AZ31镁合金等通道转角挤压应变累积均匀性分析及组织性能研究

等通道转角挤压工艺(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)是通过剧烈塑性变形改变微观组织结构生产超细晶粒材料的材料加工方法,工件变形的均匀性一直是ECAP 工艺过程中影响材料性能的主要原因之一.采用空间转换法实现了AZ31镁合金多道次ECAP挤压过程中有限元分析相关场量的准确传递,完成了四种不同挤压路径ECAP多道次挤压工艺的有限元模拟,获得了相应挤压件累积等效应变的分布规律.研究确定了经过四道次ECAP挤压以后等效应变累积最为均匀的挤压路径.通过微观组织观察和室温拉伸力学性能实验探讨了不同路径多道次ECAP挤压AZ31镁合金的组织性能变化规律.分析结果表明通过合适的变形路径可以获得细小而均匀的微观组织,当材料的应变累积均匀时,其力学性能也较好.     

基于数值模拟的 AZ61 镁合金挤压-剪切工艺

目的研究挤压-剪切变形的最优化工艺参数,分析各个工艺参数对AZ61镁合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法通过有限元模拟技术,分析了各个工艺参数,包括挤压温度、挤压速度、挤压比对AZ61镁合金成形结果的影响。结果通过对有限元模拟结果的分析和研究,得到AZ61镁合金成形的最佳工艺参数为:挤压温度为400℃;挤压速度为10 mm/s;挤压比越大,再结晶效果越明显,晶粒尺寸越细小。结论优化了挤压温度、挤压速度、挤压比等影响AZ61镁合金成形的因子,得到了符合实际生产的最佳工艺参数。     

AZ31B镁合金带材热轧过程组织均匀性及性能研究

本文开展了变形温度为300、350、400 ℃和总压下率分别为15%、30%、45%、60%的AZ31B镁合金带材热轧试验,分析了不同工艺参数对轧后带材的微观组织及力学性能的影响规律。研究表明:随着轧制温度的升高,再结晶百分数增加,晶粒细化显著,组织均匀性增强;当温度达到350 ℃时,由于中间退火保温导致再结晶晶粒长大,使温度进一步升高,对再结晶程度的影响减弱,轧后带材晶粒度和延伸率均有降低;相比温度参数,提升总压下率对晶粒细化效果更为显著,轧制温度为300 ℃,压下率为60%时近表面平均晶粒尺寸由10 μm细化至3.7 μm,中心层晶粒尺寸细化至4.9 μm,组织分布较为均匀;压下率的增加有效改善了组织均匀性,使轧后带材延伸率显著增加,拉伸断口的韧窝增多,且逐渐加深。     

连续变断面循环挤压AZ31镁合金的微观组织与力学性能

采用连续变断面循环挤压技术(CVCE)对AZ31镁合金进行循环挤压。采用光学显微镜、电子拉伸机等设备,分析变形前及不同循环道次后AZ31镁合金的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明:AZ31镁合金经10循环CVCE后,平均晶粒尺寸由变形前25.3μm有效细化到5.5μm;伸长率提高到34.3%,抗拉强度下降到200MPa。由于晶粒细化效应,导致α相主要变形机制由1循环的孪生变为随后道次的位错滑移。抗拉强度的降低与挤压后(0001)晶面取向分布的分散性有关;伸长率的增大与晶粒细化和滑移面的激活有关。     

热压形变参数对AZ31镁合金接头微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用与母材同质的焊丝对AZ31镁合金板材进行手工钨极氩弧焊,利用真空热压炉及专门设计的夹装模具对焊接接头分别在250,300,350,400℃,应变速率为0.001s-1进行真空热压试验,通过电子拉伸试验仪、光学显微镜(OM)及扫描电镜(SEM)技术,研究镁合金焊接接头的力学性能和组织演化规律。结果表明:随着热压温度的升高,接头抗拉强度和伸长率不断增大,在350℃时,接头表现出最大的抗拉强度228MPa和伸长率10.2%,400℃时,强度和伸长率有所降低。在该工艺过程中,随着变形温度的升高,接头组织再结晶现象越来越明显,350℃时出现较多的动态再结晶核心和再结晶小晶粒,平均晶粒尺寸由46μm细化至16μm左右,随着温度的升高,动态再结晶晶粒数量逐渐增加,400℃时,晶粒尺寸有所长大,平均晶粒尺寸为26μm,分布较均匀。     

