。结果表明：TA5钛合金为正应变速率敏感性和负变形温度相关性材料;考虑物理参量的应变补偿本构模型具有较高的预测精度,其相关系数R为0.99,平均相对误差AARE为8.95%。分析加工图和观察微观组织,发现失稳区域(850~990℃,0.05~10 s^-1)的主要变形机制为局部流动;稳定区域(870~990℃,0.005~0.05 s^-1)的主要变形机制为动态回复和动态再结晶。TA5钛合金的最佳热加工工艺参数范围为870~990℃和0.005~0.05 s^-1。     

ZL205A铝合金动态力学性能及其本构模型

目的 研究ZL205A铝合金在不同温度和不同应变速率下的流动应力行为,为材料数值模拟提供参数依据。方法 利用高低温电子万能材料实验机和霍普金森压杆设备,在不同变形温度(20~400 ℃)和应变速率(10⁻⁴~2 200 s⁻¹)下进行准静态拉伸实验、高温拉伸实验以及高应变率动态压缩实验。对实验所得真应力-应变曲线进行力学性能分析,考虑到霍普金森实验下的材料绝热温升,构建了ZL205A铝合金的Johnson-Cook本构模型,并将该模型与实验数据进行比对验证。结果 在室温低应变率(20 ℃、10⁻⁴~10⁻¹ s⁻¹)条件下,随应变率的增大,材料的流动应力变化不明显;当材料屈服后,随着应变的增大,材料流动应力增大的趋势变大,应变硬化作用占主导。在室温高应变率(20 ℃、500~2 200 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力与室温低应变率时的数据变化不大,考虑到高应变率下的实验时间短、变形大,材料变形产生的热量来不及散出,受温度升高的影响,材料在高应变率范围内的应变率强化效应不明显。在高温低应变率(100~400 ℃/0.001 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力随温度的升高而迅速降低,表现出较高的温度敏感性,当温度高于200 ℃时,材料产生拉应力回调现象。结论 根据材料真应力-应变曲线,获得了材料的Johnson-Cook本构参数,该模型能较准确地预测材料在不同状态下的流动应力行为。     

3104铝合金高温塑性变形本构关系研究

在Gleebe-1500 热模拟机上,采用高温等温压缩试验研究了3104铝合金在高温压缩变形中的塑性变形本构关系.结果表明, 应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈影响合金流变应力的大小, 流变应力随变形温度升高而降低, 随应变速率提高而增大;可用含Zener-Hollomon 参数的本构方程σ＝(1/α)×ln{(Z/A)1/n [(Z/A)2/n 1]1/2}来描述3104铝合金高温压缩变形时的流变应力行为,解得A＝202854595.1s-1、n＝3.4046、α＝0.03886MPa-1.     

考虑摩擦效应的工业纯钛TA2热压缩变形本构方程及热加工图

目的 研究工业纯钛TA2在变形温度为800～950℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1、压下量为50%条件下的热压缩变形行为,构建材料高温本构方程及热加工图。方法 利用Gleeble–3500热模拟试验机进行热压缩试验,对实测流变曲线进行摩擦修正,通过线性回归拟合等方法建立本构方程,基于动态材料模型构建工业纯钛TA2热加工图,确定材料最佳热变形区域。结果 工业纯钛TA2热变形激活能Q为473.491 kJ/mol,应力指数n为3.876 6;最佳热变形参数为变形温度850～950℃、应变速率0.02～0.35 s-1。结论 工业纯钛TA2摩擦修正后的流变应力值均低于实测值,流动应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而降低。所建立的Arrhenius本构模型可较为准确地描述工业纯钛高温流变行为。工业纯钛TA2在中高温中等应变速率条件下加工性能良好,该区域材料发生了动态再结晶组织转变。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from