ECAP变形对超细晶铜再结晶行为的影响

为研究ECAP变形对超细晶铜再结晶行为的影响,室温条件下对纯铜进行12道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)变形,分别在100、150、280℃下对不同道次的超细晶铜进行退火处理,分析其硬度及微观组织变化规律.结果表明:经12道次ECAP变形后,铜的晶粒尺寸细化到约250 nm,硬度达146 HV;随着变形道次增加,超细晶铜的热稳定性降低,软化速度加快,在150℃退火时,1道次超细晶铜完成再结晶的时间约为20 h,12道次为0.5 h;12道次ECAP超细晶铜等温退火温度越高,完成再结晶时间越短,150℃完成再结晶时间约为1 200 s,200℃时缩短至600 s,280℃时再结晶仅需50 s;利用Arrhenius公式计算了再结晶激活能,1道次约为1 eV,12道次为0.78 eV,ECAP变形降低了铜的再结晶激活能.     

高塑性Mg-Gd-Zn镁合金管材的组织和力学性能研究

为了制备高塑性镁合金无缝管材,将具有不同初始组织的Mg-3%Gd-1%Zn(质量分数/%,以下简称GZ31)合金空心锭在420～480℃挤压成无缝管材,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和拉伸试验等表征了管材的组织和力学性能.结果表明:GZ31镁合金无缝管材较AZ31具有更弱的基面纤维织构;420℃一次挤压成形的GZ31管材由于组织中还存在粗大的原始晶粒,导致室温伸长率较低;440℃及以上挤压时得到完全再结晶组织,且随挤压温度升高,再结晶晶粒和第二相尺寸逐渐增大;经过一次挤压开坯后再在440℃二次挤压的无缝管材具有更细小的平均晶粒尺寸(约12μm),其室温伸长率高达35%,明显优于传统AZ31以及一次挤压成形的GZ31镁合金无缝管材.     

热变形镁合金退火显微组织的定量研究

对热变形AZ31镁合金的显微组织、晶粒尺寸分布、平均晶粒尺寸、再结晶晶粒数目以及变形织构随退火时间的变化进行了定量分析,研究了不同热变形量AZ31镁合金在503 K的等温退火行为。结果表明:热变形AZ31镁合金的细晶组分随着退火时间的延长不断降低,退火过程按退火温度可分为孕育、再结晶急速长大和晶粒正常长大三个阶段,且各阶段的其长短几乎不受变形程度的影响。变形形成的微观织构在整个退火过程中几乎没有变化,说明热变形镁合金在退火过程中没有新核形成,即为连续静态再结晶。     

退火工艺对AZ31镁合金微观组织的影响

研究了不同退火工艺下AZ31镁合金的微观组织.结果表明,退火温度在200～350℃,保温时间在30～120min时,AZ31镁合金横向和纵向显微组织变化基本一致;退火温度为300℃,保温120min后晶粒度均达到最小值,横截面最小晶粒度约为11.51μm,纵截面最小晶粒度约为12.85μm.分析了晶粒度随退火温度和保温时间的变化情况.     

铸态AZ81镁合金ECAP态组织与性能研究

采用自制的90°模具,经Bc路径在温度为300℃下研究对比了铸态及不同道次的等通道挤压(ECAP)态AZ81镁合金微观组织和力学性能.结果表明ECAP随着挤压道次的增加,AZ81镁合金显微组织和力学性能发生显著变化.当挤压到4道次,平均晶粒尺寸由原来铸态的145um细化为9.6um,拉伸断口韧窝明显增多;抗拉强度从180 MPa提高到306 MPa,延伸率和硬度分别达到15.8%和142HL.分析表明,AZ81镁合金在高温挤压过程中Mg17Al12相粒子被破碎,并部分溶入基体,$-Mg基体与%-Mg17Al12相互相阻碍其晶粒长大,获得细小晶粒组织.     

Flow-Induced Instabilities in Pump-Turbines in China

The stability of pump-turbines is of great importance to the operation of pumped storage power (PSP) stations. Both hydraulic instabilities and operational instabilities have been reported in PSP stations in China. In order to provide a reference to the engineers and scientists working on pump-turbines, this paper summarizes the hydraulic instabilities and performance characteristics that promote the operational instabilities encountered in pump-turbine operations in China. Definitions, analytical methods, numerical and experimental studies, and main results are clarified. Precautions and countermeasures are also provided based on a literature review. The gaps between present studies and the need for engineering practice are pointed out.     

Differences in coagulation in clotting of vascular access in hemodialysis patients

Arteriovenous graft (AVG) thrombosis is a frequent cause of graft failure. We evaluated coagulation protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors in 20 hemodialysis (HD) patients with AVGs. The goal was to determine whether significant differences in protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors exist among dialysis patients requiring frequent AVG declot procedures vs. those who do not. Twenty HD patients were enrolled: 10 frequent clotters (>3 declots in the previous year) and 10 were nonclotters. Patients on antiplatelets or chronic anticoagulation were excluded. Laboratories were drawn pretreatment and heparinase was added to counteract any potential heparin effect. Coagulation protein concentrations including tissue factor (TF), thrombin/antithrombin III complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F₁₊₂) were assayed. The time to clot onset was measured by force onset time (FOT). Platelet contractile force (PCF) measured the force produced by platelets during clot retraction, whereas clot rigidity was measured as clot elastic modulus (CEM). FOT, CEM, and PCF were measured by Hemodyne. Both groups had upregulation of the TF pathway, as TF, TAT, and F₁₊₂ levels were similarly increased over baseline levels. Hemodialysis patients with frequent AVG clotting had higher levels of both PCF and CEM compared with nonclotters. Additionally, the frequent clotters had a lower FOT relative to nonclotters, although both were considered in the normal range. Our study suggests that HD patients with recurrent AVG thrombotic events form clots with higher tensile strength compared with HD patients without recurrent graft thrombosis.     

Trends in alcohol-impaired driving in Canada

While a general decreasing trend in the number of persons killed in a traffic crash involving a drinking driver has occurred in Canada since the 1980s, it is evident that much of this decrease occurred in the 1990s. Since 2002, less progress has been made as the number of persons killed in crashes involving drinking drivers remains high. To better understand the current situation, this paper describes trends in drinking and driving in Canada from 1998 to 2011 using multiple indicators based on data collected for the Traffic Injury Research Foundation's (TIRF) Road Safety Monitor (RSM), the National Opinion Poll on Drinking and Driving, and trends in alcohol-related crashes based on data collected for TIRF's national Fatality Database in Canada. There has been a continued and consistent decrease in the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver in Canada. This remains true when looking at the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver per 100,000 population and per 100,000 licensed drivers. This decreasing trend is also still apparent when considering the percentage of persons killed in a traffic crash in Canada involving a drinking driver although less pronounced. Data from the RSM further show that the percentage of those who reported driving after they thought they were over the legal limit has also declined. However, regardless of the apparent decreasing trend in drinking driving fatalities and behaviour, reductions have been relatively modest, and fatalities in crashes involving drivers who have consumed alcohol remain high at unacceptable levels.     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

离子液体中电沉积的研究进展

离子液体作为绿色溶剂和可设计性溶剂越来越受到重视.对电沉积来说,离子液体融合了高温熔盐和水溶液的优点.分别综述了AlCl3型离子液体、非AlCl3型离子液体和其他新型离子液体3类离子液体中电沉积的研究现状,在此基础上指出了目前尚存在的问题及今后的研究方向.采用离子液体进行电沉积能克服传统水溶液电沉积时存在的缺点,为电沉积领域找到了新的突破点,是一种很有应用前景的方法.     

高聚物银纹化的研究进展

结合最新的研究进展,对银纹引发、生长与断裂,银纹细观结构以及裂纹在银纹中的扩展等问题作了较全面的介绍和分析,对这一领域未来的研究方向和重点进行了展望。     

铁电陶瓷中电畴翻转研究进展

电畴为铁电陶瓷固有的独特微观组织特征之一,铁电陶瓷的许多性能均与其密切有关.综述了铁电陶瓷中的电畴结构,系统介绍了电场、机械作用引起的电畴翻转,概述了电畴翻转对铁电陶瓷断裂韧性的影响及其研究进展.     

Standardization in the Cultural Heritage in China

China has begun its standardization process in the cultural heritage since 1960.The standards contributed a lot to the development of the heritage conservation practices. In this paper, the author summaries the existing condition of standardization in the cultural heritages and museums field in China, and presents Standards for the Classification of Collected Cultural Heritages. Also this paper points out the problems which exist in the standardization in the cultural heritage, and gives the advice to solve these problems.